A&P II Chapter 25

Which of the following is not an electrolyte? Potassium Chloride Sodium Glucose

Glucose

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? Blood plasma Extracellular fluid Intracellular fluid Interstitial fluid

Intracellular fluid

The largest percentage of body water is located in what compartment? Intracellular fluid Extracellular fluid Interstitial fluid Blood plasma

Intracellular fluid

dehydration

fluid loss, either the loss of water of the loss of water and solutes together

All of the following would cause edema except __________. liver disease hypotension hypoproteinemia incompetent venous valves

hypotension

Diuresis peaks __________ after drinking water. ten minutes one hour three hours half an hour

one hour

hyperkalemia

potassium excess

Intracellular fluid

potassium, phosphate, and protein anions are highest in

interstitial

fluid in the spaces between cells

Cushing's disease: -The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels -An excess amount of potassium in the ECF -A condition that results from water intoxication -A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production -Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

-A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production

Hyponatremia: -The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels -An excess amount of potassium in the ECF -A condition that results from water intoxication -A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production -Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

-A condition that results from water intoxication

Edema: -When water output exceeds intake over a period of time resulting is in negative fluid balance -Low ECF Na+ -An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling -When the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

-An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

Hyperkalemia: -The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels -An excess amount of potassium in the ECF -A condition that results from water intoxication -A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production -Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

-An excess amount of potassium in the ECF

Respiratory acidosis: -Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem -Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion -Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone -Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

-Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem

Respiratory alkalosis: -Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem -Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion -Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone -Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

-Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

Physiological compensation: -Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base -Neutralizes stomach acid, among other buffer functions -The most common buffer system in cells -If kidneys stop secreting acid, lungs increase respiratory loss of CO2

-If kidneys stop secreting acid, lungs increase respiratory loss of CO2

Calcitonin: -The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels -An excess amount of potassium in the ECF -A condition that results from water intoxication -A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production -Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

-Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

Mg2+: -Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

-Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

Hyponatremia: -When water output exceeds intake over a period of time resulting is in negative fluid balance -Low ECF Na+ -An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling -When the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

-Low ECF Na+

Cl-: -Major intracellular anion -Major extracellular cation -Major intracellular cation -Major extracellular anion

-Major extracellular anion

Na+: -Major intracellular anion -Major extracellular cation -Major intracellular cation -Major extracellular anion

-Major extracellular cation

HPO42-: -Major intracellular anion -Major extracellular cation -Major intracellular cation -Major extracellular anion

-Major intracellular anion

K+: -Major intracellular anion -Major extracellular cation -Major intracellular cation -Major extracellular anion

-Major intracellular cation

Cl-: -Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

-Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

HPO4-: -Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

-Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid

Na+: -Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

-Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid

K+: -Most abundant negative electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid -Least abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant positive electrolyte in extracellular fluid -Most abundant negative electrolyte in extracellular fluid

-Most abundant positive electrolyte in intracellular fluid

Bicarbonate buffer system: -Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base -Neutralizes stomach acid, among other buffer functions -The most common buffer system in cells -If kidneys stop secreting acid, lungs increase respiratory loss of CO2

-Neutralizes stomach acid, among other buffer functions

Metabolic acidosis: -Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem -Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion -Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone -Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

-Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion

Phosphate buffer system: -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4) -Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (---NH2 group) -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

-Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4)

Bicarbonate buffer system: -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4) -Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (---NH2 group) -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

-Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

Protein buffer system: -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (Na2HPO4) -Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (---NH2 group) -Strong acid (HCl) buffered by weak base (NaHCO3)

-Strong acids (HCl) buffered by amine groups (---NH2 group)

Aldosterone: -The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels -An excess amount of potassium in the ECF -A condition that results from water intoxication -A condition resulting from excess glucocorticoid production -Its antagonist is parathyroid hormone

-The hormone that regulates sodium and potassium levels

Protein buffer system: -Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base -Neutralizes stomach acid, among other buffer functions -The most common buffer system in cells -If kidneys stop secreting acid, lungs increase respiratory loss of CO2

-The most common buffer system in cells

Phosphate buffer system: -Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base -Neutralizes stomach acid, among other buffer functions -The most common buffer system in cells -If kidneys stop secreting acid, lungs increase respiratory loss of CO2

-Uses Na2HPO4 as a weak base

Metabolic alkalosis: -Any condition that impairs gas exchange or lung ventilation; rapid, shallow breathing; narcotic or barbiturate overdose or injury to brain stem -Severe diarrhea; renal disease; untreated diabetes mellitus; starvation; excess alcohol ingestion -Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone -Hyperventilation; brain tumor or injury

-Vomiting; selected diuretics; ingestion of excessive amount of sodium bicarbonate; constipation; excess aldosterone

Hypotonic hydration: -When water output exceeds intake over a period of time resulting is in negative fluid balance -Low ECF Na+ -An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling -When the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

-When the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

Dehydration: -When water output exceeds intake over a period of time resulting is in negative fluid balance -Low ECF Na+ -An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling -When the ECF osmolality starts to drop as a result of overhydration

-When water output exceeds intake over a period of time resulting is in negative fluid balance

Hyponatremia

A condition due to excessive water intake that results in net osmosis into tissue cells. This leads to severe metabolic disturbances

Which of the following tissues is the least hydrated? Nervous tissue Muscle tissue Bone Adipose tissue

Adipose tissue

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Edema. Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling When water output exceeds intake over a period of time

An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

Which of the following individuals would have the most body water? A healthy young female A healthy young male An older obese person An infant

An infant

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "B." Ions Carbon dioxide Oxygen Nitrogenous waste

Carbon dioxide

Lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, humors of the eye, synovial fluid, serous fluid, gastrointestinal secretions are considered part of what fluid compartment? D C A B

D

Identify the statement related to "C." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Fluid in the blood

Which of the following is associated with the swelling of cells? Hypotonic hydration Dehydration Edema Hypoproteinemia

Hypotonic hydration

genital warts

Human papillomavirus

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "D." Ions Nitrogenous waste Oxygen Carbon dioxide

Ions

hypermagnesemia

Magnesium excess

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "C." Oxygen Ions Nitrogenous waste Carbon dioxide

Nitrogenous waste

Identify the gas or solute exchanged at "A." Nitrogenous waste Carbon dioxide Oxygen Ions

Oxygen

Respiratory alkalosis

Possibly caused by asthma, pneumonia, or a severe panic attack.

Metabolic acidosis

Possibly caused by severe diarrhea or untreated diabetes mellitus.

Metabolic alkalosis

Possibly caused by vomiting, use of diuretics, or use of antacids.

Respiratory acidosis

Possibly occurring with emphysema, extreme obesity, or narcotic overdose.

Aldosterone

Regulates sodium ion concentrations in the extracellular fluid

Identify the statement related to "D." The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells. Fluid in the blood

The body's "internal environment"

Identify the statement related to "B." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Identify the statement related to "A." Fluid in the blood The body's "internal environment" Trillions of tiny individual "compartments" The fluid in the microscopic spaces between tissue cells.

Trillions of tiny individual "compartments"

Match the following condition with its possible cause and/or consequence: Dehydration. When water output exceeds intake over a period of time Promotes net osmosis into tissue cells, causing them to swell as they become abnormally hydrated An atypical fluid accumulation in the interstitial space, leading to tissue swelling

When water output exceeds intake over a period of time

Addisons disease

a disorder entailing deficient aldosterone production by the adrenal cortex

A major stimulus for the release of antidiuretic hormone is __________. an increase in ECF water concentration an increase in potassium levels in the ICF stimulation of the baroreceptors a rise in plasma osmolality inhibition of the osmoreceptors

a rise in plasma osmolality

morula

a solid sphere of undifferentiated cells

Estrogens are chemically similar to __________ and are therefore associated with water retention. ANP ADH aldosterone rennin

aldosterone

edema

an atypical accumulation of fluid in the interstitial space

inner cell mass

becomes the embryonic disc

Interstitial fluid

bicarbonate ions highest in

hypocalcemia

calcium depletion

nonelectrolytes

do not dissociate in solution

electrolytes

dissociate into ions in water

implantation

embedding of the blastocyst in the uterine wall

trophoblast

forms the chorion

decidua basalis

forms the mothers part of the placenta

genital herpes

human herpes virus type 2

All of the following factors would stimulate the hypothalamic thirst center except __________. angiotensin II hypotonic extracellular fluid input from baroreceptors a decline in blood volume

hypotonic extracellular fluid

Edema is accumulation of fluid in the __________. intracellular space interstitial space plasma special fluid compartments

interstitial space

capacitation

leads to enhancement of sperm motility and increasing membrane fragility to enable enzyme release from acrosomes

cleavage

leads to the development of a morula and then a blastocyst

gastrulation

leads to the establishment of the three primary gern layers

fertilization

leads to the formation of the first cell of the new individual

chlamydia

organism responsible for up to half of the diagnosed cases of pelvic inflammatory disease

The most important buffer system in the intracellular fluid compartment (ICF) is the __________. protein buffer system chloride buffer system sulfate buffer system bicarbonate buffer system phosphate buffer system

protein buffer system

hyponatremia

sodium depletion

hypernatremia

sodium excess

Blood plasma

sodium ions are highest in

decidua capsularis

surrounds the uterine cavity face of the implanted embryo

intracellular

the main fluid compartment located within the cell

extracellular

the main fluid compartment outside the cells

syphilis

treponema pallidum

gonorrhea

urethritis in males

The major source of water loss from the body is __________. urine insensible respiratory loss feces insensible skin loss sweat

urine