A&P II Chapter 23
The first divergence of the indicated structures will be to form the
lobar bronchi
Which of the following conditions could cause hemoglobin to bind more tightly to oxygen, preventing its delivery to the tissues? Select all that apply.
low blood PCO2 and low body temperature
A transition from ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium occurs in which region of the respiratory tract?
pharynx
Tonsillitis is an inflammatory condition that occurs in the _____________ , where the tonsils are located.
pharynx
What is the purpose of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
preventing lung overinflation
What causes the thyroid cartilage to become larger and more pronounced in males than in females?
secretion of male sex hormones during puberty
When the minute ventilation in a healthy adult at rest is 5 liters/minute, it is measured using a
spirometer and may signify pulmonary malfunction
Sufficient quantities of surfactant are secreted by
type II alveolar cells, which develop after 26 weeks
The parts of the respiratory system can be divided structurally into the
upper and lower respiratory systems
In which part of the respiratory system would you find the pharynx?
upper respiratory system
Stretch of the baroreceptors in the bronchi and bronchioles causes the
vagus nerve to activate the medulla and pons
The drop in ___________ ____________ can reach as much as 35% by age 70.
vital capacity
Which of the following must be true for external respiration to occur? Select all that apply.
- The respiratory membrane must have a thin diameter. - Pulmonary capillary PCO2 must be higher than alveolar PCO2. - Alveolar PO2 must be higher than pulmonary capillary PO2.
Which of the following are involved in the process of external respiration? Select all that apply.
- decrease in the pulmonary capillary PCO2 to 40 mmHg - increase in pulmonary capillary PO2 to 105 mmHg - diffusion of carbon dioxide into the lungs - diffusion of oxygen into the blood
Functions of the nose include which of the following? Select all that apply.
- filtering the air - modifying speech vibrations - warming the air - detection of olfactory stimuli
As inhalation occurs and air moves into the lungs, which of the following will also occur as a result? Select all that apply.
- Alveolar air pressure increases. - Oxygen levels in the lungs increase. - External respiration occurs.
What happens to the fluid in the lungs at the birth of an infant?
- It is expelled through the mouth and nose. - It is reabsorbed by the capillaries.
The alveoli and respiratory bronchioles are considered part of the _________.
- lower respiratory system - respiratory zone
The bony framework of the nose includes the _________.
- maxillae - frontal bone - nasal bones
Where would you find peripheral chemoreceptors that help control respiration?
- walls of the aorta - walls of the common carotid arteries
The normal average respiratory rate of a healthy adult who is at rest is
12 breaths/minute
What is the typical increase in pressure in the lungs when the diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to start the exhalation process?
2 mmHg
Of the structures indicated in the picture, which ones are considered part of the lower respiratory system? Select all that apply.
2, 3 and 4
A certain volume of oxygen in a container exerts a pressure of 160 mmHg. An equivalent volume of nitrogen gas is added to the container and exerts a pressure of 500 mmHg. The oxygen continues to exert 160 mmHg pressure. This demonstrates which of the following laws?
Dalton's law
If a fetus fails to develop sufficient type II alveolar cells before birth, which of the following is a likely result?
Decreased production of surfactant will make it difficult to inflate the alveoli during inhalation.
Why might a person whose epiglottis fails to close while swallowing a bite of hamburger may be unable to talk?
Food lodged in the trachea may prevent air flow, so the vocal cords will not vibrate.
Why does oxygen move from the alveoli into the pulmonary capillaries during external respiration?
The partial pressure of oxygen is higher in the alveoli, creating a concentration gradient.
A hyperbaric chamber may be used to treat which of the following conditions? Select all that apply
gangrene and cerebral edema
When PO 2 is high, oxygen will bind to _____________ at high levels.
hemoglobin
What is carbaminohemoglobin?
hemoglobin bound to CO2
When a person ____________ through rapid and deep breathing, PCO 2 levels will decrease and pH will increase.
hyperventilates
A person suffering from ___________ hypoxia may have low oxygen levels because there is fluid in the lungs.
hypoxic
When a person _________________ or cries, the rima glottidis stays open and the vocal folds vibrate; air movement into the lungs is followed by convulsive exhalations.
laughs
Poor heart health can lead to fluid build-up in the lungs and recurrent pneumonia.
True
An ENT is a type of doctor who would treat which of the following conditions?
a child with recurrent ear infections
The inferior portion of the external nares is composed in part of
adipose tissue
When does the risk of respiratory distress syndrome start to decrease if an infant is born prematurely?
after 28 weeks development
The cartilaginous framework of the nose includes the _________. Select all that apply.
alar cartilages, septal nasal cartilage, lateral nasal cartilages
In which part of the respiratory system would you find a thin layer of surfactant coating the tissues?
alveoli
Peripheral chemoreceptors can be found in the
aorta and help monitor PCO2 changes
Primitive alveoli start to form at what point during fetal development?
between 16 and 26 weeks
Respiratory structures involved in gas exchange initially form
between 16 and 26 weeks
Vascularization of the lung tissue occurs at what point during fetal development?
between 16 and 26 weeks
The majority of oxygen in the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
The external respiration of oxygen
brings oxygen into the pulmonary capillaries from the alveoli
The tracheal bud divides to form the
bronchial buds
The respiratory zone is involved in the transfer of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the respiratory membranes of the lower respiratory system and the _______________________________ system.
cardiovascular
The larynx and bronchi are considered part of the _________.
conducting zone and lower respiratory system
The respiratory ________________ is also known as the lung bud; it contains both endoderm and mesoderm, from which the rest of the respiratory system will develop.
diverticulum
Which embryonic layers give rise to parts of the respiratory system? Select all that apply.
endoderm and mesoderm
Elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs will stimulate which respiratory process?
exhalation
The functional residual capacity of a person is a combination of which of the following lung volumes? Select all that apply.
expiratory reserve volume and residual volume
The contraction of the _____________ muscles increases the volume of the lungs by approximately 25%.
external intercostal
The exchange of gases between the lungs and the pulmonary blood supply is known as
external respiration
Of the laryngeal cartilages indicated in the figure, which one supports the vocal folds?
