A&P Exam 2(Chapters 5,6 and 8)
T or F The collagen fibers of the osteoid make the overall bone matrix stronger by allowing it to resist bending and twisting forces.
True
T or F The dense fibrous connective tissue portion of the skin is located in the reticular region of the dermis.
True
T or F The major role of ligaments at synovial joints is to unite bones and prevent undesirable movement.
True
T or F The pinkish hue of individuals with fair skin is the result of the crimson color of oxygenated hemoglobin (contained in red blood cells) circulating in the dermal capillaries and reflecting through the epidermis.
True
T or F The skin cancer most likely to metastasize is cancer of the melanocytes.
True
T or F The structural classification of joints is based on the composition of the binding material and the presence or absence of a joint cavity.
True
T or F The term osteoid refers to the organic part of the matrix of compact bones without mineralization.
True
T or F The trabeculae of spongy bone are oriented toward lines of stress.
True
T or F The gripping of the trochlea by the trochlear notch constitutes the "hinge" for the elbow joint.
True
Which event has to proceed all others during endochondral ossification? A cartilage model of the bone is formed. A nutrient artery invades the diaphysis. Bone trabeculae appear in the epiphyses. An epiphyseal plate is formed.
A cartilage model of the bone is formed.
Skeletal remains are discovered at an archeological site. X-rays of the femur show evidence of a thin epiphyseal plate. This bone likely belonged to which of the following? 8-year-old female 60-year-old male 25-year-old female 18-year-old male
18-year-old male
The composition of the secretions of the eccrine glands is ________. Metabolic wastes Fatty substances, proteins, antibodies, and trace amounts of minerals and vitamins Primarily uric acid 99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C
Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________. Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer Maintain the appropriate pH in order for the melanocyte to synthesize melanin granules Provide the melanocyte with nutrients necessary for melanin synthesis Maintain the appropriate temperature so the product of the melanocyte will not denature
Accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer
Tendon sheaths ________. Are lined with dense irregular connective tissue Are extensions of periosteum Help anchor the tendon to the muscle Act as friction-reducing structures
Act as friction-reducing structures
Which of the following is the major component within the medullary cavity? Dense connective tissue Blood Osseous tissue Adipose tissue
Adipose tissue
Which of the following statements is true? PTH will increase calcium deposits in the bone matrix. After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones. Hormones determine where remodeling occurs within the skeleton. By the age of 21, the width of the bones stops changing.
After the age of 21, most people will not experience longitudinal growth of bones.
In the classification of joints, which of the following is true? In cartilaginous joints, a joint cavity is present. Immovable joints are called amphiarthroses. Synarthrotic joints are slightly movable. All synovial joints are freely movable.
All synovial joints are freely movable.
The function of the root hair plexus is to ________. Bind the hair root to the dermis Cause apocrine gland secretion into the hair follicle Allow the hair to assist in touch sensation Serve as a source for new epidermal cells for hair growth after the resting stage has passed
Allow the hair to assist in touch sensation
Articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are ________. Amphiarthroses Synovial joints Diarthroses Synarthroses
Amphiarthroses
What would be the physical sign that a bone cannot continue longitudinal growth? The presence of osteoblasts The presence of osteons The presence of hyaline cartilage on the ends of the bone An epiphyseal line
An epiphyseal line
Which joints are correctly matched? Wrist; saddle Ankle; hinge Interphalangeal; plane Elbow; pivot
Ankle; hinge
The process of bones increasing in thickness is known as ________. Closing of the epiphyseal plate Concentric growth Appositional growth Epiphyseal plate closure
Appositional growth
Synarthrotic joints ________. Are found only in adults Have large joint cavities Characterize all cartilaginous joints Are immovable joints
Are immovable joints
Which of the following conditions is joint inflammation or degeneration accompanied by stiffness, pain, and swelling? Osteoarthritis Lyme disease Rheumatoid arthritis Arthritis
Arthritis
The arrector pili muscle's predominate, useful function in humans is to ________. Assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands Provide warmth by making the hair stand on end Prevent germs from entering the hair shaft Stimulate faster hair growth
Assist in the release sebum from nearby sebaceous glands
The central (Haversian) canal that runs through the core of each osteon is the site of ________. Cartilage and interstitial lamellae Adipose tissue and nerve fibers Blood vessels and nerve fibers Yellow marrow and spicules
Blood vessels and nerve fibers
Ossification (Osteogenesis) is the process of ________. Making collagen fibers for calcified cartilage Bone destruction to liberate calcium Bone formation Making a cartilage model of the fetal bone
Bone formation
Connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane that act as cushions in places where friction develops are called ________. Tendons Ligaments Menisci Bursae
Bursae
The sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. The secretion of sebum is stimulated ________. By high temperatures By hormones, especially androgens When the air temperature drops As a protective coating when one is swimming
By hormones, especially androgens
In the epiphyseal plate, cartilage grows ________. By pulling the diaphysis toward the epiphysis By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis In a circular fashion From the edges inward
