a&p exam Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

In the centrifuged sample of blood illustrated, which number indicates the layer containing water, plasma proteins, nutrients, and waste products?

1

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Typically, an adult's body contains _______ of blood.

5 liters

How does aging affect the endocrine system?

All of the choices are correct

Endocrine glands

All of the choices are correct.

Which lobe of the pituitary is larger and secretes more hormones?

Anterior pituitary

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

During thyroid surgery, a surgeon mistakenly removes the parathyroid glands from his patient. Which of the following is a likely outcome in the patient?

Blood calcium levels will drop

Lymph is transported through a network of increasingly larger lymphatic passageways. What is the correct order of these, from smallest diameter to largest diameter?

Capillaries - vessels - trunks - ducts

Lymph nodes may be found individually, or clustered in specific regions of the body. Which cluster of lymph nodes receives lymph from the head and neck?

Cervical lymph nodes

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)?

GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatomedin

You are "shadowing" an endocrinologist who is examining a patient complaining of weakness, weight loss, and heat intolerance. The doctor points out the patient's obvious exophthalmos and asks for your diagnosis. What would you speculate is the patient's problem?

Hypersecretion of thyroid hormone

Which hormone induces its target cells to take up glucose, thereby lowering blood glucose levels?

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas?

Insulin

Which of the lymphatic trunks drain into the cisterna chyli?

Intestinal trunks and lumbar trunks

Which is not correct regarding the pancreas?

It does not begin to secrete its hormones until puberty

In which abdominal quadrant is the spleen located?

Left upper quadrant

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood?

Lipid-soluble hormone

Which hormone is secreted by the pineal gland?

Melatonin

Which of the following is false?

Melatonin makes us feel alert and awake

The growth factor that increases the formation of erythrocytes, all classes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets from myeloid stem cells is

Multi-CSF

Which are the most numerous of the leukocytes?

Neutrophils

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone?

Ovaries and testes

Which of the following is a step within the common pathway of blood clotting?

Prothrombin is activated to thrombin

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system?

Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level

Which would be the route taken by lymph traveling from lymphatic vessels in the right leg to the bloodstream?

Right lumbar trunk - cisterna chyli - thoracic duct - left subclavian vein

When women with breast cancer undergo surgery to remove the tumor or the entire breast, the axillary lymph nodes are often removed as well. Why?

The axillary lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast and may contain cancer cells

Which clotting pathway involves more steps and takes more time (approximately 5 minutes)?

The intrinsic pathway

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones?

Transportation

Which region of the adrenal cortex synthesizes glucocorticoids?

Zona fasciculata

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? a: Primary plexus b: Secondary plexus c: Hypophyseal portal veins

a - c - b

Which are characteristics of type O blood? a: Has anti-A antibodies b: Has anti-B antibodies c: Has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes d: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes e: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

a, b, e

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important.) a: The heme group is converted into biliverdin. b: Bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver. c: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed. d: The iron ions are stored in the liver. e: The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow. f: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused. g: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globins, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract.

a, c, d, f

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause

acromegaly

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is secreted by the

anterior pituitary, and it targets follicular cells of the thyroid gland

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary

are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive

Which are characteristic of leukocytes? a: Smaller than erythrocytes b: Have a nucleus c: Have no hemoglobin d: More numerous than erythrocytes e: Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

b, c, e

Blood plasma is slightly _______; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _______ .

basic, proteins

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be

both hormonal and humoral.

Which depicts the order of cell formation in erythropoiesis? a: Proerythroblast b: Normoblast c: Myeloid stem cell d: Reticulocyte e: Erythroblast f: Mature erythrocyte

c, a, e, b, d, f

The hilum of the spleen is part of its

concave anteromedial border

Lymphatic organs

contain a complete capsule of dense irregular connective tissue

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH).

Oxygen-poor blood is _________ in color.

dark red

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will

decrease

In many of the elderly, leukocytes appear to be

decreased in number and less efficient

Fibrinolysis involves ________ of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein _______.

destruction, plasmin

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably

down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

In response to excessive amounts of hormone, a target cell may reduce its number of receptors for that hormone. This is an example of

down-regulation

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organized such that

each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many

The thymus contains lymphatic cells as well as secretory _________ tissue.

epithelial

The most numerous of the formed elements are the

erythrocytes

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the

erythrocytes

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of

erythrocytes in the blood

The agglutinogens (or antigens) that determine the ABO and Rh blood types are

found on the surface of erythrocytes.

The hormone that increases the rate of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by the liver is

glucagon

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a

glycoprotein

Platelets play a key role in _________, but if they are not used they are broken down after about ________ days.

hemostasis, 9

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the

hypothalamus

The thyroid gland is located

immediately anterior to the trachea

Insulin causes a(n) _______ in glycogenesis in the liver and a(n) _______ in lipogenesis in adipose.

increase, increase

The pituitary gland is located _________ to the hypothalamus and is connected by the ________.

inferior, infundibulum

The main function of tonsils is to detect and protect against infections agents that are

ingested or inhaled

Lymphatic capillaries

lack a basement membrane

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes

lack a nucleus and organelles

A lymphatic capillary that picks up dietary lipids in the small intestine is called a(n)

lacteal

Another name for a lymphatic follicle is a

lymphatic nodule

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n)

monocyte

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express

more receptors for sex hormones.

Typically, a hilum of a lymph node contains

one efferent lymphatic vessel

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are

oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone

In addition to secreting hormones, the pancreas also produces

pancreatic juice

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling.

paracrine

In the signal transduction pathway that results in the formation of inositol triphosphate, the G protein directly activates

phospholipase C.

Prostacyclin is an eicosanoid that acts as a

platelet repellant

Glucose is a

polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma

The pancreas is located ________ to the stomach, and it lies between the duodenum and the ________.

posterior, spleen

The adrenal glands are located ________ to the parietal peritoneum and each has a cortex of a ________ color.

posterior, yellow

Within the adenylate cyclase signal transduction pathways of target cells, cAMP activates

protein kinase

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore

proteins

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _________ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

Vascular spasms last

several minutes when tissue damage is extensive

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the

small intestine

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary

somatotropic

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to

stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands

Growth hormone

stimulates gluconeogenesis

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is _______; a very ______ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time.

temporary; large

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is

the first messenger

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone

the more frequently it must be replaced

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla is stimulated by

the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

The half-life of a hormone is

the time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate

the wrong blood type was used

Where do T-lymphocytes mature?

thymus gland

Thyroid hormone synthesis involves secretion of a glycoprotein called ___________ by the follicular cells

thyroglobulin

Lymphatic capillaries originate in the

tissue spaces between cells

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to

up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity

Subclavian trunks drain lymph from the

upper limbs, breasts, and superficial thorax

To compensate for significant blood loss, the autonomic nervous system triggers

vasoconstriction and an increase in heart rate

Protein hormones are

water-soluble

B-lymphocytes are

white blood cells that are generated in red bone marrow