A&P Exam 3 study questions
Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in the proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. (2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy. (3) Cartilage model is formed. (4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center. (5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.
3- Cartilage model is formed. 2- Chondrocytes hypertrophy. 1- Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. 5- Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 4- Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center.
Which of the following movements does not occur at the knee joint?
Abduction
Bone remodeling may occur as bones grow. as bones adjust to stress. as fractures heal. constantly during a person's lifetime. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct
Which of the following movements is possible at the hip joint? Rotation Flexion Adduction Circumduction All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint? The shape of the articular surfaces of the bones The amount and shape of cartilage at the joint The amount of fluid in and around the joint The strength and location of tendons and ligaments All of these influence range of motion.
All of these influence range of motion
Which type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?
Articular cartilage
Which of these joints would be most likely to cause problems with the spinal cord?
Atlantoaxial joint
Which of the following is a synovial joint?
Atlantooccipital
Which of the following joints is most movable?
Ball and socket
In which type of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?
Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct
The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?
Both processes form woven bone
Which of the following statements about the femur is TRUE?
Both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles
A fractured dens or odontoid process involves damage to which specific bone?
C2
The primary mineral in bone is _________.
Calcium
Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?
Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
Which skull canal does the internal carotid artery pass through?
Carotid canal
Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?
Compact bone
The three arches of the foot
Distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking.
Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE?
Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.
What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?
Endosteum
What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?
Epiphyseal plate
Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?
Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.
Which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum?
External auditory canal
Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function? Tubercle - lining of a joint Sinus - a tunnel in a bone Foramen - a hole for a blood vesselCorrect Body - attachment point for a tendon or ligament
Foramen - a hole for a blood vessel
What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?
Glenohumeral joint
Which of the following parts of a rib articulates with the body of a vertebra?
Head
The proper sequence of events in bone repair is
Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone
What results from damage to annulus fibrosus and release of nucleus pulposus?
Herniated disk
Which of the following is mismatched?
Hip joint - cruciate ligaments
Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?
Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine
Low blood calcium levels cause which of the following?
Increased osteoclast activity
Which skull canal contains blood vessels that drain blood from the skull?
Jugular foramen
Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function? Maxilla - possesses sockets for teethCorrect Inferior nasal conchae - contain nasolacrimal canals Zygomatic - provides attachment point for temporalis muscle Temporal - is part of the orbit Vomer - forms the hard palate
Maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth
Which anatomical term is correctly matched with its description? Fossa - a ridge extending along the long axis of the bone Spine - a low ridge Condyle - a small, rounded bump Tuberosity - a flat, tongue-shaped process Meatus - a tunne
Meatus - a tunnel
Which of the following statements concerning the ankle joint is true?
Most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot.
A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones? Temporal Nasal Sphenoid OccipitalCorrect Zygomatic
Occipital
Which of the following bones is part of the cranium? Vomer Mandible Nasal bone Occipital bone Palatine bone
Occipital bone
Which of the following is correctly matched?
Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?
Osteoclasts
Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?
PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys
Which substance causes an increase in the blood calcium level?
Parathyroid hormone
Which of the following substance is mismatched with its role in the body?
Parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys
Which of the following structures of the lower limb is correctly matched to its description?
Patella - bone within tendon of quadriceps
_________ run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.
Perforating canals
Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?
Periosteum
Which of the following pairs of terms are opposites?
Plantar flexion - dorsiflexion
Which of the following events of endochondral ossification occurs last?
Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.
These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.
Sharpey fibers
Which of the following correctly matches the bone type with an example?
Short bone - carpal bone
Anatomy students are viewing a specific bone and identifying the sella turcica, pterygoid processes, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and the foramen rotundum. Which bone are they studying?
Sphenoid bone
Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification
Spongy bone is formed.
Which of the following statements concerning the upper limb is false?
The olecranon process is located on the distal end of the ulna.
Which chemical, ingested or synthesized by the body, is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?
Vitamin D
Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?
When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases
Lyme disease is
a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks
The upper limb and its girdle are attached rather loosely to the rest of the body. This arrangement
allows a wide range of movements
Arthritis is
an inflammation of any joint.