By pushing the epiphysis away from the diaphysis
Burns are devastating and debilitating because of loss of fluids and electrolytes from the body. How do physicians estimate the extent of burn damage associated with such dangerous fluid loss? By measuring urinary output and fluid intake By using the "rule of nines" By observing the tissues that are usually moist Through blood analysis
By using the "rule of nines"
Which hormone is NOT matched with its correct function? PTH; indirectly stimulates osteoclast activity Growth hormone; lengthens long bones Calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels Osteocalcin; helps regulate glucose metabolism
Calcitonin; increases blood calcium levels
Prevention of osteoporosis includes adequate intake of ________. Calcium and vitamin E Potassium and vitamin D Calcium and vitamin D Vitamin D and chloride
Calcium and vitamin D
Saddle joints have concave and convex surfaces. Identify a saddle joint of the skeleton. Carpometacarpal joint of the phalanges Interphalangeal joint of the finger Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb Metacarpophalangeal joint of the finger
Carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
What tissue forms the model for endochondral ossification? Bone Fibrous membrane Cartilage Fascia
Cartilage
Synchondroses and symphyses are examples of ________ joints. Fibrous Synovial Cartilaginous Periodontal
Cartilaginous
Which of the following statements defines synchondroses? Cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones Amphiarthrotic joints designed for strength and flexibility Joints that permit angular movements Interphalangeal joints
Cartilaginous joints where hyaline cartilage unites the ends of bones
Osteoid-producing osteoblasts must rely on this organelle to produce primary structures leading to the formation of collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Ribosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria Centrioles
Centrioles
What event occurs along the diaphyseal surface of the growth plate and leads to elongation of the bone? Conversion of bone into cartilage Calcification of the cartilage matrix Formation of compact bone Chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration
Chondrocyte hypertrophy and deterioration
Which of the following statements best describes interstitial growth of cartilage? Fibroblasts give rise to chondrocytes that differentiate and form cartilage. Growth occurs in the lining of the long bones. Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within. Unspecialized cells from mesenchyme develop into chondrocytes, which divide and form cartilage.
Chondrocytes in the lacunae divide and secrete matrix, allowing the cartilage to grow from within.
The structure of bone tissue suits the function. Which of the following bone tissues is adapted to support weight and withstand torsion stresses? Irregular bone Trabecular bone Compact bone Spongy bone
Compact bone
Which of the following are correctly matched? Incomplete fracture; the bone is broken through Nondisplaced fracture; the fractured bone ends are misaligned Linear fracture; the break is perpendicular to the bone's long axis Compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
Compound fracture; the fractured bone ends penetrate the skin
Which description of skeletal cartilage is INCORRECT? Articular cartilages cover the ends of most bones at moveable joints. Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose. Elastic cartilages are able to tolerate repeated bending. Fibrocartilages are able to withstand both pressure and stretch.
Costal cartilages reinforce airways and support the external nose.
The ligaments that protect the alignment of the femoral and tibial condyles and limit the movement of the femur anteriorly and posteriorly are called ________. Anterior ligaments Tibial collateral ligaments Cruciate ligaments Patellar ligaments
Cruciate ligaments
What can a deficiency of growth hormone during bone formation cause? Decreased epiphyseal plate activity Decreased osteoclast activity Increased osteoclast activity Inadequate calcification of bone
Decreased epiphyseal plate activity
A fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ________. Metaphysis Articular cartilage Diaphysis Epiphysis
Diaphysis
Lifting up a glass to take a drink involves the elbow joint. Which of the following correctly characterizes that joint? Cartilaginous Diarthrotic Biaxial Pivot
Diarthrotic
Which of the following statements is true? During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone. Endochondral ossification leads to the formation of the clavicles and cranial bones. Most bones in the body are formed by intramembranous ossification. Endochondral ossification occurs within fibrous connective tissue membranes.
During endochondral ossification, hyaline cartilage is broken down and replaced with bone.
At what age do bones reach their peak density? Late adulthood At birth Early childhood Early adulthood
Early adulthood
Sudoriferous (sweat) glands are categorized as two distinct types. Which of the following are the two types of sweat glands? Holocrine and mammary Mammary and ceruminous Sebaceous and merocrine Eccrine and apocrine
Eccrine and apocrine
In some cases, the epiphyseal plate of the long bones of children closes too early. What might be the cause? Osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity Too much vitamin D in the diet Overproduction of thyroid hormone Elevated levels of sex hormones
Elevated levels of sex hormones
Which layer of tissue is damaged in a first-degree burn? Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis Both the epidermis and dermis
Epidermis
Which of the following is implicated in osteoporosis in older women? Poor posture Estrogen deficiency due to menopause Abnormal PTH receptors Heritage such as African or Mediterranean
Estrogen deficiency due to menopause
T or F When a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third or more of the body.