1
What is the maximum number of oxygen molecules that can be bound by six molecules of hemoglobin?
24
What is the approximate functional residual capacity of this person?
2400 mL
The figure here shows the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve at normal body temperature. Which point represents blood that would be found in the aorta?
3
Approximately how much of the tidal volume remains in the anatomic dead space?
30%
Approximately how many mL of air does a normal, healthy adult inhale and exhale each minute?
4000
Under resting conditions, the blood oxygen levels remain at approximately ________ percent of the normal level.
75
When a hemoglobin molecule is bound to three oxygen molecules, what is its percent saturation?
75%
A person who is involved in strenuous aerobic exercise can have a respiration rate of 40 breaths per minute and get as much as 2 L of air per breath. What would be the volume of air exchanged by a person in this situation?
80 L/min
If external respiration of CO2 was somehow stopped, which of the following would be a result?
CO2 levels would increase in the pulmonary capillaries.
Airway resistance can be increased by
COPD
The ________________ effect is seen when more CO 2 can be carried in the blood if the oxyhemoglobin level in the blood decreases.
Haldane
When a gas has a high solubility and is under high pressure, _________________ law predicts that a high amount of the gas will dissolve into a solution.
Henry's
When PO2 is high, which of the following is expected to occur?
High levels of oxygen will bind to hemoglobin.
Franklin is in the middle of a 12-mile run. Which of the following would be true for Franklin?
His internal respiration rate would be higher than when he is at rest.
The air in the alveoli differs from the air in the atmosphere in which of the following ways?
It has more carbon dioxide and less oxygen.
What happens to the inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) if a person performs a maximal inhalation after a maximal exhalation?
It increases beyond the volume seen if a maximal exhalation is not performed.
How does the partial pressure of argon in the alveoli compare to the partial pressure of argon in the atmosphere?
It is approximately the same.
When the right lobar bronchi walls stretch because of deep inhalation, which of the following nerves will be stimulated?
Stimulation of the vagus nerve will inhibit the medulla.
In which portion of the nose would you find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
respiratory region
If the indicated structures move closer together but the tension on the structures does not change, which of the following will happen when a person is speaking?
The sound will be softer.
When the brain stimulates respiratory muscles, the muscles
contract and the size of the thoracic cavity increases
SARS is caused by a/an ______________, and has a death rate of between 5 and 10% of the total population who are infected.
coronavirus
A person who is anemic has low iron levels often has
decreased hemoglobin levels and low oxygen delivery to the tissues
A sudden increase in blood pressure will cause a/an
decreased rate of inhalation
Increased proprioceptor activity will cause
deeper breathing
Muscles that actively contract to permit forced inhalation would include which of the following? Select all that apply.
diaphragm, sternocleidomastoid, intercostals, scalenes
You are looking at a slide of tissue that comes from the respiratory system. It contains cuboidal epithelium and layers of smooth muscle. This tissue could be from the
distal bronchioles
Jenny breaks her leg on a ski trip and it takes several hours to get her off the mountain and to a hospital. Which of the following is the likely effect of this sustained pain on her respiration?
increased rate and depth of ventilation
Hypercapnia will cause central chemoreceptors to stimulate the
inspiratory area in the medulla
Flail chest is a potentially fatal condition in which two or more ribs break and detach from the rest of the ribcage. If this type of injury happens to ribs 3-4, which muscles will be directly affected?
intercostals
Cells within the body lose carbon dioxide and gain oxygen from the bloodstream in a process known as
internal respiration
The FEV1.0 is ________________ in a person who has COPD because of the increased airway resistance observed in these patients.
lower than normal
External respiration moves oxygen from the
lungs into the blood and carbon dioxide from the blood into the lungs
The _________ layer of the respiratory diverticulum forms the smooth muscle of the bronchioles in the embryo.
mesoderm
The _______________ differentiates to form the parietal and visceral pleura during embryonic development.
mesoderm
Which part of the respiratory system helps resonate sounds?
nose
The respiratory system includes which of the following? Select all that apply.
nose, bronchi, lungs, alveoli, trachea
Factors outside of the CNS that affect respiration include _________.
painful stimuli, exercise, changes in blood pressure, airway irritation, temperature changes
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can be caused by
recurrent bronchitis
The respiratory zone starts with the
respiratory bronchioles, which have no cartilage support
The size of the rima glottidis helps determine
the volume of sound produced when singing
As a person ages, what happens to the respiratory tissues?
they become more rigid
In which of the following areas of the respiratory tract would the reduced ciliary activity seen in older patients be most obvious?
trachea
The indicated structure develops into which part of the respiratory anatomy?
trachea
Which part of the respiratory system is indicated by the arrow?
trachea
