A&P Final
In the presence of DHT (dihydrotestosterone)
-Penis forms -Scrotum forms
Which of the following molecules bind to ACE II receptors to be denatured
Angiotensin II
According to the chart below, which of the following statements must be true
As pH falls, oxygen unloads from hemoglobin more rapidly
Which of the following statements represents what happens within the thoracic cavity
As the diaphragm contracts, volume increases leading to a decrease in pressure within the alveoli and air flows into the lungs
What do TC cells and NK cells have in common
Both cell types use perforin and granzymes to cause apoptosis in targeted cells
The process of joining (polymerizing) glucose to form glycogen is referred to as:
Glycogenesis
What is the difference between Hydrostatic Pressure and Oncotic Pressure
Hydrostatic pressure is the fluid pressure exerted through the capillary in combination with the hydrostatic pressure from interstitial fluid, while oncotic pressure is the difference between the colloid pressure exerted onto the capillary wall from within the capillary and from the interstitial fluid pressing back
How does the anterior pituitary receive messages from the hypothalamus
Hypophyseal portal system
is the ability of individual cells to recognize a specific antigen by binding to it
Immunocompetence
Where does protein digestion begin within the Digestive System
In the stomach
What response would the body take to reduce blood pressure
Increased parasympathetic, decreased sympathetic will cause lower cardio output, vasodilation resulting in lower BP
brings more leukocytes to the sight of infection
Inflammation
Which type of salivary gland releases saliva consistently throughout the day for the purpose of protection against bacterial growth
Intrinsic glands
What role does norepinephrine play on vessel dilation
It has sympathetic control, an increase in norepinephrine leads to vasodilation
What impact does the bonding of CO2 to hemoglobin have
It lowers O2 affinity to bind to hemoglobin
The pulmonary veins return blood to which chamber
Left atrium
A clear fluid removed from in between cells and tissue and transported through lymphatic vessels
Lymph
CD8 cells are stimulated by...
MHC I cells
Which of the following is NOT a function of the Lymphatic System
Maintaining pressure gradients
Fatty acids and larger fat molecules are transported by bile salts , within chyme, as structures called:
Micelles
When neither anti-A serum nor anti-B serum clot on a blood plate with donor blood, the blood is type ________
O
Which blood type is generally called the universal donor
O negative
Autorhythmicity is the ability for cardiac cells to...
Produce coordinated contraction among all the cells within chambers
Hematopoietic Growth Factors are hormones that direct the differentiation of progenitor cells in the formation of RBC. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone that is produced where and regulates which of the following
Produced within the kidney, directs the formation of erythrocytes
Thrombopoietin (TPO) is an example of a Hematopoietic Growth Factor. What role does TPO play
Produced within the liver, directs formation of platelets
Which cell type is found within the bone marrow, directs the formation of hemoglobin, and still contains the cell nucleus
Proerythroblasts
Small structure beneath the bladder. Adds to the seminal plasma (about 20%)
Prostate Gland
Which of the following factors affecting resistance (R) in arterioles would have the quickest and most efficient response in regulating R and flow and pressure
Radius of vessel
Sex is determined by
SRY gene
large cell with almost all of mother cell cytoplasm and organelles
Secondary oocyte
ound at the base of the urinary bladder
Seminal Vesicles
small tightly coiled tubes that are the site of sperm production
Seminiferous tubules
- Produces estrogen - Estrogen stimulates further development of spermatogonium
Sertoli cells
Villi are present in which of the following
Small intestines
After meiosis I, the cell is haploid and is called a secondary spermatocyte
Spermatogonia
Enters into meiosis I (then called primary spermatocytes)
Spermatogonia
Starts as diploid cells and goes through mitosis
Spermatogonia
Lipid emulsification first takes place within the:
Stomach
This phase of contractions is characterized by high pressure from the ventricular contractions
Systole
Which Adaptive Immune cell type utilizes Cell-mediated Immunity
T-cells
Activation of CD4 cells will lead to the production of what cell type
TH cells
A Rh factor of Rh- indicates which of the following
The person is lacking the D antigen
As a gas diffuses across an air / water interface, which of the following can be said as being true
The pressures are equal, but not the concentrations
Why is blood type O- considered to be true universal blood donors
There are no antigens on O- to trigger an immune response
What makes platelets different than RBCs
They are fragments of a megakaryocyte
is NOT true of the precapillary sphincters
They decrease the osmotic pressure in the thoroughfare channel
is directly responsible for the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin during the Common Pathway
Thrombin
Which of the following locations would you expect to NOT find B cells
Thymus
what could lead to a faster response in regulating blood pressure