False
The major regions of a hair shaft include all of the following EXCEPT ________. Medulla External root sheath Cortex Cuticle
External root sheath
Eyebrow hairs are always shorter than hairs on your head because ________. Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months Hormones in the eyebrow follicle switch the growth off after it has reached a predetermined length They grow much slower The vascular supply of the eyebrow follicle is one-tenth that of the head hair follicle
Eyebrow follicles are only active for a few months
T or F A person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids.
False
T or F All joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight.
False
T or F Bones are classified by whether they are weight bearing or protective in function.
False
T or F Closure of the epiphyseal plate stops all bone growth.
False
T or F Dislocations in the TMJ almost always dislocate posteriorly with the mandibular condyles ending up in the infratemporal fossa.
False
T or F Joe just burned himself on a hot pot, and the burn is quite painful. Joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn.
False
T or F Pronation is a much stronger movement than supination.
False
T or F Short, irregular, and flat bones all consist of thin plates of spongy bone covered by compact bone.
False
T or F Short, irregular, and flat bones have medullary cavities in order to keep the weight of the bones light.
False
T or F Symphyses are synarthrotic joints designed for strength with flexibility.
False
T or F The eccrine sweat glands are not the primary gland involved in thermoregulation.
False
T or F The hormone that is primarily involved in the control of bone remodeling is calcitonin.
False
T or F The periosteum is a tissue that serves only to protect the bone because it is not supplied with nerves or blood vessels.
False
T or F The reason that the nail bed appears pink is the presence of a large number of melanocytes in the underlying dermis.
False
T or F The wrist joint can exhibit adduction and eversion movements.
False
T or F When an individual is exposed to extremely cold air the dermal blood vessels will dilate so that more blood will be brought closer to the outside surface of the skin.
False
T or F The main role of the axial skeleton is to help us manipulate our environment.
False The axial skeleton is mostly involved in protecting, supporting, or carrying other body parts.
A surgeon opens her patient by cutting the integument parallel to the cleavage lines of the dermis (tension lines). This will result in ________. Greater chance of infection Less chance for infection Faster healing of the skin and less scaring Slowed healing and greater scaring
Faster healing of the skin and less scaring
Yellow bone marrow contains a large percentage of ________. Blood-forming cells Perforating fibers Fat Elastic tissue
Fat
The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis? Goblet cells, parietal cells, and chondrocytes Monocytes, reticulocytes, and osteocytes Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and epithelial cells Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
Fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells
The pubic symphysis connects the two hip bones anteriorly and provides a little movement during childbirth. Choose the most appropriate tissue for this structure that is subjected to both pressure and stretch. Elastic cartilage Fibrocartilage Hyaline cartilage Bone
Fibrocartilage
Extracapsular ligaments stabilizing the knee include ________. The patellar ligament extending from femur to patella The oblique popliteal crossing the knee anteriorly Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation Cruciate ligaments, which help secure the articulating bones together
Fibular and tibial collateral ligaments, which prevent lateral or medial rotation
Which of the following is a bone marking described as a round or oval opening through a bone? Epicondyle Fossa Ramus Meatus Foramen
Foramen
What is the first stage in the healing of a bone fracture? Bone remodeling Formation of a fibrocartilaginous callus Formation of a hematoma Formation of a bony callus
Formation of a hematoma
Which of the following is NOT one of the functions of the skin? Conducts endergonic metabolic chemical reactions using the suns energy to initiate vitamin D synthesis. Holds a portion of the bloods total volume to be shunted (diverted) to other organs when needed. Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age. Delivers important information about our environmental conditions to our brains.
Gives the body its overall shape, loss of this function can be seen with the drooping of skin with age.
A patient has skin that is slightly blue in color. A likely treatment for this person might be ________. Exposing the patient to more sunlight Increasing fluids through IV therapy Encouraging the patient to eat more orange colored vegetables (rich in beta carotene) Giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
Giving the patient supplemental oxygen by mask
Which of the following is a true statement regarding gliding movements? Gliding movements allow flexibility of the upper limbs. Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints. Gliding movements are multiaxial. An example of a gliding movement is nodding one's head.
Gliding movements occur at the intercarpal and intertarsal joints.
Which of the following is UNLIKELY to affect bone remodeling? Low blood Ca2+ concentration Parathyroid hormone Mechanical stress Glucagon
Glucagon
Water loss through the epidermis could cause a serious threat to health and well-being. Which of the following protects us against excessive water loss through the skin? Fat associated with skin prevents water loss. The size and shape of the cells that make up the stratum spinosum, as well as the thick bundles of intermediate filaments. Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces. The dermis is the thickest portion of the skin and water cannot pass through it.
