A&P Final

In the presence of DHT (dihydrotestosterone)

-Penis forms -Scrotum forms

Which of the following molecules bind to ACE II receptors to be denatured

Angiotensin II

According to the chart below, which of the following statements must be true

As pH falls, oxygen unloads from hemoglobin more rapidly

Which of the following statements represents what happens within the thoracic cavity

As the diaphragm contracts, volume increases leading to a decrease in pressure within the alveoli and air flows into the lungs

What do TC cells and NK cells have in common

Both cell types use perforin and granzymes to cause apoptosis in targeted cells

The process of joining (polymerizing) glucose to form glycogen is referred to as:

Glycogenesis

What is the difference between Hydrostatic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure

Hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure exerted through the capillary in combination with the hydrostatic pressure from interstitial fluid, while oncotic pressure is the difference between the colloid pressure exerted onto the capillary wall from within the capillary and from the interstitial fluid pressing back

How does the anterior pituitary receive messages from the hypothalamus

Hypophyseal portal system

is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it

Immunocompetence

Where does protein digestion begin within the Digestive System

In the stomach

What response would the body take to reduce blood pressure

Increased parasympathetic, decreased sympathetic will cause lower cardio output, vasodilation resulting in lower BP

brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection

Inflammation

Which type of salivary gland releases saliva consistently throughout the day for the purpose of protection against bacterial growth

Intrinsic glands

What role does norepinephrine play on vessel dilation

It has sympathetic control, an increase in norepinephrine leads to vasodilation

What impact does the bonding of CO2 to hemoglobin have

It lowers O2 affinity to bind to hemoglobin

The pulmonary veins return blood to which chamber

Left atrium

A clear fluid removed from in between cells and tissue and transported through lymphatic vessels

Lymph

CD8 cells are stimulated by...

MHC I cells

Which of the following is NOT a function of the Lymphatic System

Maintaining pressure gradients

Fatty acids and larger fat molecules are transported by bile salts , within chyme, as structures called:

Micelles

When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________

O

Which blood type is generally called the universal donor

O negative

Autorhythmicity is the ability for cardiac cells to...

Produce coordinated contraction among all the cells within chambers

Hematopoietic Growth Factors are hormones that direct the differentiation of progenitor cells in the formation of RBC. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is produced where and regulates which of the following

Produced within the kidney, directs the formation of erythrocytes

Thrombopoietin (TPO) is an example of a Hematopoietic Growth Factor. What role does TPO play

Produced within the liver, directs formation of platelets

Which cell type is found within the bone marrow, directs the formation of hemoglobin, and still contains the cell nucleus

Proerythroblasts

Small structure beneath the bladder. Adds to the seminal plasma (about 20%)

Prostate Gland

Which of the following factors affecting resistance (R) in arterioles would have the quickest and most efficient response in regulating R and flow and pressure

Radius of vessel

Sex is determined by

SRY gene

large cell with almost all of mother cell cytoplasm and organelles

Secondary oocyte

ound at the base of the urinary bladder

Seminal Vesicles

small tightly coiled tubes that are the site of sperm production

Seminiferous tubules

- Produces estrogen - Estrogen stimulates further development of spermatogonium

Sertoli cells

Villi are present in which of the following

Small intestines

After meiosis I, the cell is haploid and is called a secondary spermatocyte

Spermatogonia

Enters into meiosis I (then called primary spermatocytes)

Spermatogonia

Starts as diploid cells and goes through mitosis

Spermatogonia

Lipid emulsification first takes place within the:

Stomach

This phase of contractions is characterized by high pressure from the ventricular contractions

Systole

Which Adaptive Immune cell type utilizes Cell-mediated Immunity

T-cells

Activation of CD4 cells will lead to the production of what cell type

TH cells

A Rh factor of Rh- indicates which of the following

The person is lacking the D antigen

As a gas diffuses across an air / water interface, which of the following can be said as being true

The pressures are equal, but not the concentrations

Why is blood type O- considered to be true universal blood donors

There are no antigens on O- to trigger an immune response

What makes platelets different than RBCs

They are fragments of a megakaryocyte

is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters

They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel

is directly responsible for the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during the Common Pathway

Thrombin

Which of the following locations would you expect to NOT find B cells

Thymus

what could lead to a faster response in regulating blood pressure

Use of baroreceptors and the Autonomic nervous system

T-cell activation requires ________

antigen binding and co-stimulation

How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood

as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance

blood vessel diameter

B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________

bone marrow

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following

changes in arterial pressure

Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events

closure of the heart valves

Which of the following is NOT true of saliva

contains acids which aid in chemical digestion

Remaining granulosa cells and internal thecal cells enlarge to form

corpus luteum

Place the following events in order from the initial response to the final response: -Immunocompetent B-cells are exposed to an antigen -B-cell engulfs antigen and exposes specific epitome -Interleukins released promote B-cell cloning -Cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells -Production of antibodies

correct

For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first

diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises

Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance

directly; inversely

A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________

eating foods that are low in fat

The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________

helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood

The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________

increase of carbon dioxide

With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________

increased hematocrit

What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs

intrinsic factor

A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________

it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity

What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production

kidney

The parietal pericardium ________

lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium

Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________

lipid emulsification

is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle

melatonin

produce intrinsic factor

parietal cells

the rise in LH can cause ovulation (T/F)

true

Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages within the liver and spleen. Heme is separated from the globulin and is broken down further into?

