A&P Exam 3 study questions

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Arrange the following events of endochondral ossification in the proper sequence: (1) Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. (2) Chondrocytes hypertrophy. (3) Cartilage model is formed. (4) Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center. (5) Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts.

3- Cartilage model is formed. 2- Chondrocytes hypertrophy. 1- Cartilage matrix is calcified and chondrocytes die. 5- Blood vessels from the periosteum invade calcified cartilage bringing in osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 4- Osteoblasts deposit bone on the surface of the calcified cartilage of the primary ossification center.

Which of the following movements does not occur at the knee joint?

Abduction

Bone remodeling may occur as bones grow. as bones adjust to stress. as fractures heal. constantly during a person's lifetime. All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following movements is possible at the hip joint? Rotation Flexion Adduction Circumduction All of the choices are correct.

All of the choices are correct.

Which of the following influence the range of motion of a joint? The shape of the articular surfaces of the bones The amount and shape of cartilage at the joint The amount of fluid in and around the joint The strength and location of tendons and ligaments All of these influence range of motion.

All of these influence range of motion

Which type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

Articular cartilage

Which of these joints would be most likely to cause problems with the spinal cord?

Atlantoaxial joint

Which of the following is a synovial joint?

Atlantooccipital

Which of the following joints is most movable?

Ball and socket

In which type of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?

Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

Both processes form woven bone

Which of the following statements about the femur is TRUE?

Both the greater and lesser trochanters are attachment sites for muscles

A fractured dens or odontoid process involves damage to which specific bone?

C2

The primary mineral in bone is _________.

Calcium

Normal bone growth requires adequate amounts of certain substance from the diet. Which of the following list three of the dietary needs for normal bone growth?

Calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D

Which skull canal does the internal carotid artery pass through?

Carotid canal

Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?

Compact bone

The three arches of the foot

Distribute the weight of the body during standing and walking.

Which of the following statements about bone growth is TRUE?

Endochondral growth in long bones occurs at the epiphyseal plate.

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

Endosteum

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

Epiphyseal plate

Which of the following statements about bone remodeling and repair is correct?

Exposure of a bone to increased mechanical stress can lead to bone remodeling.

Which skull canal conveys sound waves to the eardrum?

External auditory canal

Which of the following anatomical features of bones is correctly matched with its function? Tubercle - lining of a joint Sinus - a tunnel in a bone Foramen - a hole for a blood vesselCorrect Body - attachment point for a tendon or ligament

Foramen - a hole for a blood vessel

What is the most commonly dislocated joint in the body?

Glenohumeral joint

Which of the following parts of a rib articulates with the body of a vertebra?

Head

The proper sequence of events in bone repair is

Hematoma formation, callus formation, callus ossification, remodeling of bone

What results from damage to annulus fibrosus and release of nucleus pulposus?

Herniated disk

Which of the following is mismatched?

Hip joint - cruciate ligaments

Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?

Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.

Which of the following is NOT a direct effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Increased Ca2+ uptake by the small intestine

Low blood calcium levels cause which of the following?

Increased osteoclast activity

Which skull canal contains blood vessels that drain blood from the skull?

Jugular foramen

Which of the following facial bones is correctly matched with its function? Maxilla - possesses sockets for teethCorrect Inferior nasal conchae - contain nasolacrimal canals Zygomatic - provides attachment point for temporalis muscle Temporal - is part of the orbit Vomer - forms the hard palate

Maxilla - possesses sockets for teeth

Which anatomical term is correctly matched with its description? Fossa - a ridge extending along the long axis of the bone Spine - a low ridge Condyle - a small, rounded bump Tuberosity - a flat, tongue-shaped process Meatus - a tunne

Meatus - a tunnel

Which of the following statements concerning the ankle joint is true?

Most common injuries to this joint occur because of a forceful inversion of the foot.

A person who gets hit on the back of the head might suffer injury to which of these bones? Temporal Nasal Sphenoid OccipitalCorrect Zygomatic

Occipital

Which of the following bones is part of the cranium? Vomer Mandible Nasal bone Occipital bone Palatine bone

Occipital bone

Which of the following is correctly matched?

Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption

When a fracture begins to heal, one type of bone cell moves into the fracture site and tears down the damaged bone tissue. Which of the following does this?

Osteoclasts

Which of the following statements regarding PTH (parathyroid hormone) is true?

PTH causes increased reabsorption of Ca2+ in the kidneys

Which substance causes an increase in the blood calcium level?

Parathyroid hormone

Which of the following substance is mismatched with its role in the body?

Parathyroid hormone - increases calcium loss in the kidneys

Which of the following structures of the lower limb is correctly matched to its description?

Patella - bone within tendon of quadriceps

_________ run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.

Perforating canals

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

Periosteum

Which of the following pairs of terms are opposites?

Plantar flexion - dorsiflexion

Which of the following events of endochondral ossification occurs last?

Secondary ossification centers appear in the epiphyses.

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

Sharpey fibers

Which of the following correctly matches the bone type with an example?

Short bone - carpal bone

Anatomy students are viewing a specific bone and identifying the sella turcica, pterygoid processes, foramen ovale, foramen spinosum, and the foramen rotundum. Which bone are they studying?

Sphenoid bone

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification

Spongy bone is formed.

Which of the following statements concerning the upper limb is false?

The olecranon process is located on the distal end of the ulna.

Which chemical, ingested or synthesized by the body, is necessary for calcium absorption from the intestines?

Vitamin D

Which of the following statements regarding calcium homeostasis is true?

When blood calcium levels are too low, osteoclast activity increases

Lyme disease is

a bacterial infection transmitted by ticks

The upper limb and its girdle are attached rather loosely to the rest of the body. This arrangement

allows a wide range of movements

Arthritis is

an inflammation of any joint.

The type of movements where one linear part of the body bends relative to another part would be _________ movements.

angular

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents _________ displacement of the tibia.

anterior

The clavicle is part of the _________ skeleton

appendicular

The pelvic girdle and lower limb are part of the _________ skeleton.

appendicular

Synovial joints are different from both fibrous and cartilaginous joints because synovial joints

are enclosed by a joint capsule

Osteons or haversian systems?

are the basic units in compact bone tissue

You would look for concentric lamellae?

around the central canal of an osteon

A biaxial joint has movement

around two axes at right angles to one another.

Increase in epiphysis size is the result of bone growth at the _________

articular cartilage

Which term refers to a place where two or more bones come together?

articulation

the first cervical vertebrae is the _________

atlas

The sternum is part of the _________ skeleton.

axial

The vertebral column is part of the _________ skeleton

axial

A _________blank is a type of joint that is multiaxial allowing a wide range of movement.

ball and socket

A patient is told that they have fractured the most anterior part of their vertebra. Which part is most likely affected?

body

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of _________.

bone matrix

The process of _________is important to change shapes of bones, adjust to bone stress, replace old bone matrix and to facilitate repair of broken bones.

bone remodeling

ligaments attach?

bone to bone

Identify the components of the skeletal system. (Check all that apply.)

bones, tendons, cartilage, ligaments

Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.

both spongy and compact

The heel of the foot is formed by the _________

calcaneus

Osteoclast activity decreases when _________levels are elevated.

calcitonin

Small channels extending through the bone matrix are _________.

canaliculi

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a _________.

canaliculus

The humerus articulates with the radius at the

capitulum

The wrist is composed of eight bones called __________.

carpal bones

An example of a saddle joint is the _________joint

carpometacarpal

Cartilaginous joints unite two bones by means of _________

cartilage

Contains chondrocytes located in lacunae?

cartilage

Chondroblasts produce?

cartilage matrix

The locations where ossification begin in intramembranous ossification are known as

centers of ossification.

The _________ region of the vertebral column is located in the neck.

cervical

Transverse foramina are found in _________vertebrae.

cervical

A movement through 360 degrees that combines flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction is called _________

circumduction

The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is _________.

circumferential

The collar bone is the _________

clavicle

A fracture that has not penetrated the skin is a/an _________fracture.

closed

Which type of bone tissue has concentric lamellae?

compact bone

In which type of bone tissue are osteons present?

compact bones

The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is _________.

concentric

Osteoblasts involved in bone growth in length come primarily from

connective tissue surrounding blood vessels of the endosteum

Spongy bone tissue?

contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae

Articular cartilage

covers the ends of bones in synovial joints.

