A&P II Ch 17

Many hours after a meal, alpha cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) secrete

glucagon, which raises blood glucose.

All these can cause Cushing syndrome except

hyperactivity of the adrenal medulla

Which of the following is the correct sequence of events leading to polyuria and dehydration?

hyperglycemia --> glucose enters renal tubules --> glucose transport maximum exceeded --> glucose in urine raises osmolarity of tubular fluid --> osmotic diuresis.

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by the following except

hypoglycemia.

Absence of iodine in the diet leads to

hypothyroidism

The ____ is not an endocrine gland but it has a role in endocrine function.

kidney

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) targets the

kidneys

These are all hypothalamic hormones except

luteinizing hormone (LH)

This hormone plays an important role in synchronizing physiological function with the cycle of daylight and darkness.

melatonin

T4 and T3 are ______ hormones that are mainly transported _____ in the blood.

monoamine; bound to thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)

Target organs most often regulate the pituitary gland via

negative feedback inhibition

The neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary) secretes

oxytocin (OT)

These are all secreted by the pancreas except

somatotropin (growth hormone)

Aspirin and ibuprofen block

the action of cyclooxygenase

The initial response to stress is called ____ and is mediated mainly by _____

the alarm reaction; norepinephrine and epinephrine.

The hypophyseal portal system connects

the anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis) with the hypothalamus

This gland has both endocrine and exocrine functions

the ovary

What makes a cell responsive to a particular hormone?

the presence of a receptor for that particular hormone

Neither follicle stimulating (FSH) hormone nor testosterone alone can stimulate significant sperm production, whereas when they act together, the testes produce some 300,000 sperm per minute. This exemplifies

the synergistic effect

____ enters a target cell's nucleus and acts directly on the genes

Estrogen

____ is synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Glucagon

___ has more target cells in the body than any of the others

Growth hormone (GH)

_____ is not a steroid hormone

Insulin

The infundibulum is

a projection of the hypothalamus from which the pituitary gland hangs

Growth hormone (GH) hypersecretion causes gigantism when it begins in childhood, but it is more likely to cause ____ when it begins in adulthood.

acromegaly

These statements about diabetes mellitus (DM) are correct except

both type I and type II DM are characterized by lack of, or low levels of, insulin.

During the exhaustion stage of the general adaption syndrome (stress response) stress overwhelms homeostasis. A characteristic of this stage is that

energy demands are met primarily by protein metabolism

Even a small quantity of hormone can have a strong effect on its target cell because of

enzyme amplification

This is the last step in the sequence of events happening when cyclic AMP acts as a second messenger

enzymes are activated or deactivated by the action of protein kinases

____ secretion is controlled by neuroendocrine reflexes, whereas ___ secretion is controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.

Oxytocin (OT); antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

____ are secreted by one cell into the tissue fluid, diffuse to nearby cells in the same tissue, and stimulate their physiology.

Paracrines

The ____ secrete(s) _____, which promotes Na+ and water retention.

adrenal cortex; aldosterone

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone targets the

anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)

Diabetes insipidus is caused by

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) hyposecretion

Eicosandoids are derived from

arachidonic acid

The resistance stage in the general adaption syndrome (stress response) is dominated by

cortisol

The zona fasciculata in the adrenal gland secretes

cortisol

The ____ secrete(s) a hormone as a response to hypocalcemia

parathyroid glands

Cortisol

promotes breakdown of fat and protein

The nervous system reacts to stimuli ____ compared to the endocrine system, adapts _____ compared to the endocrine system, and has ____ effects compared to the endocrine system.

quickly; quickly; specific

Endocrine gland(s)

release their secretions directly into the blood

The ____ secretes several hormones that stimulate the development of lymphatic organs and regulates development and activity of T cells (WBC)

thymus

The ____ secretes a hormone that increases the body's metabolic rate, promotes alertness, quickens reflexes, and stimulates the fetal nervous system

thyroid gland

Negative feedback inhibition occurs when

thyroid hormone (TH) targets the anterior pituitary

Prostaglandins have all the following roles except

to stop fever and pain