A&P exam 3 (chapter 12 and 13)
5) Within a lymph node, what cells engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in the lymph? A) trabeculae B) macrophages C) follicles D) erythrocytes E) lymphocytes
marcophages
33) Due to a recent respiratory illness from a viral infection, Jennifer has now developed ________. A) naturally acquired active immunity B) artificially acquired active immunity C) naturally acquired passive immunity D) artificially acquired passive immunity E) passively acquired natural immunity
naturally acquired active immunity
28) Antibodies provided by serum from an immune donor or an animal donor do not challenge the B cells and thus provide ________. A) cellular or cell-mediated immunity B) active immunity C) natural immunity D) passive immunity
passive immunity
2) From what part of the body does the right lymphatic duct collects lymph? A) right arm B) right leg C) left leg D) left side of the head E) right and left legs
right arm
24) Which of the following substances is NOT likely to trigger the immune response? A) pollen grains B) bacteria C) self-antigens D) fungi E) virus particles
self-antigens
13) What is the body's first line of defense against the invasion of disease-causing microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) natural killer cells C) skin and mucous membranes D) inflammatory response E) fever
skin and mucous membranes
19) The inflammatory process begins with release of chemicals, which do all of the following EXCEPT ________. A) dilate blood vessels B) attract neutrophils to the area C) stimulate the release of lysozyme D) cause capillaries to become leaky E) activate pain receptors.
stimulate the release of lysozyme
10) Where are the tonsils located? A) throat (pharynx) B) small intestine C) large intestine D) overlying the heart E) left side of the abdominal cavity
throat (pharynx)
8) Which of the following lymphoid organs functions at peak level during youth? A) Peyer's patches B) lymph nodes C) thymus D) spleen E) tonsils
thymus
16) The role of the ________ is to trap and remove bacteria or other foreign pathogens entering the throat. A) thymus B) spleen C) tonsils D) lymph node
tonsils
T/F 10) Chemicals secreted by white blood cells and macrophages exposed to foreign substances that can increase body temperature are called pyrogens.
true
T/F 18) Antibodies can inactivate an antigen in many ways, including complement fixation, neutralization, and opsonization.
true
T/F 19) The process that occurs when antibodies clump foreign cells is called agglutination.
true
T/F 2) All lymph rejoins the bloodstream via the subclavian veins.
true
T/F 20) Cytotoxic T cells release perforins to create pores in the target cell's membrane to kill the cell.
true
T/F 21) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation of clonal selection of T cells.
true
T/F 23) Autoimmune disease arises when the immune system is no longer tolerant of self-antigens and antibodies are produced to attack the body's own tissues.
true
41) Antigen presentation is essential for the activation and clonal selection of ________. A) T cells B) B cells C) plasma cells D) antigen-presenting cells E) antibodies
T cells
46) Hannah has an auto-immune disease in which the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed. As a result, she does not make enough insulin. What disease does she have? A) multiple sclerosis B) Graves' disease C) myasthenia gravis D) type I diabetes mellitus E) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
type I diabetes mellitus
39) Which antibody-antigen interaction results when a foreign blood type is transfused and clumped? A) opsonization B) agglutination C) neutralization D) precipitation E) phagocytosis
agglutination
47) Which one of the following is NOT an autoimmune disease? A) allergic contact dermatitis B) multiple sclerosis C) Graves' disease D) type I diabetes mellitus E) rheumatoid arthritis
allergic contact dermatitis
25) Humoral immunity is provided by ________. A) pyrogens B) skin and mucous membranes C) interferon D) antibodies E) complement fixation
antibodies
44) Which of the following is often used to treat allergies? A) vaccines B) antihistamines C) blood transfusions D) bone marrow transplants E) immunosuppressor drugs
antihistamines
27) Active immunity to tetanus, whooping cough, and polio can be artificially acquired when we receive ________. A) vaccines B) serum C) antivenom D) antitoxin
vaccines