The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be _________ movements.
angular
The anterior cruciate ligament prevents _________ displacement of the tibia.
anterior
The clavicle is part of the _________ skeleton
appendicular
The pelvic girdle and lower limb are part of the _________ skeleton.
appendicular
Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints
are enclosed by a joint capsule
Osteons or haversian systems?
are the basic units in compact bone tissue
You would look for concentric lamellae?
around the central canal of an osteon
A biaxial joint has movement
around two axes at right angles to one another.
Increase in epiphysis size is the result of bone growth at the _________
articular cartilage
Which term refers to a place where two or more bones come together?
articulation
the first cervical vertebrae is the _________
atlas
The sternum is part of the _________ skeleton.
axial
The vertebral column is part of the _________ skeleton
axial
A _________blank is a type of joint that is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.
ball and socket
A patient is told that they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?
body
Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of _________.
bone matrix
The process of _________is important to change shapes of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix and to facilitate repair of broken bones.
bone remodeling
ligaments attach?
bone to bone
Identify the components of the skeletal system. (Check all that apply.)
bones, tendons, cartilage, ligaments
Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.
both spongy and compact
The heel of the foot is formed by the _________
calcaneus
Osteoclast activity decreases when _________levels are elevated.
calcitonin
Small channels extending through the bone matrix are _________.
canaliculi
A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a _________.
canaliculus
The humerus articulates with the radius at the
capitulum
The wrist is composed of eight bones called __________.
carpal bones
An example of a saddle joint is the _________joint
carpometacarpal
Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of _________
cartilage
Contains chondrocytes located in lacunae?
cartilage
Chondroblasts produce?
cartilage matrix
The locations where ossification begin in intramembranous ossification are known as
centers of ossification.
The _________ region of the vertebral column is located in the neck.
cervical
Transverse foramina are found in _________vertebrae.
cervical
A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called _________
circumduction
The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is _________.
circumferential
The collar bone is the _________
clavicle
A fracture that has not penetrated the skin is a/an _________fracture.
closed
Which type of bone tissue has concentric lamellae?
compact bone
In which type of bone tissue are osteons present?
compact bones
The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is _________.
concentric
Osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from
connective tissue surrounding blood vessels of the endosteum
Spongy bone tissue?
contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae
Articular cartilage
covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.
Synovial fluid
decreases friction between bones.
When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in _________
diameter
An x-ray determines that a patient has fractured the shaft of the humerus. The break is in the _________of the bone
diaphysis
Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is _________
endochondral
Long bones grow in length at the _________
epiphyseal plate
What is the end of a long bone called?
epiphysis
Ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum are called _________ ribs.
false
The bone that articulates with the acetabulum is the
femur
The large bone in the thigh is the
femur
Which of the following is not a hipbone? Ischium FemurCorrect Ilium Pubic
femur
A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a _________ joint
fibrous
The flat bones of the skull develop from __________.
fibrous connective tissue
The lateral malleolus is part of the _________
fibula
Bones are classified as one of four types, based on their shapes. The bones of the cranium are examples of ______ bones.
flat
Bones that are thin and have a broad curved shape are classified as _________bones.
flat
The opposite of extension is _________
flexion
The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called _________
fontanels
intramembranous ossification
forms the bones of the roof of the skull
The medial malleolus
forms the medial side of the ankle joint.
Which cranial bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits?
frontal
Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage?
give cartilage its resilient nature
The type of movement between carpal bones is described as _________
gliding
The joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a _________
gomphosis
An incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an _________.
greenstick fracture
Which chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?
growth hormone
The acromion process
has an articulation with the clavicle
woven bone?
has its collagen fibers randomly oriented
The ligamentum nuchae
helps keep the head erect
The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a _________ joint
hinge
A dislocated shoulder involves separation of the _________ from the scapula.
humerus
The deltoid tuberosity is found on the _________
humerus
The glenoid cavity is where the
humerus articulates with the scapula
A synchondrosis contains _________ cartilage.
hyaline
The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is _________.
hyaline cartilage
The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of _________
hydroxyapatite crystals
The largest and most superior region of the hipbone is the
ilium
Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?
immunity
The type of lamellae found between osteons (haversian systems) is _________.
interstitial
The fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae is the _________
intervertebral disk
An example of a symphysis is the _________
intervertebral joint
The joint capsule
is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.
The fibrous capsule
is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum
synovial fluid
is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint.
Calcitonin
is associated with decreased osteoclast activity.