Synovial fluid

decreases friction between bones.

When blood vessels become surrounded by concentric lamella forming osteons, the bone will grow in _________

diameter

An x-ray determines that a patient has fractured the shaft of the humerus. The break is in the _________of the bone

diaphysis

Ossification that involves replacing cartilage with bone is _________

endochondral

Long bones grow in length at the _________

epiphyseal plate

What is the end of a long bone called?

epiphysis

Ribs that do not attach directly to the sternum are called _________ ribs.

false

The bone that articulates with the acetabulum is the

femur

The large bone in the thigh is the

femur

Which of the following is not a hipbone? Ischium FemurCorrect Ilium Pubic

femur

A joint that has no joint cavity and exhibits little or no movement would be classified as a _________ joint

fibrous

The flat bones of the skull develop from __________.

fibrous connective tissue

The lateral malleolus is part of the _________

fibula

Bones are classified as one of four types, based on their shapes. The bones of the cranium are examples of ______ bones.

flat

Bones that are thin and have a broad curved shape are classified as _________bones.

flat

The opposite of extension is _________

flexion

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called _________

fontanels

intramembranous ossification

forms the bones of the roof of the skull

The medial malleolus

forms the medial side of the ankle joint.

Which cranial bone forms the bony eyebrow ridges and roofs of the orbits?

frontal

Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage?

give cartilage its resilient nature

The type of movement between carpal bones is described as _________

gliding

The joint between a tooth and the mandibular alveolus is an example of a _________

gomphosis

An incomplete bone fracture generally found in children is a/an _________.

greenstick fracture

Which chemical stimulates interstitial cartilage and appositional bone growth?

growth hormone

The acromion process

has an articulation with the clavicle

woven bone?

has its collagen fibers randomly oriented

The ligamentum nuchae

helps keep the head erect

The cubital or elbow joint is an example of a _________ joint

hinge

A dislocated shoulder involves separation of the _________ from the scapula.

humerus

The deltoid tuberosity is found on the _________

humerus

The glenoid cavity is where the

humerus articulates with the scapula

A synchondrosis contains _________ cartilage.

hyaline

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is _________.

hyaline cartilage

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of _________

hydroxyapatite crystals

The largest and most superior region of the hipbone is the

ilium

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

immunity

The type of lamellae found between osteons (haversian systems) is _________.

interstitial

The fibrocartilage located between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae is the _________

intervertebral disk

An example of a symphysis is the _________

intervertebral joint

The joint capsule

is a double layer of tissue that encloses a joint.

The fibrous capsule

is a layer of tissue that is continuous with the periosteum

synovial fluid

is a thin lubricating film covering the surface of a joint.

Calcitonin

is associated with decreased osteoclast activity.

Lamellar bone?

is organized into thin sheets of tissue

Which part of the pelvis does a person sit on?

ischial tuberosities.

he medial meniscus is in the _________

knee

The common name for the patella is the _________

knee cap

Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are _________

lacunae

Thin sheets of bone matrix are _________

lamellae

The primary function of osteoblasts is to?

lay down bone matrix

The ligament located inside the hip joint between the femoral head and the acetabulum is the __________

ligament of the head of the femur

The appendicular skeleton consists of the

limbs and their girdles

The medullary cavity is

lined with endosteum

The synovial membrane

lines the joint everywhere except over the articular cartilage.

Bones that are longer than they are wide and generally have enlarged ends for articulations are classified as _________ bones.

long

A person with a fractured mandible has a broken _________

lower jaw

The bone that forms the chin is also the only bone connected to the skull by a freely moveable joint. This bone is the _________

mandible

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

manufacture blood cells

Osteoclasts are most active in the _________of a growing bone.

medullary cavity

What is the area where marrow is located?

medullary cavity

The thick fibrocartilage disks found in the knee joint are called _________

menisci

The knuckles of the hand are formed by the distal ends of the _________

metacarpals

In appositional growth of cartilage,

new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.

A bone fracture in which the two bone sections do not separate is a/an _________fracture

nondisplaced

The point of the elbow is the

olecranon process

Appositional growth deposits a new layer of bone tissue

on the surface of the bone.