Glycolipids that are secreted by keratinocytes into extracellular spaces.
All of the following will help the skin to fight infection but one. Which of the following will have little effect on the skin's ability to fight infection? Greater production of melanin. Greater production of keratinocytes resulting in more layers of the stratum corneum. More tight junctions between keratinocytes of the stratum corneum. Increased secretions of defensins from skin cells.
Greater production of melanin.
During infancy and childhood, the most important stimulus of epiphyseal plate activity is __________. Growth hormone Estrogen Thyroid hormones Testosterone
Growth hormone
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________. Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling Bony callus formation, hematoma formation, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, and bone remodeling Hematoma formation, hard callus formation, bone remodeling, and fibrocartilaginous callus formation Bone remodeling, hematoma formation, soft callus formation, and hard callus formation
Hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling
Presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint? Symphysis Hinge joint Synchondrosis Suture
Hinge joint
Choose the best location for obtaining a red bone marrow sample from a patient. Frontal bone Head of humerus Hip bone Medullary cavity of femur
Hip bone
In symphysis joints the articular surfaces of the bones are covered with ________. Hyaline cartilage Tendon sheaths Synovial membranes Fibrocartilage
Hyaline cartilage
The articular cartilage at the ends of long bones is formed from ________. Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Dense irregular connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
What kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo? Hyaline cartilage Elastic connective tissue Fibrocartilage Dense fibrous connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following contributes most directly to the hardness of bones? Periosteum Hydroxyapatite Osteoid Articular cartilage
Hydroxyapatite
Hypercalcemia can be caused by_________. Insufficient vitamin D levels in the body Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone Reduced parafollicular cell activity All of the listed responses are correct.
Hypersecretion of parathyroid hormone
Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to play little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body? In the axillary and anogenital area In all body regions and buried deep in the dermis Beneath the flexure lines in the body In the palms of the hands and soles of the feet
In the axillary and anogenital area
The surge of sex hormones that accompanies puberty has a wide range of effects on the body. One of those effects is to enhance the activity of the sebaceous glands, increasing the production of sebum. Which of the following is the most likely to result from the increased sebaceous activity? Increased oily appearance and more acne. Increased hair growth. Decreased vitamin D synthesis. Increased cooling of the skin.
Increased oily appearance and more acne.
The term diploë refers to the ________. Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones Double-layered nature of the connective tissue covering the bone Fact that most bones are formed of two types of bone tissue Two types of marrow found within most bones
Internal layer of spongy bone in flat bones
When chondrocytes in lacunae divide and form new matrix, it leads to an expansion of the cartilage tissue from within. This process is called __________. Hematopoiesis Calcification Appositional growth Interstitial growth
Interstitial growth
Lengthwise, long bone growth during infancy and youth is exclusively through ________. Calcification of the matrix of the zone underlying articular cartilage Differentiation of osteoclasts into osteocytes Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates The secretion of bone matrix into the medullary cavity
Interstitial growth of the epiphyseal plates
Ossification of the ends of long bones ________. Is produced by secondary ossification centers Takes twice as long as diaphysis ossification Is a characteristic of intramembranous bone formation Involves medullary cavity formation
Is produced by secondary ossification centers
Synovial fluid is present in joint cavities of freely movable joints. Which of the following statements is true about this fluid? It contains lactic acid. It contains enzymes only. It contains hydrochloric acid. It contains hyaluronic acid.
It contains hyaluronic acid.
In addition to protection (physical and chemical barrier), the skin serves other functions. Which of the following is another vital function of the skin? The cells of the epidermis store glucose as glycogen for energy. It aids in the transport of materials throughout the body. It absorbs vitamin C so that the skin will not be subject to diseases. It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
It converts modified epidermal cholesterol to a vitamin D precursor important to calcium metabolism.
Which statement correctly explains why hair appears the way it does? Gray hair is the result of hormonal action altering the chemical composition of melanin. Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts. Perfectly round hair shafts result in wavy hair. Air bubbles in the hair shaft cause straight hair.
Kinky hair has flat, ribbonlike hair shafts
At an archeological site you discover a bone that is cylindrical in shape, about one inch long and a quarter of an inch wide. Choose the correct classification. Long Sesamoid Irregular Short
Long
Which statement regarding the classification of bones is FALSE? Irregular bones include the vertebrae and hip bones. The sternum is an example of a flat bone. Sesamoid bones form within certain tendons. Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.
Long bones include all limb bones except the patella.
