A&P II Midterm

As someone starts to develop in puberty, most cells in their reproductive organs are probably starting to express A. More receptors for sex hormones B. Fewer receptors for sex hormones

A

Congenital hemolytic anemia is A. When destruction of erythrocytes is more rapid than normal B. When there is an inherited anemia associated with a defect in iron uptake C. Caused by a failure of the body to absorb Vitamin B12 D. Characterized by a large number of immature, nucleated cells E. Characterized by significantly decreased formation of erythrocytes and hemoglobin due to defective red bone marrow

A

Damage to the live might impair enzymatic degradation of some hormones. The levels of such hormones in the blood would therefore be expected to: A. Increase B. Decrease C. Remain unchanged

A

Exercise causes a(n) ___________ in growth hormone (GH) levels; a rise in amino acid levels or decrease in glucose levels causes a(n) ___________ in GH levels A. Increase; increase B. Increase; decrease C. Decrease; decrease D. Decrease; increase

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone is a A. Glycoprotein B. Steroid C. Monoamine D. Oligopeptide

A

Generally, the shorter the half-life of a hormone A. The more frequently it must've be replaced B. The less frequently it must be replaced

A

Glucagon and insulin work ____________ on blood glucose levels A. Antagonistically B. Permissively C. Synergistically

A

Glucose A. Polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma B. Polar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood C. Non polar molecule, and therefore it dissolves readily in plasma D. Non polar molecule, and therefore it requires a transporter in the blood

A

Growth hormone is secreted by __________ cells in the anterior pituitary A. Somatotropic B. Gonadotropic C. Thyrotropic D. Mammotropic E. Corticotropic

A

If agglutination occurs after a blood transfusion, it may indicate A. The wrong blood type was used B. The recipient had type AB blood C. There were no agglutinate (antibodies) in the recipient D. The donor had type O blood

A

Intracellular signaling pathways within target cells are organizing such that: A. Each step allows for amplification of the signal where one molecule can activate many B. Each step involves one molecule activation or synthesizing exactly one other molecule for precise control C. Enzymes are used up and degraded after each individual reaction they catalyze

A

Lipophilic hormones bind to ___________ receptors of target cells. A. Intracellular B. Membrane-bound

A

One of the unhealthy effects of blood doping is to A. Increase the viscosity of the blood B. Decrease the blood pressure in the arteries C. Decrease the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood D. Increase the carbon dioxide carrying capacity of the blood E. Increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood

A

Reduced hormone concentration in the blood often causes target cells to A. Up-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity B. Up-regulate receptors in order to decrease ell sensitivity C. Down-regulate receptors in order to increase cell sensitivity D. Down-regulate receptors in order to decrease cell sensitivity

A

Steroid hormones are lipids, derived from: A. Cholesterol B. Glycerol C. Amines D. Polypeptides E. Nuclei acids

A

The "Buffy coat" in a centrifuged blood sample is composed of A. Platelets and leukocytes B. Leukocytes C. Platelets D. Erythrocytes E. Erythrocytes and leukocytes

A

The binding of a hormone and a carrier protein is ___________; a very ___________ fraction of such a hormone in the blood is bound to a carrier at any one point in time. A. Temporary; large B. Temporary; small C. Permanent; large D. Permanent; small

A

The clinical definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of A. Erythrocytes in the blood B. Leukocytes in the blood C. Platelets in the blood D. Plasma in the blood E. All formed elements in the blood

A

The temperature of blood is about _________ than measured body temperature A. 1 degrees Celsius higher B. 10 degrees Celsius higher C. 1 degrees Celsius lower D. 10 degrees Celsius lower

A

The two hormones released from the posterior pituitary are: A. Oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone B. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone and corticotropin-releasing hormone C. Prolactin and growth hormone. D. Prolactin and vasopressin E. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

A

Thyroid hormone is somewhat unique in that it is a A. Biogenic amine that is lipid-soluble B. Protein hormone that is water-soluble C. Steroid hormone that is water-soluble D. Steroid hormone that is lipid-soluble E. Monoamine that is water-soluble

A

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is secreted by the A. Hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the anterior pituitary B. Hypothalamus and it increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from the posterior pituitary C. Anterior pituitary and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland D. Parathyroid hormone and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland E. Thymus and it increases release of thyroid hormone from the thyroid gland

A

Which depicts the order or cell formation in erythropoiesis? A. Proerythroblast B. Normoblast C. Myeloid stem cell D. Reticulocyte E. Erythroblast: Mature erythrocyte A. C, A, E, B, D, F B. A, B, C, E, D, F C. A, C, D, B ,E, F D. C, B ,A, D, E, F E. C, A, B, E, D, F

A

Within the infundibulum, the axons from neurons extending into the posterior pituitary are known as the A. Hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract B. Primary plexus C. Secondary plexus D. Supraoptic portal system

A

Aldosterone release can be triggered by the presence of the blood-borne messenger angiotensin II or by low levels of sodium, and so its secretion regulation is said to be A. Purely neural B. Both hormonal and humoral C. Both antagonistic and synergistic D. Both neural and synergistic E. Purely hormonal