Which type of bone cell combines hydroxyapatite and collagen to form an extracellular bone matrix?

osteoblast

The remodeling of bone tissue is a function of

osteoblast and osteoclast activity

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

osteoclast

Which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?

osteoclast

Which type of bone cell is a large cell that forms from fusion of several precursor cells?

osteoclast

Which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue?

osteoclasts

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the _________

osteocyte

Which type of bone cell has processes that lie in canaliculi?

osteocyte

Which type of bone cell lies in a lacuna?

osteocyte

Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

osteocytes

Osteoclast activity is increased by _________

parathyroid hormone

The lambdoidal suture is located between the

parietal and occipital bones

A patient with a fractured ischium has a broken _________

pelvis

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the _________.

perichondrium

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the _________

periosteum

The joint between the head of the radius and the proximal end of the ulna is a _________ joint

pivot

A joint that consists of two opposing flat surfaces of approximately equal size is a/an __________ joint.

plane

The joint between the articular processes of adjacent vertebrae is a _________ joint

plane

The sequence of events that produces growth at the epiphyseal plate is

proliferation, hypertrophy, calcification, cell death, ossification, and remodeling.

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces posteriorly is called _________

pronation

Important functions of the skeletal system include?

protection of the brain and soft organs

The function of a bursa is to

provide a fluid-filled cushion that reduces friction.

Articular cartilage

provides a smooth surface where bones meet.

If you break the lateral bone of your forearm, you have fractured your _________

radius

Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?

rib

Turning a structure around its longitudinal axis is called _________

rotation

The muscles that hold the humeral head within the glenoid cavity are collectively called the _________

rotator cuff

Osteoclasts have projections called _________that cause bone reabsorption.

ruffled borders

Another name for the shoulder blade is the _________

scapula

The coracoid process is found on the _________

scapula

The growth spurt seen in puberty is triggered by _________

sex hormones

The common name of the tibia is the _________.

shin bone

A tennis player with a torn rotator cuff has an injured _________

shoulder

Name the air-filled spaces lined by mucous membranes found within flat and irregular bones

sinuses

Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called __________

sinuses

The posterior, inferior projection from vertebrae is the _________

spinous process

Which type of bone tissue appears porous?

spongy bone

In which type of bone tissue are trabeculae present?

spongy tissue

Manubrium, body, and xiphoid process are all parts of the _________.

sternum

The common name for the sternum is the _________

sternum

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

store adipose tissue.

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the?

strength of the bone

Joints are classified according to the

structure of the joint

Rotating the forearm so that the palm faces anteriorly is called _________

supination

The junction of two pubic bones is the

symphysis pubis

Most of the joints in the appendicular skeleton are _________ joints

synovial

Which of the following joints is most movable?

synovial

The most movable joints are _________ joints

synovial joints

The tarsal bone that articulates with the tibia and the fibula is the _________

talus

Which of the following bones is paired? Vomer Occipital Mandible Sphenoid Temporal

temporal

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an _________.

tendon

In a syndesmosis

the bones are held together by ligaments called interosseous membranes.

If an x-ray shows a black area in the region of the epiphyseal plate,

the epiphyseal plate has not completely ossified.

The longitudinal growth of long bones ceases when

the epiphyseal plate is completely replaced with bone tissue

Osteoarthritis is

the most common type of arthritis

The coccyx is

the most inferior portion of the vertebral column.

An example of a long bone would be _________

the tibia

A herniated disc occurs when

there is protrusion of the nucleus pulposus.

Articular facets on the transverse processes are characteristic of _________vertebrae

thoracic

The ribs articulate with the _________vertebrae

thoracic

Interconnecting rods of bone are _________

trabeculae

The humerus articulates with the ulna at the

trochlea

Those ribs that attach directly to the sternum are referred to as _________ ribs.

true

The sagittal suture is located between the

two parietal bones

The sagittal suture is between the _________

two parietal bones.

The olecranon process is found on the

ulna

Cartilaginous joints

unite two bones by means of fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage.

The opening in vertebrae for the spinal cord is the _________

vertebral foramen

Osteoarthritis usually is caused by

wear and tear of the joint.


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