What controls bone remodeling? Mechanical stress and diet The nervous system and hormones Mechanical stress and hormones Hormones and diet
Mechanical stress and hormones
Which type of skin cancer is the most dangerous because it is highly metastatic and resistant to chemotherapy? Basal cell carcinoma Melanoma Adenoma Squamous cell carcinoma
Melanoma
Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer. Squamous cell carcinomas arise from the stratum corneum. Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing. Basal cell carcinomas are the least common but most malignant. Most tumors that arise on the skin are malignant.
Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing.
The hip joint is a good example of a(n) ________ synovial joint. Nonaxial Uniaxial Biaxial Multiaxial
Multiaxial
All of the following are factors that influence synovial joint stability EXCEPT ________. Arrangement and tension of the muscles Structure and shape of the articulating bone Number of bones in the joint Strength and tension of joint ligaments
Number of bones in the joint
Choose the structures that most directly provide nutrients and remove wastes from osteocytes in compact bone. Nutrient foramens Perforating (Volkmann's) canals Canaliculi Central canals
Nutrient foramens
What are the most important factors influencing hair growth? Age and glandular products The size and number of hair follicles Nutrition and hormones Sex and hormones
Nutrition and hormones
For intramembranous ossification to take place, which of the following is necessary? The cartilage matrix begins to deteriorate. A medullary cavity forms. Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane. A bone collar forms around the cartilage model.
Ossification centers form in the fibrous connective tissue membrane.
The cell responsible for secreting the matrix of bone is the ________. Osteocyte Osteoblast Osteoclast Chondrocyte
Osteoblast
A homeostatic imbalance that activates these bone cells would lead to a loss of bone density. Osteocytes Osteoclasts Chondroblasts Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
When an osteoblast becomes completely surrounded by its own matrix secretions it is referred to as a(n) ________. Osteocyte Chondrocyte Osteogenic cell Osteoclast
Osteocyte
Which of the following cells are NOT matched with their appropriate function? Osteoblasts; create new bone matrix Osteoclasts; bone resorption Bone lining cells; maintain bone matrix Osteocytes; produce new bone cells.
Osteocytes; produce new bone cells. They monitor and repair mature bone tissues.
Bones are covered and lined by a protective tissue called periosteum. The inner (osteogenic) layer consists primarily of ________. Chondrocytes and osteocytes Dense irregular connective tissue Osteogenic cells Cartilage and compact bone
Osteogenic cells
Which description of bone cells is INCORRECT? Osteoblasts secrete collagen and calcium-binding proteins. Bone lining cells are flat cells found on bone surfaces where bone remodeling is not going on. Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts. Osteoclasts secrete digestive enzymes and hydrogen ions.
Osteogenic cells can differentiate into osteoclasts.
What is the structural unit of compact bone? Osteon Osteoid Canaliculus Haversian canal
Osteon
Which statement regarding osteons is FALSE? Osteons are found in all bone tissues Osteons consist of concentric lamellae surrounding a central canal. The inorganic matrix of an osteon gives it the ability to resist compression. Collagen gives osteons the ability to resist twisting forces.
Osteons are found in all bone tissues
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged and resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Rickets Paget's disease
Osteoporosis
The single most important risk for skin cancer is ________. Overexposure to UV radiation Race Use of farm chemicals Genetics
Overexposure to UV radiation
Old Norse stories tell of a famous Viking named Egil, who lived around 900 AD. His skull was greatly enlarged and misshapen, and the cranial bones were thickened (6 cm, more than 2 inches, thick). He had headaches from the pressure exerted by enlarged vertebrae on his spinal cord. So much blood was diverted to his bones to support their extensive remodeling that his fingers and toes always felt cold and his heart was damaged through overexertion. What bone disorder did Egil probably have? Osteoporosis Osteomalacia Rickets Paget's disease
Paget's disease
Which of the following is a bone disorder characterized by excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption? Paget's disease Rickets Osteoporosis Osteomalacia
Paget's disease
Which of the following pairings is correct? Osteomalacia; excessive mineralization of the bone Osteoporosis; increased bone density Rickets; deficiency of vitamin A Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption
Paget's disease; excessive and haphazard bone deposition and resorption
Which hormone increases osteoclast activity to release more calcium ions into the bloodstream? Parathyroid hormone Calcitonin Estrogen Thyroxine
Parathyroid hormone
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ________. Volkmann's canals A bony matrix with hyaline cartilage The struts of bone known as spicules Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
Perforating (Sharpey's) fibers
What structure and primary component make up the outer layer of bones? Periosteum; cuboidal epithelium Endosteum; areolar tissue Endosteum; dense regular connective tissue Periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue
Periosteum; dense irregular connective tissue
A dendritic or Langerhans cell is a specialized ________. Nerve cell Squamous epithelial cell Phagocytic cell Melanocyte
Phagocytic cell
The cruciate ligaments of the knee ________. Prevent hyperextension of the knee Are also called collateral ligaments Tend to run parallel to one another Attach to each other in their midportions
Prevent hyperextension of the knee
Cells of the stratum spinosum have many interlocking desmosomes that will remain between the cells as they migrate to the stratum corneum. These cell junctions serve the body by ________. Preventing ultraviolet light from penetrating the deeper layers of the epidermis Preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis Stopping water loss and preventing dehydration Allowing secretions like sweat or sebum to pass through
Preventing mechanical stress or trauma from damaging the epidermis
Which of the following statements indicates the way in which the body's natural defenses protect the skin from the effects of UV damage? The skin is protected by increasing the number of epidermal dendritic cells, which help to activate the immune system. The skin is protected by the synthesis of three pigments that contribute to the skin's color. Carotene, which accumulates in the stratum corneum and hypodermal adipose tissue, is synthesized in large amounts in the presence of sunlight. Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
Prolonged exposure to the sun induces melanin dispersion, which in turn acts as a natural sunscreen.
Articular cartilage found at the ends of the long bones serves to ________. Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints Form the synovial membrane Produce red blood cells (hemopoiesis) Attach tendons
Provide a smooth surface at the ends of synovial joints
Compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ________. Rare because the rotator cuff stabilizes the hip joint Common in all people who are overweight Common due to the weight bearing the hip endures Rare because of the ligament reinforcement
Rare because of the ligament reinforcement
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? The near waterproof secretions of glycolipids that is released by cells in the stratum granulosum. Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin. Removal of nitrogenous compounds like urea within the sweat. The secretion of antibacterial compounds in sebum.
Release of chemical signals by keratinocytes that have been damaged by UV light that will increase the production of melanin.
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? An increase in sebum production in response to androgens (male sex hormones). Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat. Excretion of salts within the sweat. Lack of pain in third-degree burns due to damage to sensory nerves in the dermis.
Release of sweat by eccrine glands in response to heat.
The dermis has two major layers. Which layer constitutes 80% of the dermis and is responsible for the tension lines in the skin? Subcutaneous layer Hypodermal layer Papillary layer Reticular layer
Reticular layer
Which of the following movements does NOT increase or decrease the angle between bones? Extension Rotation Circumduction Abduction
Rotation
Which ligament of the knee initiates the knee-jerk reflex when tapped? The patellar ligament The extracapsular ligament The lateral patellar retinacula The medial patellar retinacula
The patellar ligament
The resilience of bone is thought to come from which of the following? Amount of mineral salt and protein in the bone Amount of mineral salts in the bone Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules Presence of osteoblasts in the bone
Sacrificial bonds in or between collagen molecules
The type of joint between the carpal (trapezium) and the first metacarpal is a ________ joint. Condylar Saddle Hinge Plane
Saddle
Which of the following glands secrete sebum, an oily like substance? Sebaceous glands Eccrine glands Merocrine glands Apocrine glands
Sebaceous glands
Osteoblasts __________. Form skeletal cartilage Maintain bone matrix Secrete osteoid Break down bone
Secrete osteoid
Which of the following bones are NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton? Upper limb Hip Shoulder Skull
Skull
In which part of an adult long bone would you find hematopoietic tissue? Medullary cavity Diaphysis Periosteum Spongy Bone Articular Surface
Spongy Bone
You overhear some anatomy students imagining out loud what their bones would look like if they had compact bone on the inside and spongy bone on the outside, instead of the other way around. You tell them that such imaginary bones would be poorly designed mechanically and would break easily. Which of the following statements does NOT accurately support your claim? Made up of trabeculae that are only a few cell layers thick, spongy bone is much more fragile than compact bone. An outer layer of spongy bone would be constantly damaged by the bending and twisting forces applied to the surface of bone. Spongy bone consists of a thin organic matrix that serves to lighten the inside of bone, whereas compact bone consists of a dense inorganic matrix designed to resist stress. Compact bone consists of osteons, which are made up of concentric lamellae with an alternating pattern of collagen fibers designed to resist torsional stress.
Spongy bone consists of a thin organic matrix that serves to lighten the inside of bone, whereas compact bone consists of a dense inorganic matrix designed to resist stress.
Which of the following statements is true? The red marrow in the medullary cavity produces our red blood cells. Osteoclasts are important in removing calcium from the blood stream. Bone would be more brittle with more collagen in the matrix. Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.
Spongy bone is well adapted to accept stress in many directions, which makes it good for shock absorption.