-Fe+ (Iron ion) -Biliverdin

Place the following steps in the correct sequence of the path of cardiac impulses is? 1. Atrioventricular (AV) node 2. Sinoatrial (SA) node 3. Conduction myofibers (Purkinje fibers) 4. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) 5. Right and Left bundle branches

2, 1, 4, 5, 3

Which time would be most optimal to catch fish due to oxygen availability in a lake

6am and 8pm

What is the average normal pH range of blood

7.35-7.45

Which end of the capillary would be under filtration, and why

A would be demonstrating hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of the capillary

What receptor does the Corona virus bind to in the human body

ACE II receptors

As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats

ACTH

Which of the following is the name of enzyme responsible for the formation of ATP during Chemiosmosis / Electron Transport Chain

ATP Synthase

What cell type located within the Pancreas have an Exocrine function associated with digestion

Acinar cells

The ability for T cells and B cells to develop specific proteins on their membrane for specific pathogens is referred to as:

Adaptive Immunity

is secreted by the posterior pituitary

Aldosterone ________

What role does the heme group play within the structure of hemoglobin

Allows for the binding and carrying of oxygen

Blood flow is regulated within capillaries so that blood can be diverted from, or increased within the vessels. How are the vessels regulated

An increase in epinephrine causes the precapillary sphincters to constrict, sending blood area from the capillaries

Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed

B12

Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels

Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated

This type of leukocyte is characterized as cells that secrete heparin and histamine in response to allergic reactions. The nucleus appears to be "pixelated"

Basophil

In what form is most of the carbon dioxide transformed into and carried by the blood

Bicarbonate

The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur

Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum

Which of the following gives feces its characteristic color

Bilirubin

Which of the following best explains the relationship between blood flow and pressure

Blood flow is proportional to the change in pressure

According to the diagram which end of the capillary has the highest Oncotic Pressure?

Both A and B have equal OP

Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea

C-shaped cartilage rings

How do Cell-mediated and Antibody-mediated Immunity differs?

Cell-mediated Immunity relies on Histo-compatibility Complexes while Antibody-mediated Immunity relies on an epitome to attract a TH cell

Which of the following cell types secretes pepsinogen

Chief cells

The enlarged lymph node located approximately in the abdominal cavity and drains the lumbar and intestinal areas is referred to as:

Cisterna chyli

Empty follicle that secretes progesterone and estrodiol (useful later) and relies on LH from the pituitary

Corpus Luteum

secretes progesterone and some estrogen

Corpus luteum

Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal

Cowper's Gland

During a parasympathetic response (aka you ate too much for dinner!) which of the following would you expect to NOT happen within the cardiovascular system

Decreased epinephrine on alpha receptors

The WBC is present when parasitic infections occur within the body

Eosinophils

Allows for continued maturity of the sperm

Epididymis

This hormone is secreted from basophil cells of the anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of follicles in females, estrogen production within the follicles and stimulates sperm production within the males

FSH

A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. What explains his problem

FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes

The purpose of lymph nodes is best described as

Filtering lymph, detecting potential pathogens and alerting B and T cells

Which of the following best describes how bulk flow occurs across the capillary

Filtration occurs at the arterial end, absorption occurs at the venous end

smaller cell that is almost devoid of cytoplasm

First polar body

Starling's Law compares forces at the arterial end of a capillary with those at the venous end of the same capillary. Based on Starling's law which of the following must be true

Forces favoring filtration are the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the interstitial oncotic pressure

Our understanding of the cardiovascular system has changed greatly over the last 2000 + years. Which of the following contributors to cardiovascular structure proposed the idea that the liver pumped the blood to the right side of the heart where some of the blood crossed the interventricular septum in the left ventricle and mixed with "air" from the lungs

Galen

When the body produces glucose, for the use in cellular respiration, from non-carbohydrate substances we refer to the process as being:

Gluconeogenesis

Which of the following carries oxygen on the RBC

Heme group

The bile ducts within the liver that carry bile to the larger common hepatic duct are known as

Hepactic ducts

Acidosis is a disorder characterized by which of the following

High levels of CO2

Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization

High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.

Where does carbohydrate digestion first occur within the digestive system

In the mouth

The area that regulates, monitors, and maintains blood pressure is referred to as what

Medullary Cardiovascular Control Center

Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion

Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract.