29) Where do B cells develop immunocompetence? A) thymus gland B) bone marrow C) spleen D) thyroid gland E) lymph nodes
bone marrow
7) Jill felt small, swollen structures under her chin in her neck during a recent head cold. She probably had swollen ________. A) axillary lymph nodes B) cervical lymph nodes C) tonsils D) Peyer's patches E) inguinal lymph nodes
cervical lymph nodes
17) Which of the following is NOT one of the four most common indicators of the inflammatory response? A) redness B) heat C) swelling D) chills E) pain
chills
20) Membrane attack complexes (MAC) form holes in attacked cells causing them to burst; this is a result of ________. A) interferon B) complement fixation C) natural killer cells D) keratin E) phagocytes
complement fixation
21) The binding of complement proteins to certain sugar or proteins on a foreign cell's surface is called ________. A) cellular immunity (cellular-mediated immunity) B) complement fixation C) positive chemotaxis D) diapedesis
complement fixation
38) What is the chief way the body responds to cellular antigens, such as bacteria or mismatched red blood cells? A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation
complement fixation
11) The three mucosa-covered projections into the nasal cavity that greatly increase surface area of mucosa exposed to air are called ________. A) tonsils B) adenoids C) conchae D) paranasal sinuses
conchae
45) Allergic contact dermatitis following skin contact with poison ivy would normally lead to ________. A) immediate hypersensitivity B) acute hypersensitivity C) delayed hypersensitivity D) anaphylactic shock E) immunodeficiency
delayed hypersensitivity
16) The process by which neutrophils are squeezed through the capillary walls during the inflammatory process is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) coagulation E) antibody production
diapedesis
T/F 1) The two main structures of the lymphatic system are the lymphatic vessels and the blood vessels.
false
T/F 11) One result of fever is the formation of a membrane attack complex (MAC) which produces holes, or pores, in the foreign cell's surface.
false
T/F 13) B cells become immunocompetent in the thymus.
false
T/F 17) The constant region of the antibody joins heavy and light chains to form an antigen-binding site specifically made to fit an antigen.
false
T/F 24) Allergies, or hypersensitivities, are normal immune responses.
false
34) AIDS cripples the immune system by interfering with the activity of cells called ________. A) antigen-presenting cells B) plasma cells C) memory cells D) helper T cells
helper T cells
35) Which one of the following is NOT true of the constant (C) regions of antibodies? A) The constant regions are the same or nearly the same on all antibodies of a given class. B) The constant regions form the "stem" of an antibody. C) The constant regions determine the specific type of antibody class formed. D) The constant regions form an antigen-binding site. E) The constant regions determine how an antibody class will carry out its immune role.
The constant regions form an antigen-binding site
43) What is the best graft to have so as to avoid rejection of a transplanted tissue? A) an autograft B) a graft from a recently deceased individuals C) a graft from another primate D) a xenograft E) an allograft
an autograft
33) Systemic (body-wide) acute allergic response caused by allergens that directly enter the blood, as with certain bee stings or spider bites, is called ________. A) myasthenia gravis B) rheumatic fever C) anaphylactic shock D) delayed hypersensitivity
anaphylactic shock
1) Lymph is largely composed of water that has escaped from ________. A) cytosol B) cerebrospinal fluid C) saliva D) tears E) blood
blood
31) What type of cell specializes in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly? A) cytotoxic T cells B) regulatory T cells C) antigen-presenting cells D) helper T cells
cytotoxic T cells
18) Which of the following are harmful or disease-causing microorganisms from which nonspecific defenses protect the body? A) macrophages B) antibodies C) pathogens D) allergens
pathogens
31) How do plasma cells assist with humoral immunity? A) Plasma cells reproduce rapidly to crowd pathogens out of the blood. B) Plasma cells bind to viruses and bacteria to immobilize them. C) Plasma cells produce interferons. D) Plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies. E) Plasma cells secrete pyrogens.