Which of the following pairs of terms is mismatched? Sternum: long bone Cranial bones: flat bones Femur: long bone Tarsals: short bones
Sternum: long bone
The epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. Which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement? Stratum corneum Stratum basale Stratum granulosum Stratum lucidum
Stratum basale
Which layer of the epidermis will be supplied with the highest levels of oxygen from the blood? Stratum basale Stratum spinosum Stratum corneum Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale
Fibrous joints are classified as ________. Symphysis, sacroiliac, and articular Pivot, hinge, and ball and socket Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses Hinge, saddle, and ellipsoidal
Sutures, syndesmoses, and gomphoses
Which of the following are cartilaginous joints? Synchondroses Gomphoses Sutures Syndesmoses
Synchondroses
A situation where the bones are connected exclusively by ligaments, cords, or bands of fibrous tissue is a ________. Synchondrosis Suture Gomphosis Syndesmosis
Syndesmosis
On the basis of structural classification, which is a fibrous joint? Syndesmosis Pivot Synchondrosis Symphysis
Syndesmosis
In humans, the effect of the hormone calcitonin is to ________. Increase blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoblasts Decrease mitosis of chondrocytes at the epiphyseal plate Increase blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts Temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
Temporarily decrease blood calcium levels when administered in large doses
Which of the following is NOT strictly a part of a synovial joint? Joint (articular) cavity Articular (joint) capsule Articular cartilage Tendon sheath
Tendon sheath
The friction ridges seen in finger, palm and foot prints are different among various people but very similar between identical twins. This evidence suggests which of the following? That friction ridges are genetically determined. That friction ridges allow for better tactile sensation. That friction ridges change over time. That friction ridges aid in griping.
That friction ridges are genetically determined.
Which of the following is a true statement? The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius. The head of the humerus articulates with the acromion process. The rotator cuff is responsible for the flexible extensions at the elbow joint. The greater tubercle of the humerus articulates at the coracoid process of the scapula.
The annular ligament surrounds the head of the radius.
Despite its apparent durability, the dermis is subject to tearing. How might a person know that the dermis has been previously stretched and/or torn? The stretching causes the tension lines to disappear. There is an episode of acute pain due to the large number of tactile corpuscles. The blood vessels in the dermis rupture and the blood passes through the tissue, causing permanent "black-and-blue marks." The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
The appearance of visible, silvery-white scars is an indication of stretching of the dermis.
Which of the following statements regarding the skeleton is INCORRECT? The appendicular skeleton includes the shoulder girdles. The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs. The axial skeleton supports and protects internal organs. The appendicular skeleton allows us to move around.
The axial skeleton includes the bones of the limbs.
A light-skinned person may appear pink when they become over heated. The best explanation for this is ________. The melanocytes are responding to the heat of the sun and change the appearance of the skin with increased production The heart is pumping faster because the person was probably exercising The blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin Blood flow has increased to the sweat glands in order to increase their metabolic activity
The blood vessels of the dermis have undergone vasodilation, bringing a greater volume of blood to the skin
What is the weakest part of a developing, adolescent long bone? The epiphyses The epiphyseal plate The diaphysis The medullary cavity
The epiphyseal plate
What is intramembranous ossification? The formation of bone from preexisting hyaline cartilage models The formation of bone from within fibrous membranes The formation of bone from preexisting elastic cartilage models The formation of bone from preexisting fibrocartilage models
The formation of bone from within fibrous membranes
An individual with a "double-jointed" thumb can pull it back towards the wrist much farther than normal. What does it mean to be "double-jointed?" Articular cartilage at bone ends is replaced with hyaline cartilage. Greater than normal production of serous fluid lubricates the joint and extends it. The additional joint present doubles the range of motion. The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal.
The joint capsules and ligaments are more stretchy and loose than normal.
The papillary layer of the dermis is composed of loosely packed connective tissue with numerous peg-like projections that provide a great deal of surface area connecting the dermis to the epidermis. Which of the statements below do NOT represent benefits provided by the papillary layer's anatomy? The high surface area allows for a stronger connection of dermis to epidermis. The spaces in the connective tissue allow many small blood vessels to deliver nutrients and pick up waste diffusing from the superficial epidermal layers. The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed. The looseness allows for phagocytes to roam through the tissue and search for infection.
The looseness allows for easy separation of the dead cell layer of epidermis to be shed.
A light skinned person who is very cold may have a pale appearance. Which of the following is the best explanation for why this might be so? The cold has slowed the movement of blood. The person is in fear of hypothermia (sever cold exposure). The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing). The person's blood vessels in the epidermis have undergone vasodilation (widening).
The person's blood vessels in the dermis have undergone vasoconstriction (narrowing).
An example of an interosseous fibrous joint is ________. The radius and ulna along its length Between the vertebrae Between the humerus and the glenoid cavity The clavicle and the scapula at the distal ends
The radius and ulna along its length
Cartilage grows in two ways, appositional and interstitial. What is appositional growth? Along the edges only of existing osteons, making each osteon larger The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage Growth at the epiphyseal plate The lengthening of hyaline cartilage
The secretion of new matrix against the external face of existing cartilage
Changes in the color of skin are often an indication of a homeostatic imbalance. Which of the following would indicate a liver disease such as hepatitis resulting in elevated bilirubin? Black-and-blue marks become evident for no apparent cause. The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint. The skin takes on a bronze or metallic appearance. It is impossible to suggest Addison's disease from an inspection of a person's skin.
The skin and sclera of the eyes appears to have an abnormal, yellowish tint.
William has a cut that is superficial, painful but not bleeding. Based on this information, you would predict that the cut has penetrated to ________. The subcutaneous layer, but no deeper The stratum basale but not the dermal layers The stratum corneum but not the stratum granulosum The papillary layer but not the reticular layer
The stratum basale but not the dermal layers
Wolff's law is concerned with ________. The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it Vertical growth of bones being dependent on age The diameter of the bone being dependent on the ratio of osteoblasts to osteoclasts The function of bone being dependent on shape
The thickness and shape of a bone being dependent on stresses placed upon it
Which of the following statements best describes angular movements? They allow movement only in one plane. They occur only between bones with flat articular processes. They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones. They turn a bone along its own long axis.
They change (increase or decrease) the angle between two bones.
Which of the following examples listed below illustrates homeostasis maintained by a negative feedback? Production of vitamin D initiated by the suns UV light striking the skin. Formation of cerumen wax to deter insects from entering the ear. Changes in the response of the hair follicle to dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.
Thickening of epidermis to form a callus in places where the skin is exposed to friction.
Which bone would likely take the longest to heal? Finger bone of a young individual Thigh bone of an elderly individual Thigh bone of a young individual Finger bone of an elderly individual
Thigh bone of an elderly individual
Football players often sustain lateral blows to the extended knee. Which of the following is (are) damaged as a result? Tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament Arcuate popliteal and the posterior cruciate ligaments Oblique popliteal and extracapsular ligaments Suprapatellar ligament
Tibial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, and anterior cruciate ligament
Spongy bone contains ________. Trabeculae Osseous lamellae Osteons Lamellar bone
Trabeculae
Choose which bone marking type would likely increase in size when a weight lifter repeatedly exercises muscles that attach to it. Meatus Trochanter Fossa Foramen
Trochanter
Which of the following is a site for a muscle or ligament attachment? Groove Foramen Fossa Sinus Trochanter
Trochanter
T or F A ball-and-socket joint is a multiaxial joint.
True
T or F An osteon contains osteocytes, lamellae, and a central canal, and is found in compact bone only.
True
T or F Bending of the tip of the finger exhibits flexion.
True
T or F Cartilage has a flexible matrix that can accommodate mitosis of chondrocytes.
True
T or F During the regressive phase of hair growth, the matrix is inactive and the follicle atrophies.
True
T or F Each consecutive bone lamella has collagen fibers that wrap in alternating directions.
True
T or F Flat bones consist of a thin plate of spongy bone, called diploë, sandwiched between two layers of compact bone.
True
T or F For a doctor, simply looking at a patient's skin can help towards making a diagnosis.
True
T or F Gliding movements occur when one flat, or nearly flat, bone surface glides or slips over another.
True
T or F Hematopoiesis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones.
True
T or F Hinge joints permit movement in only one plane.
True
T or F In newborn infants, the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone contain red bone marrow.
True
T or F Movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as at the shoulder joint.
True
T or F Movement of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called dorsiflexion.
True
T or F Moving a limb so that it describes a cone in space is called circumduction.
True
T or F Sixty-five percent of the mass of bone is a compound called hydroxyapatite.
True
T or F Supination is the movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned anteriorly or superiorly.
True
T or F Synovial fluid contains phagocytic cells that protect the cavity from invasion by microbes or other debris.
True
T or F Synovial fluid is a viscous material that is derived by filtration from blood.
True
T or F The action of the arrector pili muscle is very similar in humans as it is in other mammals but its beneficial functions differ.
True
T or F The amount of movement permitted by a particular joint is the basis for the functional classification of that joint.
True
T or F The articular surfaces of synovial joints play a minimal role in joint stability.
True
Baseball pitchers often require "Tommy John" surgery to repair damage to their elbow. Which ligament would this surgery target? Ulnar collateral ligament Acetabular labrum Anular ligament Lateral ligament
Ulnar collateral ligament
What are menisci (articular discs)? Wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity Small sacs containing synovial fluid Tendon sheaths Cavities lined with cartilage
Wedges of fibrocartilage that partially or completely divide the synovial cavity
Cranial bones develop ________. From cartilage models Within fibrous membranes From a tendon Within osseous membranes
Within fibrous membranes
Which joint does NOT belong with the others? Elbow Interphalangeal (toes) Ankle Wrist
Wrist