Use of baroreceptors and the Autonomic nervous system
T-cell activation requires ________
antigen binding and co-stimulation
How is the bulk of carbon dioxide transported in blood
as bicarbonate ions in plasma after first entering the red blood cells
Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance
blood vessel diameter
B lymphocytes develop immunocompetence in the ________
bone marrow
The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following
changes in arterial pressure
Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events
closure of the heart valves
Which of the following is NOT true of saliva
contains acids which aid in chemical digestion
Remaining granulosa cells and internal thecal cells enlarge to form
corpus luteum
Place the following events in order from the initial response to the final response: -Immunocompetent B-cells are exposed to an antigen -B-cell engulfs antigen and exposes specific epitome -Interleukins released promote B-cell cloning -Cells differentiate into plasma cells and memory B-cells -Production of antibodies
correct
For inspiration of air, which of the following happens first
diaphragm descends, thoracic volume begins to increase, and rib cage rises
Blood flow is ________ proportional to the difference in blood pressure. Blood flow is ________ proportional to the total peripheral resistance
directly; inversely
A doctor consulting a patient that recently has had their gall bladder removed would likely advise ________
eating foods that are low in fat
The symptoms of hyperventilation may be averted by breathing into a paper bag because it ________
helps retain carbon dioxide in the blood
The most powerful respiratory stimulus for breathing in a healthy person is ________
increase of carbon dioxide
With a patient that is administered an injection of erythropoietin (EPO) you would expect to see ________
increased hematocrit
What stomach secretion is necessary for normal hemoglobin production in RBCs
intrinsic factor
A ruptured appendix is life threatening because ________
it is likely to cause massive infection of the abdominopelvic cavity
What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production
kidney
The parietal pericardium ________
lines the internal surface of the fibrous pericardium
Bile salts break up the fat globule into smaller fat droplets. This role of bile salts is best described as ________
lipid emulsification
is responsible for regulating the sleep cycle
melatonin
produce intrinsic factor
parietal cells
the rise in LH can cause ovulation (T/F)
true
Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages within the liver and spleen. Heme is separated from the globulin and is broken down further into?
-Fe+ (Iron ion) -Biliverdin
Place the following steps in the correct sequence of the path of cardiac impulses is? 1. Atrioventricular (AV) node 2. Sinoatrial (SA) node 3. Conduction myofibers (Purkinje fibers) 4. Atrioventricular Bundle (Bundle of His) 5. Right and Left bundle branches
2, 1, 4, 5, 3
Which time would be most optimal to catch fish due to oxygen availability in a lake
6am and 8pm
What is the average normal pH range of blood
7.35-7.45
Which end of the capillary would be under filtration, and why
A would be demonstrating hydrostatic pressure forcing fluid out of the capillary
What receptor does the Corona virus bind to in the human body
ACE II receptors
As a result of stress, the anterior pituitary releases ________, which stimulates release of hormones from the adrenal cortex that retain sodium and water, increase blood sugar, and begin breaking down fats
ACTH
Which of the following is the name of enzyme responsible for the formation of ATP during Chemiosmosis / Electron Transport Chain
ATP Synthase
What cell type located within the Pancreas have an Exocrine function associated with digestion
Acinar cells
The ability for T cells and B cells to develop specific proteins on their membrane for specific pathogens is referred to as:
Adaptive Immunity
is secreted by the posterior pituitary
Aldosterone ________
What role does the heme group play within the structure of hemoglobin
Allows for the binding and carrying of oxygen
Blood flow is regulated within capillaries so that blood can be diverted from, or increased within the vessels. How are the vessels regulated
An increase in epinephrine causes the precapillary sphincters to constrict, sending blood area from the capillaries
Which vitamin requires intrinsic factor in order to be absorbed
B12
Which will NOT occur if blood pressure drops below homeostatic levels
Baroreceptors in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch will be stimulated
This type of leukocyte is characterized as cells that secrete heparin and histamine in response to allergic reactions. The nucleus appears to be "pixelated"
Basophil
In what form is most of the carbon dioxide transformed into and carried by the blood
Bicarbonate
The ingestion of a meal high in fat content would cause which of the following to occur
Bile would be released from the gallbladder to emulsify the fat in the duodenum
Which of the following gives feces its characteristic color
Bilirubin
Which of the following best explains the relationship between blood flow and pressure
Blood flow is proportional to the change in pressure
According to the diagram which end of the capillary has the highest Oncotic Pressure?
Both A and B have equal OP
Which of the following maintains the patency (openness) of the trachea
C-shaped cartilage rings
How do Cell-mediated and Antibody-mediated Immunity differs?
Cell-mediated Immunity relies on Histo-compatibility Complexes while Antibody-mediated Immunity relies on an epitome to attract a TH cell
Which of the following cell types secretes pepsinogen
Chief cells
The enlarged lymph node located approximately in the abdominal cavity and drains the lumbar and intestinal areas is referred to as:
Cisterna chyli
Empty follicle that secretes progesterone and estrodiol (useful later) and relies on LH from the pituitary
Corpus Luteum
secretes progesterone and some estrogen
Corpus luteum
Produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
Cowper's Gland
During a parasympathetic response (aka you ate too much for dinner!) which of the following would you expect to NOT happen within the cardiovascular system
Decreased epinephrine on alpha receptors
The WBC is present when parasitic infections occur within the body
Eosinophils
Allows for continued maturity of the sperm
Epididymis
This hormone is secreted from basophil cells of the anterior pituitary and stimulates the development of follicles in females, estrogen production within the follicles and stimulates sperm production within the males
FSH
A man has been told that he is NOT synthesizing enough follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and for this reason he may be unable to father a child. What explains his problem
FSH stimulates sperm production in the testes
The purpose of lymph nodes is best described as
Filtering lymph, detecting potential pathogens and alerting B and T cells
Which of the following best describes how bulk flow occurs across the capillary
Filtration occurs at the arterial end, absorption occurs at the venous end
smaller cell that is almost devoid of cytoplasm
First polar body
Starling's Law compares forces at the arterial end of a capillary with those at the venous end of the same capillary. Based on Starling's law which of the following must be true
Forces favoring filtration are the capillary hydrostatic pressure and the interstitial oncotic pressure
Our understanding of the cardiovascular system has changed greatly over the last 2000 + years. Which of the following contributors to cardiovascular structure proposed the idea that the liver pumped the blood to the right side of the heart where some of the blood crossed the interventricular septum in the left ventricle and mixed with "air" from the lungs
Galen
When the body produces glucose, for the use in cellular respiration, from non-carbohydrate substances we refer to the process as being:
Gluconeogenesis
Which of the following carries oxygen on the RBC
Heme group
The bile ducts within the liver that carry bile to the larger common hepatic duct are known as
Hepactic ducts
Acidosis is a disorder characterized by which of the following
High levels of CO2
Which of the following is correct regarding acclimatization
High-altitude conditions always result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels because less O2 is available to be loaded.
Where does carbohydrate digestion first occur within the digestive system
In the mouth
The area that regulates, monitors, and maintains blood pressure is referred to as what
Medullary Cardiovascular Control Center
Which of the following is the best illustration of the difference between metabolism and digestion
Metabolism comprises all of the chemical reactions preformed within the body while digestion is only the breakdown of food within the GI tract.
Of the following, which one is NOT an example of a Lymphocyte
Monocytes
This type of leukocyte is characterized as "first responders" in the fight against bacterial infections and the formation of pus. The nucleus appears to be "C" or "S" shaped
Neutrophils
A Rh factor of Rh+ indicates which of the following
None of the choices indicates Rh+
Bulk flow is defined as:
None of the provided choices defines Bulk flow
If oxygen is to disassociate from the oxyhemoglobin molecule which of the following conditions must happen
Oxygen levels must decrease within the tissue
Letter F best represents which of the following statements?
Oxygen will unload until the tissue pressure is equal to the capillary pressure
release is an example of a positive feedback control mechanism
Oxytocin ________
Which of the following must be true for Letter A?
PCO2 in the lungs must be greater than the atmospheric PCO2
secrete enzymes that kill bacteria
Paneth cells
The muscles which contract to tighten the chordea tendineae as the atrioventricular valves close are known as
Papillary muscles
Hematocrit is best defined as what
Percentage of RBC within the blood
waves of muscular contractions that propel contents from one point to another
Peristaltic waves
Melatonin is released from which cell type?
Pinaelocytes
Why is blood considered a connective tissue?
Plasma contains dissolved fibrous proteins
The ability to destroy T-cells before they mature because they react to an APC MHC site is referred to as:
Positive Selection
Which of the following lymphocyte cell types is found within the cortex of the thymus
Premature T cells
This hormone increases flexibility of the pubis symphysis during pregnancy and promotes cervical dilation during labor
Relaxin
Smoking can lead to which of the following
Respiratory acidosis
Which of the following is the hearts rapidly firing pacemaker
SA node
- Forms new stratum functionalis after menstruation - Unresponsive to ovarian hormones
Stratum basalis
Which of the following is true about the relationship between B and C?
The PO2 in the atmosphere is equal to 160mmHg, while the PO2 within the alveoli is equal to 104mmHg forcing O2 to move into the alveoli
What does Costimulation lead to...
The cloning of the TC and TH cells
Hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages in the liver and spleen. What is responsible for the transportation of Fe+ through blood
Transferrin
Which of the following are classified as Atrioventricular valves
Tricuspid and Bicuspid valves
From the seminiferous tubules, spermatozoa enters the
Tubuli recti, then the Rete testis, Vasa efferentia
Mature T-cells are located where
Within the thymus
Which of the following would likely be absorbed in the stomach
a serving of alcohol
NOT part of the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
atrioventricular (AV) valve
During the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle, _______
atrioventricular, aortic, and pulmonary valves are closed
According to the diagram, which of following must be true? a.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is greater than the net pressure going into the tissue b.) A is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is greater than the net pressure going into the tissue c.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue d.) A is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue
c.) B is an example of absorption because the net pressure into the capillary is lower than the net pressure going into the tissue
Which blood vessels lack elastic tissue
capillaries and venules
When we ingest large molecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins, they must undergo catabolic reactions whereby enzymes split these molecules. This series of reactions is called ________
chemical digestion
Pepsinogen, an inactive digestive enzyme, is secreted by the ________
chief cells of the stomach
The function of the hepatic portal circulation is to _______
collect absorbed nutrients for metabolic processing in the liver
Tidal volume is air ________
exchanged during normal breathing
Aldosterone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)
false
Follicle-stimulating hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)
false
Human Growth Hormone is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)
false
Oxytocin is produced by the posterior pituitary (T/F)
false
adrenal medulla — glucocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)
false
zona fasciculata — mineralocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)
false
zona glomerulosa — epinephrine and norepinephrine are correctly mated (T/F)
false
-Changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles -Shed during menstruation
functions of the Stratum functionalis
Which is most responsible for the synchronized contraction of cardiac muscle tissue
gap junctions
During an afternoon class, Lisa starts to feel hungry and worries that her blood sugar level may be dropping. Which hormone is helping to prevent a drop in blood sugar level?
glucagon
Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets secrete...
glucagon, which raises blood glucose
Which of the choices below describes the pathway of cellular respiration (the complete oxidation of glucose)
glycolysis, citric acid (Krebs) cycle, electron transport chain, oxidative phosphorylation
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is ________
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere
The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is NOT a true endocrine gland because ________
it is only a hormone storage area that receives hormones from the hypothalamus for release
Respiratory control centers are located in the ________
medulla and pons
The cells responsible for producing platelets are called ________
megakaryocytes
From the esophagus to the anal canal, the walls of every organ of the alimentary canal are made up of the same four basic layers. Arrange them in order from the lumen
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa
Cancer cells and virus-infected body cells can be killed before activation of adaptive immunity by ________
natural killer cells
Which of the following does NOT influence hemoglobin saturation?
nitric oxide
Pepsin is released from which of the following cell types -Parietal cells -Chief cells -Mucous cells -None of the provided choices are correct
none of the choices are correct
Which of the choices below is NOT a factor that promotes oxygen binding to and dissociation from hemoglobin
number of red blood cells
Which of the following mechanisms produces the most ATP during cellular respiration
oxidative phosphorylation
Which body activity would be most affected if a patient lacked an adequate number of erythrocytes (anemia)
oxygen transport
Some antacid drugs block histamine receptors, resulting in reduction of the production and excretion of stomach acid. These drugs have the biggest effect on which of the following
parietal cells
The function of goblet cells is to ________
produce mucus that protects parts of the digestive organs from the effects of powerful enzymes needed for food digestion
systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure
pulse pressure
The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________
pump blood with greater pressure
Clonal selection of B cells ________
results in the formation of plasma cells
Which of the following is NOT a stimulus for breathing
rising blood pressure
The hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract ________
runs through the infundibulum
process of sperm production
spermatogenesis
Endometrium has two chief layers the...
stratum functionalis; stratum basalis
Which of the following is a conducting zone structure
terminal bronchiole
Lymphocyte "education" refers to ensuring that T cells _______
that do not recognize self-MHC proteins undergo apoptosis
Caused by decreased levels of estradiol and progesterone
the menstrual phase
Bone is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)
true
In general, it is expected that hydrostatic pressure will drop as blood moves away from the arteriole end of the capillary bed (T/F)
true
In general, it is expected that osmotic pressure will remain relatively consistent throughout the capillary bed (T/F)
true
Liver is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)
true
Progesterone rises right before ovulation, due to LH acting on the wall of the follicle (T/F)
true
Spleen is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)
true
T-cells is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2 (T/F)
true
Thymus is a center of RBC production within the developing fetus (T/F)
true
Ventricular systole is represented by AV valves will close once ventricular pressure is higher than atrial pressure (T/F)
true
Ventricular systole is represented by action potential moves from the SA node to the AV node and then to the AV bundle (T/F)
true
Ventricular systole is represented by an increase in ventricular pressure will force semilunar valves to open (T/F)
true
precapillary sphincters allow blood to bypass the true capillaries that are fed by the metarteriole (T/F)
true
precapillary sphincters increase or decrease rates of perfusion to the tissues served by the true capillaries (T/F)
true
precapillary sphincters regulate the flow of blood to tissues served by the true capillaries (T/F)
true
zona reticularis — gonadocorticoids are correctly matched (T/F)
true
Which structural layer of blood vessels is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure?
tunica media
The absorptive effectiveness of the small intestine is enhanced by increasing the surface area of the mucosal lining. Which of the following accomplish this task
villi, and microvilli
The lung volume that represents the total volume of exchangeable air is the ________
vital capacity
The atrioventricular (AV) valves are closed ________
when the ventricles are in systole
If you centrifuge (spin) whole blood you will find the band of white blood cells and platelets (the buffy coat) is much thinner than the packed red blood cells below it. This difference reflects the fact that ________
white blood cells are fewer in number than red blood cells