plasma cells secrete highly-specific antibodies
30) Large antigen-antibody complexes can become insoluble and settle out of solution, a reaction called ________. A) neutralization B) complement fixation C) precipitation D) agglutination
precipitation
3) Which blood vessels receive lymph from the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct? A) inferior vena cava B) subclavian veins C) external jugular veins D) subclavian arteries E) aorta
subclavian veins
28) What are T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (B cells) self-tolerant of? A) fungi B) foreign blood cells C) the body's own cells D) viruses E) bacteria
the body's own cells
19) Redness, heat, swelling, and pain are the four most common indicators of ________. A) fever B) dehydration C) edema D) acute inflammation
acute inflammatiom
15) Which one of the following is NOT one of the nonspecific body defenses? A) intact skin B) antibody production C) the inflammatory response D) fever E) natural killer cells
antibody production
23) A(n) ________ is any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. A) interferon B) antibody C) antigen D) pyrogen
antigen
34) Which portion of the antibody's structure determines the antibody's class? A) variable region B) heavy chain C) constant region D) disulfide bonds E) light chain
constant region
13) Excess accumulation of fluid, which impairs the exchange of materials within the tissues, is called ________. A) stroke B) shock C) edema D) MALT (mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue)
edema
T/F 22) Xenografts are ideal donor organs or tissues since they rarely cause rejection.
false
T/F 26) As people age, they become more resistant to the development of autoimmune and immunodeficiency diseases.
false
T/F 3) The lymph nodes filter bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells from blood on its way back to the heart.
false
T/F 5) The most important function of the thymus gland is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver.
false
T/F 8) The final disposal of cell debris as inflammation subsides is performed by neutrophils.
false
21) What does fever accomplish? A) Fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process. B) Fever promotes cell lysis by direct cell attack. C) Fever enables macrophages to attack microorganisms. D) Fever prevents the spread of pathogens to adjacent tissues. E) Fever prevents the formation of complement fixation.
fever inhibits bacterial reproduction and speeds the repair process
24) What are troublesome small molecules or incomplete antigens that may mount an attack that is harmful rather than protective called? A) haptens B) antibodies C) pyrogens D) interferons
haptens
12) The anterior portion of the palate that is supported by bone is called the ________. A) soft palate B) glottis C) epiglottis D) hard palate
hard palate
14) All lymph flows in a one-way system toward the ________. A) spleen B) liver C) heart D) pancreas
heart
42) What type of T cell releases cytokines to indirectly rid the body of antigens? A) helper T cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) regulatory T cells D) killer T cells E) suppressor T cells
helper T cells
12) Which system is a functional system, not an organ system in the anatomical sense, that consists of innate and adaptive defense mechanisms? A) respiratory system B) lymphatic system C) endocrine system D) immune system E) cardiovascular system
immune system
25) T cells or B cells that are capable of responding to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte's surface are considered ________. A) clones B) complement C) self-tolerant D) immunocompetent
immunocompetent
29) What is the region of the antibody that varies from antibody to antibody? A) regional or R region B) variable or V region C) constant or C region D) stable or S region
variable or V region
35) What is the origin of lymphatic vessels? A) veins of the blood vascular system B) the organs of the digestive system C) arteries of the blood vascular system D) the glands of the endocrine system
veins of the blood vascular system
26) Which of the following is NOT a cell that behaves as an antigen-presenting cell (APC)? A) virus B) B lymphocytes C) macrophages D) dendritic cells
virus
32) What are tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species called? A) xenografts B) autografts C) allografts D) isografts
xenografts
27) The specific foreign substances that an individual's immune system has the ability to recognize and resist are determined by ________. A) individual exposure to the specific foreign substance B) individual genetic makeup C) the total number of lymphocytes present at a given time D) the total number of macrophages at a given time E) the total number of self-antigens at a given time
individual genetic makeup
12) Fluids that have escaped the cardiovascular system are picked up by the ________. A) respiratory system B) lymphatic system C) endocrine system D) immune system Answer: B
lymphatic system
20) What mediates the adaptive defense system (specific defense system)? A) lymphocytes B) antigens C) mucous membranes D) pathogens
lymphocytes
30) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) present fragments of cells so they can be recognized by ________. A) inteferon B) T cells C) macrophages D) antigens E) histamine
macrophages
40) The process by which antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins (toxic chemicals secreted by bacteria) to block their harmful effects is called ________. A) agglutination B) chemotaxis C) complement fixation D) neutralization E) precipitation
neutralization
32) For which of the following would a vaccine NOT be suitable? A) pneumonia B) tetanus C) measles D) snake bites E) polio
snake bites
6) Which lymphatic organ's major job is to destroy worn-out red blood cells and return some of the products to the liver? A) tonsils B) spleen C) thymus gland D) appendix E) Peyer's patches
spleen
9) What lymphoid organ stores platelets and acts as a blood reservoir? A) thymus B) spleen C) appendix D) tonsils E) Peyer's patches
spleen
18) Which of the following best describes positive chemotaxis? A) the movement of neutrophils through capillary walls B) the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules C) the dilation of blood vessels, which causes local edema D) the release of a lytic chemical by perforins E) the limitation of joint movement
the movement of cells toward a high concentration of signaling molecules
4) Which one of the following is NOT a mechanism that aids lymph return to the heart? A) milking action of skeletal muscles B) pressure changes within the thorax C) the pumping action of the heart D) smooth muscle contractions within the lymphatic vessels E) presence of valves within the larger lymph vessels
the pumping action of the heart
T/F 12) B lymphocytes (B cells) and T lymphocytes (T cells) play an important role in the adaptive defense system.