Of the following, which one is NOT an example of a Lymphocyte

Monocytes

This type of leukocyte is characterized as "first responders" in the fight against bacterial infections and the formation of pus. The nucleus appears to be "C" or "S" shaped

Neutrophils

A Rh factor of Rh+ indicates which of the following

None of the choices indicates Rh+

Bulk flow is defined as:

None of the provided choices defines Bulk flow

If oxygen is to disassociate from the oxyhemoglobin molecule which of the following conditions must happen

Oxygen levels must decrease within the tissue

Letter F best represents which of the following statements?

Oxygen will unload until the tissue pressure is equal to the capillary pressure

release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism

Oxytocin ________

Which of the following must be true for Letter A?

PCO2 in the lungs must be greater than the atmospheric PCO2

secrete enzymes that kill bacteria

Paneth cells

The muscles which contract to tighten the chordea tendineae as the atrioventricular valves close are known as

Papillary muscles

Hematocrit is best defined as what

Percentage of RBC within the blood

waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another

Peristaltic waves

Melatonin is released from which cell type?

Pinaelocytes

Why is blood considered a connective tissue?

Plasma contains dissolved fibrous proteins

The ability to destroy T-cells before they mature because they react to an APC MHC site is referred to as:

Positive Selection

Which of the following lymphocyte cell types is found within the cortex of the thymus

Premature T cells

This hormone increases flexibility of the pubis symphysis during pregnancy and promotes cervical dilation during labor

Relaxin

Smoking can lead to which of the following

Respiratory acidosis

Which of the following is the hearts rapidly firing pacemaker

SA node

- Forms new stratum functionalis after menstruation - Unresponsive to ovarian hormones

Stratum basalis

Which of the following is true about the relationship between B and C?

The PO2 in the atmosphere is equal to 160mmHg, while the PO2 within the alveoli is equal to 104mmHg forcing O2 to move into the alveoli

What does Costimulation lead to...

The cloning of the TC and TH cells

Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages in the liver and spleen. What is responsible for the transportation of Fe+ through blood

Transferrin

Which of the following are classified as Atrioventricular valves

Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves

From the seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa enters the

Tubuli recti, then the Rete testis, Vasa efferentia

Mature T-cells are located where

Within the thymus

Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the stomach

a serving of alcohol

NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart

atrioventricular (AV) valve

During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, _______

atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed

According to the diagram, which of following must be true? a.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is greater than the net pressure going into the tissue b.) A is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is greater than the net pressure going into the tissue c.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue d.) A is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue

c.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue

Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue

capillaries and venules

When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________

chemical digestion

Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________

chief cells of the stomach

The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _______

collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver

Tidal volume is air ________

exchanged during normal breathing

Aldosterone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)

false

Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)

false

Human Growth Hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)

false

Oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)

false

adrenal medulla — glucocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)

false

zona fasciculata — mineralocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)

false

zona glomerulosa — epinephrine and norepinephrine are correctly mated (T/F)

false

-Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles -Shed during menstruation

functions of the Stratum functionalis

Which is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue

gap junctions

During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?

glucagon

Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete...

glucagon, which raises blood glucose

Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)

glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________

it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release

Respiratory control centers are located in the ________

medulla and pons

The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ________

megakaryocytes

From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________

natural killer cells

Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?

nitric oxide

Pepsin is released from which of the following cell types -Parietal cells -Chief cells -Mucous cells -None of the provided choices are correct

none of the choices are correct

Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin

number of red blood cells

Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration

oxidative phosphorylation

Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)

oxygen transport

Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following

parietal cells

The function of goblet cells is to ________

produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion

systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure

pulse pressure

The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________

pump blood with greater pressure

Clonal selection of B cells ________

results in the formation of plasma cells

Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing

rising blood pressure

The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________

runs through the infundibulum

process of sperm production

spermatogenesis

Endometrium has two chief layers the...

stratum functionalis; stratum basalis

Which of the following is a conducting zone structure

terminal bronchiole

Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______

that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis

Caused by decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone

the menstrual phase

Bone is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)

true

In general, it is expected that hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed (T/F)

true

In general, it is expected that osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed (T/F)

true

Liver is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)

true

Progesterone rises right before ovulation, due to LH acting on the wall of the follicle (T/F)

true

Spleen is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)

true

T-cells is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2 (T/F)

true

Thymus is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)

true

Ventricular systole is represented by AV valves will close once ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure (T/F)

true

Ventricular systole is represented by action potential moves from the SA node to the AV node and then to the AV bundle (T/F)

true

Ventricular systole is represented by an increase in ventricular pressure will force semilunar valves to open (T/F)

true

precapillary sphincters allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole (T/F)

true

precapillary sphincters increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries (T/F)

true

precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries (T/F)

true

zona reticularis — gonadocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)

true

Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?

tunica media

The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task

villi, and microvilli

The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________

vital capacity

The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________

when the ventricles are in systole

If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________

white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells