A&P Final
The following is a list of some of the structures of the respiratory tree: 1 - secondary bronchi 2 - tertiary bronchi 3 - bronchioles 4 - primary bronchi The order in which air passes through these structures beginning at the trachea is
4-1-2-3
A normal WBC count is about ________ cells per liter.
5000-10000
During eating, the pH of saliva rises to
7.5
Atmospheric pressure at sea level can be summarized as follows: PN2 + PO2 + PH2O + PCO2 =
760 mm Hg.
How many tertiary bronchi are typically present in each lung?
9-10
________ is the characteristic of WBCs that allow them to enter surrounding tissue by squeezing between adjacent epithelial cells in the capillary wall.
Diapedesis
Bill wants to determine his blood type, so he takes a few drops of blood from a puncture wound in his finger and mixes it with various antisera. His blood cells agglutinate when mixed with the anti‐A serum and anti‐Rh serum, but not with the anti‐B serum. This means
Billʹs plasma contains anti‐B antibodies.
Which statement regarding the regulatory controls of the intestinal phase of gastric secretion is true?
Both neural and endocrine controls are inhibitory.
Which of the following is characteristic of cardiac muscle?
Cardiac muscle cells are striated
The pituitary hormone that stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the bloods is
GH
Which statement regarding growth hormone (GH) is true?
GH stimulates the breakdown of stored fats and the release of fatty acids into the blood.
Which statement regarding carbon dioxide transport in the blood is true?
H2CO3 dissociates into H+ and HCO3-.
________ are arranged within a lobule of the liver into a series of irregular, one-cell-thick plates radiating outward.
Hepatocytes
What is the primary function of any serous membrane?
It minimizes friction between the opposing surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape.
Which hepatic cells are antigen-presenting cells that can stimulate an immune response?
Kupffer cells
The pituitary hormone that promotes testosterone release in males and ovulation in females is
LH
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the human pituitary during fetal development in very young children and in pregnant women, but is not usually found in adults?
MSH
________ are large phagocytic WBCs that remain in circulation for only about 24 hours before entering peripheral tissues to become tissue macrophages.
Monocytes
Tuberculosis results from infection by which microorganism?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Clusters of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes are known as
Nissl bodies
The amount of oxygen bound (or released) by hemoglobin depends primarily on which of the following?
PO2 of its surroundings
The most common pneumonia that develops in AIDS patients results from infection by
Pneumocystis carinii.
Damage to the septal cells of the lungs would most likely result in
Reduction in surfactant production
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is the outer layer of
Schwann cells
Which statement regarding respiration is true?
The sternocleidomastoid muscle works to elevate the rib cage.
Which of the following statements regarding the muscularis externa of the esophagus is true?
The upper third portion of the esophagus consists of skeletal muscle, the middle third portion is a mixture of skeletal and smooth muscles, and the lower third consists of smooth muscle.
Why are injections administered in the hypodermis when administering drugs using a hypodermic needle?
There are no vital organs in this region
The presence of ________ strongly indicates that the long bone is still growing.
an epiphyseal plate
Target cells of hypothalamic releasing and inhibiting hormones are located in the
anterior pituitary
Which of the following is released by the posterior pituitary?
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
An increase in the diameter of growing bone is termed ________ growth
appositional
Neutrophils
are active in fighting bacterial infection.
Agglutinins
are antibodies that will attack surface antigens on RBCs of a different blood type.
Interneurons
are found only in the central nervous system
Smooth muscle cells
are spindle-shaped
The subcutaneous layer consists of
areolar and adipose tissues.
What is the composition of the papillary layer of the dermis?
areolar connective tissue
The largest and most numerous of the glial cells in the central nervous system are the
astrocytes
The force that causes air to move into the lungs during inspiration is supplied by
atmospheric pressure
The ________ contains vesicles filled with acetylcholine.
axon terminal
The least numerous white blood cells in peripheral circulation are the
basophils
Which of the following is a water-soluble vitamin that is important in glucose metabolism?
biotin
Neurons that have one axon and one dendrite with the soma between them are called
bipolar
The largest area of the stomach is called the
body
The enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to
break down
Which phase of swallowing begins with compression of the bolus against the hard palate?
buccal
In response to action potentials arriving from the transverse tubules, the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases
calcium ions
Which pancreatic digestive enzymes digest starches?
carbohydrases
Salivary amylase functions to digest
carbohydrates
Which of the following has the lowest partial pressure in inhaled dry air?
carbon dioxide
The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes what to occur in RBCs?
carbon dioxide to be converted to carbonic acid
The esophagus connects to the smallest part of the stomach, known as the
cardia
An expanded pouch in the region of the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the
cecum
Major regions of the large intestine include the
cecum, colon, and rectum
Which of the following covers the dentin, providing protection and finally anchoring the periodontal ligament?
cementum
Which structures of liver lobules ultimately merge to form the hepatic veins?
central veins
Which intestinal hormone stimulates contractions within the walls of the gallbladder and pushes bile into the small intestine?
cholecystokinin
The respiratory mucosa is made up of ________.
ciliated columnar epithelium
The lining of the trachea is
ciliated columnar epithelium.
The intestinal lining bears a series of transverse folds called ________.
circular folds
Branches that sometimes occur along the length of an axon are called
collaterals
The fusion of the common hepatic duct with the cystic duct forms the
common bile duct
The pancreatic duct penetrates the duodenal wall with the ________.
common bile duct
Nerve fibers in the dermis most likely function in
controlling blood flow to the dermis and epidermis
The function of the nasal conchae is to
create turbulence in the air to trap small particulates in mucus.
The structure that provides posterior support to the larynx is the
cricoid cartilage
The ________ are conical teeth used for tearing or slashing.
cuspids
The blood supply to the skin arises from a network of blood vessels called the ________ plexus in the hypodermis, at its border with the reticular layer of the dermis.
cutaneous
The skin is also called the ________ membrane.
cutaneous
The skin is sometimes referred to as the
cutaneous membrane
Which of the following consists of stratified squamous epithelial tissue, areolar tissue, and dense irregular connective tissue?
cutaneous membrane
Identify the most common lethal inherited disease affecting Caucasians of Northern European descent that results from a defective gene located on chromosome 7.
cystic fibrosis
The first set of teeth to appear are the ________ teeth.
deciduous
Which of the following changes in the digestive system occurs with advancing age?
decline in epithelial stem cell division
Which of the following factors would increase the amount of oxygen released by hemoglobin from the bloodstream?
decreased pH and increased temperature
The branching structures that, together with the cell body, are sensitive to chemical, mechanical, or electrical stimulation are called
dendrites
The dermis is composed largely of ________.
dense irregular connective
The bulk of a tooth consists of a mineralized matrix similar to that of bone called
dentin
Opening of voltage‐gated sodium channels in the membrane of a neuron results in
depolarization
Projections of loose connective tissue from the dermis, which extend upward between the adjacent ridges of the epidermis, are called ________.
dermal papillae
Epidermal cells are supplied with nutrients from blood vessels in the
dermis
The highly vascular layer of the skin, which provides thermoregulation via changing blood flow, is the
dermis
Near the spleen, the colon turns and becomes the
descending colon.
This condition develops when the posterior pituitary no longer releases adequate amounts of ADH.
diabetes insipidus
The pitch of a vocal sound is controlled by changing the
diameter, length, and tension of the vocal cords.
Contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?
diaphragm
The portion of the small intestine that is closest to the stomach is the
duodenum
A chronic, progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath and destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for gaseous exchange is termed
emphysema
The illness characterized by shortness of breath resulting from loss of respiratory membrane surface for gas exchange is ________.
emphysema
Bile salts break lipid droplets apart in a process called ________.
emulsification
Which of the following contains a crystalline form of calcium phosphate and is the hardest biologically manufactured substance?
enamel
Which neuroglial cells produce CSF in some regions of the brain?
ependymal cells
Thin skin is defined by the thickness of the
epidermis
Which of the following is the correct order of the layers of the cutaneous membrane?
epidermis, dermis, hypodermis
The elastic structure that folds back over the glottis, preventing the entry of liquids or solid food into the respiratory tract during swallowing, is the
epiglottis
The presence of an epiphyseal line indicates
epiphyseal growth has ended.
The esophagus passes through a hole in the diaphragm called the ________.
esophageal hiatus
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
failure of kidneys to respond to ADH
The ________ ligament marks the division between the left and right lobes of the liver.
falciform
Decreased levels of bile salts in the bile would interfere with
fat digestion and absorption.
Which of the following primarily targets the gonads (ovaries and testes)?
follicle-stimulating hormone
The portion of the stomach superior to the cardia is the
fundus
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when fats and glucose enter the small intestine?
gastric inhibitory peptide
Which gastrointestinal hormone targets the pancreas and stimulates the release of insulin by the islets?
gastric inhibitory peptide
Which of the following digestive enzymes is produced by the stomachs of newborns, but not adults?
gastric lipase
During the gastric phase of gastric secretion, which of the following stimulates stomach contractions?
gastrin
Changes in the membrane potential that cannot spread far from the site of stimulation are called ________.
graded potentials
The roof of the oral cavity is formed by the
hard and soft palate
The primary function of white blood cells is to
help defend the body against infectious organisms.
Through which cellular interactions are the cells of the stratum basale firmly attached to the plasma membrane?
hemidesmosomes
Parietal cells secrete intrinsic factor and
hydrochloric acid.
A stimulus that opens gated potassium ion channels, taking the membrane potential away from 0 mV, results in which of the following?
hyperpolarization
The loose connective tissue that separates the integument from deeper tissues and organs is called the
hypodermis or subcutaneous layer.
Hypothalamic signals reach the anterior pituitary through the
hypophyseal portal system.
Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?
hypothalamus
The condition of low tissue oxygen levels is known as ________.
hypoxia
The longest portion of the small intestine is the
ileum
Which type of teeth is used for chipping and cutting?
incisors
Which of the following is the function of the combination of epidermal ridges and dermal papillae?
increase surface area for diffusion between the dermis and epidermis
Plicae and intestinal villi
increase the absorptive surface area of the small intestine.
Gastrin causes
increases in the secretion of chief cells and parietal cells.
A sample of tissue from an injury shows a large number of eosinophils. This would indicate that the tissue was
infected parasites
Ingestion refers to the
input of food into the digestive tract through the mouth.
In quiet breathing,
inspiration involves muscular contractions and expiration is passive.
The amount of air that can be taken in over and above the tidal volume is the ________.
inspiratory reserve volume
The volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled over and above tidal volume is called ________.
inspiratory reserve volume
The nasal cavity opens into the nasopharynx at the
internal nares
Which of the following is defined as the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by cells?
internal respiration
Saltatory conduction
is faster than conduction on an unmyelinated axon.
The hormone oxytocin
is involved in the milk ʺletdownʺ reflex.
The hypodermis
is quite elastic
The trachea
is reinforced with C-shaped cartilages.
The portion of the small intestine that performs the bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption is the
jejunum
The protein that contributes to many of the skinʹs protective qualities is called ________.
keratin
In the fundus and body of the stomach, gastric glands extend deep into the ________.
lamina propria
The areolar tissue portion of a mucous membrane is called the ________.
lamina propria
The layer of the digestive tract, which underlies the mucosal epithelium and consists of areolar connective tissue, is the
lamina propria
Regarding the chemical events in digestion, which of the following forms chylomicrons?
lipids
Cholecystokinin from the intestinal wall is stimulated by the presence of
lipids and partially digested proteins in the duodenum.
Bile is produced in the
liver
Synthesis of plasma proteins is a major function of the
liver
Which of the following is an accessory organ of digestion?
liver
Which of the following is the primary digestive organ involved in regulating the composition of circulating blood?
liver
The lungs are divided into ________ that are separated by deep fissures.
lobes
The basic functional units of the liver are the
lobules
During continuous conduction,
local currents depolarize adjacent areas of membrane so that action potentials continue to form along the membrane.
When foreign cells attack the body, one would most likely expect to see increased numbers of
lymphocytes
Which of the following is formed via intramembranous ossification?
mandible
Chewing is called
mastication.
A peak flow meter records which of the following?
maximum rate of forced expiration
Which of the following consists of double sheets of serous membrane and provides a pathway for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels?
mesenteries
Small phagocytic glial cells, which are derived from white blood cells, are called
microglia
When the chest cavity has been penetrated, as in a pneumothorax, the amount of air in the respiratory system is reduced to the
minimal volume
The ________ are teeth with flattened crowns and prominent ridges that are adapted for grinding, crushing, and mashing.
molars
The white blood cells that are important in leaving the blood vessels and phagocytizing large materials, releasing chemicals that draw fibroblasts to the injured areas, are
monocytes
The specialized sarcolemma that contains acetylcholine receptors is the
motor end plate
Neurotransmitters that cause skeletal muscle contraction are normally stored in
motor neuron axon terminals
The lamina propria is a component of the
mucosa
Rugae are
mucosal ridges in the stomach.
Which membrane type lines cavities that communicate with the exterior and have moist surfaces?
mucous membranes
Most neurons in the brain are
multipolar
Neurons that have two or more dendrites and a single axon extending away from the soma are called
multipolar
Contraction of the ________ layers of the intestinal wall functions to both agitate materials and propel them along the digestive tract.
muscularis externa
Which major layer of the stomach contains an extra layer that adds strength and assists in the formation of chyme?
muscularis externa
The muscularis externa layer contains nerves referred to as the
myenteric plexus
After death, rigor mortis lasts until
myofilaments are broken down
The portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the nose is the
nasal vestibule
During the cephalic phase of gastric secretion,
neural output to the stomach proceeds by way of the parasympathetic division of the ANS.
The most abundant type of WBC in a normal blood sample is the ________.
neutrophil
Pus associated with infected wounds contain which type of white blood cell?
neutrophils
Which of the following are the MOST active type of leukocytes, phagocytically, and are usually the first to arrive at an injury site?
neutrophils
Decompression sickness is a painful condition that results in ________ gas coming out of solution in the bloodstream.
nitrogen
Which of the following gases has the highest partial pressure in saturated alveolar air?
nitrogen
Which of the following is the most abundant gas in the air?
nitrogen (n2)
Drugs suspended in ________ or ________ can be carried across the plasma membranes of the epidermal cells.
oils; lipid‐soluble solvents
The myelin sheaths that surround the axons of some of the neurons in the CNS are formed by
oligodendrocytes
The digestion of carbohydrates and lipids begins in the
oral cavity
The first place in which mechanical processing of food takes place is the
oral cavity
The palatine tonsils lie in the lateral walls of the ________.
oropharynx
During the process of ________, an existing tissue is replaced with bone.
ossification
Normal interstitial fluid has a PO2 of 40 mm Hg and PCO2 of 45 mm Hg. As a result,
oxygen diffuses out of the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses in.
The posterior pituitary gland secretes
oxytocin (OT)
When a skeletal muscle works hard,
pH and PCO2 decline.
Thick skin can be found on the
palms
Enzymes from the ________ do most of the digestive work in the small intestine.
pancreas
Infection of the ________ by the mumps virus can produce temporary or permanent diabetes.
pancreas
Which of the following digestive structures is retroperitoneal?
pancreas
The respiratory surfaces of the nasal cavity are cleared by mucus produced in part by which of the following?
paranasal sinuses
The ________ duct empties into the vestibule at the level of the second upper molar.
parotid
The salivary glands that produce secretions rich in salivary amylase are the
parotid glands
Which of the following lies under the skin covering the lateral and posterior surfaces of the mandible?
parotid salivary gland
Chief cells secrete
pepsinogen
The root of a tooth is anchored by
periodontal ligaments
The serous membrane that covers the exposed surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach is called the
peritoneum
Which is the second phase of the swallowing process, beginning when the bolus comes into contact with the palatal arches?
pharyngeal phase
A chamber shared by the respiratory and digestive systems is the
pharynx
Surfactant
plays a key role in keeping alveoli open.
Which of the following is described as an inflammation of the pulmonary lobules that typically results from infection?
pneumonia
Excessive urine production, which is a characteristic symptom of all forms of diabetes, is known as
polyuria
When a neuron is at rest, which ion passes through its membrane most easily?
potassium
A personʹs blood type is determined by the
presence or absence of specific surface antigens on the plasma membrane.
The reticular layerʹs collagen fibers directly provide which function?
prevent damage to the tissue
Duodenal endocrine cells
produce various peptide hormones that coordinate the secretory activities of other digestive organs.
Functions of the respiratory system include
protecting respiratory surfaces from dehydration, and temperature changes.
Which of the following is(are) a potent stimulator(s) of gastrin?
proteins, small doses of alcohol, and caffeine
Which of the following is the function of hair associated with a nerve fiber?
provides an early‐warning system that may help prevent injury
Functions of the large intestine include
reabsorption of water and compaction of feces.
Functions of the skin include
regulating body temperature
Sympathetic activation leads to
relaxation in smooth muscles of bronchioles, causing bronchodilation.
Which gastric enzyme functions to coagulate milk, thus slowing its passage through the stomach?
rennin
Which is defined as the amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum exhalation?
residual volume
Botulism
results from a bacterial toxin that prevents the release of acetylcholine at the axon terminals.
The ________ layer of the skin contains bundles of collagen fibers and elastin, and is responsible for the mechanical strength and flexibility of the skin.
reticular
Airways that supply one lobe of a lung are called
secondary bronchi
Which gastrointestinal hormone is released when the pH in the duodenum falls as acidic chyme arrives from the stomach?
secretin
The release of water, acids, enzymes, and buffers by the digestive epithelium is called ________.
secretion
Which of the following is a gastrointestinal hormone that increases the rate of bile secretion by the liver?
secretion
Functions of the tongue include
sensory analysis of food
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and rectum have an adventitia in place of the ________.
serosa
High-pitched sounds are produced by vocal cords, which are
short and thin
The walls of the alveoli are lined by
simple squamous epithelium
Lacteals are found in the ________.
small intestinal villi
Maltase, sucrase, and lactase are carbohydrases produced by the ________.
small intestine
Most nutrient absorption takes place in the ________.
small intestine
Nonstriated, involuntary muscle is
smooth
The walls of bronchioles are dominated by ________, whose activity is regulated by the autonomic nervous system.
smooth muscle
A buffer, ________, helps to increase the pH of chyme.
sodium bicarbonate
As a skeletal muscle contraction is initiated, acetylcholine binding alters the motor end plate membraneʹs permeability to
sodium ions
Which structure extends behind the hard palate and underlies the nasopharynx?
soft palate
The hormone secretin functions to
stimulate the release of a secretion containing bicarbonate from the pancreas.
Microorganisms removed from incoming air by the mucus of the respiratory tract are ultimately exposed to
stomach acids and enzymes
The oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, and anus are lined by
stratified squamous epithelium
The deepest layer of cells in the epidermis is the cells of the ________.
stratum basale
The layer of the epidermis at the exposed surface is the
stratum corneum
The epidermal layer whose cells have stopped dividing and started to produce large amounts of keratin is the
stratum granulosm
During the defecation reflex, the
stretch receptors in the rectal walls stimulate parasympathetic motor neurons.
Which of the following produces secretions with mostly buffers and mucus, but few enzymes?
submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Ducts from which of the following open into the mouth behind the teeth on either side of the lingual frenulum?
submandibular salivary glands
Which layer of the digestive tract consists of dense irregular connective tissue?
submucosa
Agglutinogens of the various blood types are examples of
surface antigens
Acetylcholinesterase is found within the ________.
synaptic cleft
Membranes that consist primarily of areolar tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue are called ________ membranes.
synovial
The gastric phase of gastric secretion begins with
the arrival of food in the stomach.
Pulmonary ventilation refers to
the movement of air into and out of the lungs
The glottis is
the passage from the pharynx to the larynx
A device called a pneumotachometer measures
the rate of air movement
During exhalation,
the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases.
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface,
they die
Harry suffers from cystic fibrosis and frequently has periods where he can hardly breathe. The problem is probably the result of
thick secretions that exceed the ability of the respiratory tract cilia to remove them.
The removal of pleural fluid for diagnostic purposes is called
thoracentesis.
The taeniae coli are
three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle located beneath the serosa of the colon.
Which of the following forms much of the anterior and lateral surfaces of the larynx, and often contains an ʺAdamʹs appleʺ?
thyroid cartilage
The volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a single resting respiratory cycle is known as ________.
tidal volume
When at rest, the amount of air that enters and leaves the lungs in a normal respiratory cycle is the
tidal volume
The ends of each tracheal cartilage are connected by an elastic ligament and the ________.
trachealis muscle
In this procedure, an incision is made through the anterior tracheal wall and a tube is inserted.
tracheostomy
Bundles of CNS axons that share a common origin, destination, and function are called ________.
tracts
During active‐site exposure, calcium ions bind to which of the following?
troponin
Which of the following is a protease produced by the pancreas?
trypsin
Most of the carbon dioxide transported by the blood (approximately 70%) is
ultimately transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.
Air entering the body is filtered, warmed, and humidified by the
upper (conducting) portion of the respiratory tract.
Smooth muscle
uses primarily aerobic metabolism
Another name for antidiuretic hormone is
vasopressin
The space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth is called the
vestibule
The layer of serous membrane that covers the surface of the lungs is the ________.
visceral pleura
Which of the following is defined as the maximum amount of air that can be moved into and out of the respiratory system in a single respiratory cycle?
vital capacity
Intrinsic factor aids the absorption of ________ across the intestinal lining.
vitamin B12
Which water-soluble vitamin cannot be absorbed by the intestinal mucosa unless it has been bound to intrinsic factor?
vitamin B12
Rickets is a condition marked by a softening and bending of bones that occurs in growing children, as a result of ________ deficiency.
vitamin D3
Deficiencies in which of the following vitamins lead to impaired blood clotting?
vitamin K
Most neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains
why such neurons cannot divide through mitosis
The resting potential of a neuron is ________.
‐70 mV
About how much of the oxygen content of arterial blood consists of oxygen molecules in solution?
1.5%
Hydrochloric acid keeps the stomach contents at a pH of ________.
1.5-2.0
The alveolar exchange surfaces of the lungs are approximately
140 square meters
Choose the correct order of the cell layers, or strata, in a section of thick skin, from the basement membrane toward the free surface (deep to superficial). 1. stratum lucidum 2. stratum basale 3. stratum corneum 4. stratum granulosum 5. stratum spinosum
2, 5, 4, 1, 3
Identify the correct sequence of steps in the generation of an action potential. 1. Activation of sodium channels and rapid depolarization 2. Inactivation of sodium channels and activation of potassium channels 3. Depolarization to threshold 4. Closing of potassium channels
3, 1, 2, 4
The following are major steps in the process of endochondral ossification: 1. Bone forms at the diaphysis surface. 2. Secondary ossification centers form in the epiphyses. 3. Chondrocytes enlarge and calcify. 4. Osteoclasts create a marrow cavity. 5. Blood vessels invade the inner cartilage and new osteoblasts form spongy bone at a primary ossification center. The correct order for these events is
3, 1, 5, 4, 2.
Secondary dentition results in a permanent tooth count of ________.
32
The inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) of males averages
3300ml
The human liver is typically composed of ________ lobe(s).
4
The pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids is
ACTH
Rigor mortis occurs at death due to a lack of
ATP
Which of the following is one of the steps that ends a contraction?
Acetylcholine is broken down by acetylcholinesterase.
The glial cells responsible for maintaining the blood‐brain barrier are the
Astrocytes
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus in order to be released?
FSH
Two hormones referred to as gonadotropins are
FSH and LH
Which of the following occurs in intramembranous ossification?
Fibrous connective tissue is converted to bone tissue, which first resembles spongy bone.
A rise in glucocorticoid levels causes which of the following?
a decline in the production of both ACTH and CRH
The lesser omentum is
a mesentery that extends from the stomach to the liver.
Forced breathing during exhalation involves contraction of the internal intercostal muscles and the
abdominal muscles
The movement of small organic molecules, electrolytes, vitamins, and water across the digestive epithelium and into the intestinal fluid of the digestive tract is called
absorption
Which of the following is a stimulus for contraction in skeletal muscle?
acetylcholine
Pancreatic enzymes and buffers are secreted by which of the following?
acinar cells
When a calcium ion binds to troponin,
active sites on actin are exposed
Type AB blood contains
agglutinogen A and agglutinogen B.
The all‐or‐none principle states that
all stimuli great enough to bring the membrane to threshold will produce identical action potentials.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are
alveoli.
In the duodenum, submucosal glands secrete which of the following?
an alkaline mucus