true
T/F 14) Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) engulf antigens and present them to cells that will deal with them.
true
T/F 15) Artificially acquired passive immunity is conferred when one receives immune serum for poisonous snake bites.
true
T/F 16) Antibodies, or immunoglobulins, are secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen.
true
T/F 25) Anaphylactic shock, an acute systemic allergic response, causes vasodilation and difficulty breathing.
true
T/F 4) The role of the spleen in the lymphatic system is to provide a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance.
true
T/F 6) The innate (nonspecific) defense system and adaptive (specific) defense system make up the immune system.
true
T/F 7) Intact keratinized epidermis and mucous membranes are strong mechanical barriers to most microorganisms and serve as the body's first line of defense.
true
T/F 9) The nonspecific defense by which complement proteins attach to sugars or proteins on the surface of foreign cells is called complement fixation.
true
36) Which abundant antibody is the only one to cross the placental barrier? A) IgA B) IgM C) IgD D) IgG E) IgE
Ig D
37) Which statement is true of antibody IgE? A) IgE is mainly found in secretions such as tears and saliva. B) IgE is passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy. C) IgE is the most abundant antibody in blood plasma. D) IgE can fix complement. E) IgE is involved in allergies.
Ig E is involved in allergies
22) What inhibits viruses from entering and attacking healthy cells? A) membrane-attack complexes (MAC) B) keratin C) interferons D) pyrogens E) complement
interferons
22) What small proteins are secreted by virus-infected cells to help defend cells that have not yet been infected? A) haptens B) pyrogens C) interferons D) antigens
interferons
14) The adaptive (specific) defense system ________. A) is an innate defense B) issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances C) includes the skin and mucous membranes D) is the body's first line of defense against invading pathogens E) provides mechanical barriers to the body
issues an attack specific to particular foreign substances
11) Which of the following is NOT one of the mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)? A) tonsils B) appendix C) lymph nodes D) Peyer's patches
lymph nodes
15) Bacteria and tumor cells are removed from lymph by ________. A) lymph nodes B) tonsils C) the spleen D) thymus
lymph nodes
17) Peyer's patches and the tonsils are part of the collection of small lymphoid tissues that protect the upper respiratory and digestive tracts from infection and are referred to as ________. A) lymph nodes B) MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue C) germinal centers D) lymphatics
MALT or mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
26) Which statement regarding the role of T lymphocytes (T cells) is true? A) T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses. B) T lymphocytes (T cells) produce antibodies. C) T lymphocytes (T cells) activate lymphocytes that respond to specific antigens. D) T lymphocytes (T cells) can target specific extracellular antigens. E) T lymphocytes (T cells) oversee humoral immunity.
T lymphocytes (T cells) constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses
23) Which of the following is NOT applicable to the third line of defense? A) This system recognizes and acts against particular pathogens or foreign substances. B) Humoral immunity is provided by antibodies in the body's fluids. C) The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease. D) Immunity in this system is not restricted to the initial infection site. E) This system recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens.
The injection of serum containing antibodies will always provide immunity against disease