Lamellar bone?
is organized into thin sheets of tissue
Which part of the pelvis does a person sit on?
ischial tuberosities.
he medial meniscus is in the _________
knee
The common name for the patella is the _________
knee cap
Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are _________
lacunae
Thin sheets of bone matrix are _________
lamellae
The primary function of osteoblasts is to?
lay down bone matrix
The ligament located inside the hip joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum is the __________
ligament of the head of the femur
The appendicular skeleton consists of the
limbs and their girdles
The medullary cavity is
lined with endosteum
The synovial membrane
lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage.
Bones that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are classified as _________ bones.
long
A person with a fractured mandible has a broken _________
lower jaw
The bone that forms the chin is also the only bone connected to the skull by a freely moveable joint. This bone is the _________
mandible
Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to
manufacture blood cells
Osteoclasts are most active in the _________of a growing bone.
medullary cavity
What is the area where marrow is located?
medullary cavity
The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called _________
menisci
The knuckles of the hand are formed by the distal ends of the _________
metacarpals
In appositional growth of cartilage,
new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an _________fracture
nondisplaced
The point of the elbow is the
olecranon process
Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone tissue
on the surface of the bone.
Which type of bone cell combines hydroxyapatite and collagen to form an extracellular bone matrix?
osteoblast
The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of
osteoblast and osteoclast activity
Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?
osteoclast
Which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?
osteoclast
Which type of bone cell is a large cell that forms from fusion of several precursor cells?
osteoclast
Which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue?
osteoclasts
The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the _________
osteocyte
Which type of bone cell has processes that lie in canaliculi?
osteocyte
Which type of bone cell lies in a lacuna?
osteocyte
Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?
osteocytes
Osteoclast activity is increased by _________
parathyroid hormone
The lambdoidal suture is located between the
parietal and occipital bones
A patient with a fractured ischium has a broken _________
pelvis
The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the _________.
perichondrium
The covering of the outer surface of bone is the _________
periosteum
The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _________ joint
pivot
A joint that consists of two opposing flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a/an __________ joint.
plane
The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a _________ joint
plane
The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is
proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is called _________
pronation
Important functions of the skeletal system include?
protection of the brain and soft organs
The function of a bursa is to
provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.
Articular cartilage
provides a smooth surface where bones meet.
If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your _________
radius
Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
rib
Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called _________
rotation
The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the _________
rotator cuff
Osteoclasts have projections called _________that cause bone reabsorption.
ruffled borders
Another name for the shoulder blade is the _________
scapula
The coracoid process is found on the _________
scapula
The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by _________
sex hormones
The common name of the tibia is the _________.
shin bone
A tennis player with a torn rotator cuff has an injured _________
shoulder
Name the air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat and irregular bones
sinuses
Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called __________
sinuses
The posterior, inferior projection from vertebrae is the _________
spinous process
Which type of bone tissue appears porous?
spongy bone
In which type of bone tissue are trabeculae present?
spongy tissue
Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process are all parts of the _________.
sternum
The common name for the sternum is the _________
sternum
Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to
store adipose tissue.
The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the?
strength of the bone
Joints are classified according to the
structure of the joint
Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called _________
supination
The junction of two pubic bones is the
symphysis pubis
Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _________ joints
synovial
Which of the following joints is most movable?
synovial
The most movable joints are _________ joints
synovial joints
The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula is the _________
talus
Which of the following bones is paired? Vomer Occipital Mandible Sphenoid Temporal
temporal
A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an _________.
tendon
In a syndesmosis
the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.
If an x-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,
the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.
The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when
the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue
Osteoarthritis is
the most common type of arthritis
The coccyx is
the most inferior portion of the vertebral column.
An example of a long bone would be _________
the tibia
A herniated disc occurs when
there is protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.
Articular facets on the transverse processes are characteristic of _________vertebrae
thoracic
The ribs articulate with the _________vertebrae
thoracic
Interconnecting rods of bone are _________
trabeculae
The humerus articulates with the ulna at the
trochlea
Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as _________ ribs.
true
The sagittal suture is located between the
two parietal bones
The sagittal suture is between the _________
two parietal bones.
The olecranon process is found on the
ulna
Cartilaginous joints
unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.
The opening in vertebrae for the spinal cord is the _________
vertebral foramen
Osteoarthritis usually is caused by
wear and tear of the joint.
