A&P II Ch 17
Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete
glucagon, which raises blood glucose.
All these can cause Cushing syndrome except
hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration?
hyperglycemia --> glucose enters renal tubules --> glucose transport maximum exceeded --> glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid --> osmotic diuresis.
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except
hypoglycemia.
Absence of iodine in the diet leads to
hypothyroidism
The ____ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.
kidney
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the
kidneys
These are all hypothalamic hormones except
luteinizing hormone (LH)
This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.
melatonin
T4 and T3 are ______ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.
monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)
Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via
negative feedback inhibition
The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes
oxytocin (OT)
These are all secreted by the pancreas except
somatotropin (growth hormone)
Aspirin and ibuprofen block
the action of cyclooxygenase
The initial response to stress is called ____ and is mediated mainly by _____
the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine.
The hypophyseal portal system connects
the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus
This gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions
the ovary
What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?
the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone
Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This exemplifies
the synergistic effect
____ enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes
Estrogen
____ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
Glucagon
___ has more target cells in the body than any of the others
Growth hormone (GH)
_____ is not a steroid hormone
Insulin
The infundibulum is
a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs
Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ____ when it begins in adulthood.
acromegaly
These statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) are correct except
both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.
During the exhaustion stage of the general adaption syndrome (stress response) stress overwhelms homeostasis. A characteristic of this stage is that
energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism
Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of
enzyme amplification
This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger
enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases
____ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
____ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.
Paracrines
The ____ secrete(s) _____, which promotes Na+ and water retention.
adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the
anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
Diabetes insipidus is caused by
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion
Eicosandoids are derived from
arachidonic acid
The resistance stage in the general adaption syndrome (stress response) is dominated by
cortisol
The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes
cortisol
The ____ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia
parathyroid glands
Cortisol
promotes breakdown of fat and protein
The nervous system reacts to stimuli ____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has ____ effects compared to the endocrine system.
quickly; quickly; specific
Endocrine gland(s)
release their secretions directly into the blood
The ____ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (WBC)
thymus
The ____ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system
thyroid gland
Negative feedback inhibition occurs when
thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary
Prostaglandins have all the following roles except
to stop fever and pain