B

Beta-globulins transport _________, whereas gamma-globulins are _________. A. Antibodies; lipids B. Iron ions; antibodies C. Lipids; heavy metals D. Oxygen; clotting proteins E. Clotting factors; hormones

B

Blood is correctly classified as a(n) A. Organ B. Tissue C. Organ system D. Intracellular fluid

B

Compared to the nervous system, the endocrine system has A. More localized and long lasting effects B. More widespread and long-lasting effects C. More localized and short-term effects D. More widespread and short-term effects

B

Excessive secretion of growth hormone in adults can cause A. Graves' disease B. Acromegaly C. Pituitary gigantism D. Pituitary dwarfism E. Cushing syndrome

B

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin? A. 2 B. 4 C. 6 D. 8 E. 16

B

If a patient becomes dehydrated, the percentage of plasma in a centrifuged sample of his or her blood would likely A. Increase B. Decrease C. Not change

B

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the __________ line. A. Lymphoid B. Myeloid C. Monocyte D. Killer cell

B

In which order would blood flow through these structures as it travels from the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland? A: primary plexus B: secondary plexus: hypophyseal portal veins A. A-b-c B. A-c-b C. C-a-b D. B-a-c E. C-b-a

B

Leukocytes are the __________ of the formed elements, and leukocytes have ____________. A. Largest; no nucleus B. Largest; prominent nuclei C. Smallest; no nucleus D. Smallest; prominent nuclei

B

One of the functions of blood is to regulate fluid levels in the body. If too much fluid escapes from the bloodstream and enters the tissues, blood pressure will A. Increase B. Decrease

B

Oxygen-poor blood is _______ in color A. Bright red B. Dark red C. Light blue D. Dark blue

B

Parathyroid hormone release depends on blood levels of calcium. Such an endocrine reflex is said to be initiated by A. Hormonal stimulation B. Humoral stimulation C. Neural stimulation D. Positive feedback stimulation

B

Protein hormones are A. Lipid-soluble B. Water-soluble C. Soluble in both water and lipids D. Soluble in neither water nor lipids

B

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the _________ units A. Heme B. Globin C. Iron D. Calcium

B

The globulins make up about __________ percent of all plasma proteins A. 58 B. 37 C. 4 D. 1 E. 85

B

The half-life of a hormone is A. One-half of the time it takes to synthesize the chemical messenger molecule B. The time necessary to reduce the hormone concentration in the blood to half of what had been secreted C. Half the time until the hormone molecule dissolves D. Half of the duration of the hormone's effects on its target cells throughout the body

B

The hormones that come from the posterior pituitary A. Are synthesized there and are released upon signals from the anterior pituitary B. Are synthesized in the hypothalamus and are released from the posterior pituitary when nerve signals arrive C. Are synthesized in the anterior pituitary and are transported to and from the posterior pituitary by the primary and secondary plexus D. Are synthesized in the posterior pituitary and released by the anterior pituitary by way of the hypophyseal portal system

B

The hypothalamic hormone that triggers the release of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is A. Cortisol B. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) C. Vasopressin D. Adrenal follicle-stimulating hormone E. Cortical stimulating factor (CSF)

B

The primary function of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is to: A. Regulate salt and water balance by acting on the renal system B. Stimulate glucocorticoid release from the adrenal glands C. Stimulate adrenaline release from the adrenal medulla D. Stimulate cell growth and cell division in muscle and bone E. Stimulate the development of the folds on the surface of the brain

B

The process of producing the formed elements of blood is called A. Leukopenia B. Hemopoiesis C. Leukocytosis D. Erythroblastosis E. Agglutination

B

The reason it is more appropriate to call an erythrocyte a "formed element" rather than a "cell" is that erythrocytes A. Are actually dead B. Lack a nucleus and organelles C. Have lots of inclusion molecules D. Are not red E. Can form a rouleau when moving through a capillary

B

The viscosity of blood is __________l proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ___________ proportional to the amount of fluid A. Directly; directly B. Directly; indirectly C. Indirectly; indirectly D. Indirectly; directly

B

Typically, an adult's body contains _________ of blood A. 1 liter B. 5 liters C. 10 liters D. 15 liters

B

When a chemical messenger helps initiate an inflammatory response by causing cellular changes in neighboring cells, it is demonstrating ___________ signaling. A. Autocrine B. Paracrine C. Allomone D. Pheromone

B

Where are the target cells for follicle-stimulating hormone? A. Thyroid follicles B. Ovaries and testes C. Mammary glands D. Uterus E. Hair follicles

B

Which are characteristics of type O blood? A: has anti-A antibodies B: has anti-B antibodies C: has surface antigen O on its erythrocytes D: has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes E: has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes A. A, B, C B. A, B, E C. B, C, E D. B, C, D E. C

B

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes? (Order is not important) A: the heme group is converted into biliverdin B: bilirubin is placed in long-term storage in the liver C: The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed D: The iron ions are stored in the liver E. The iron ions are stored in the red bone marrow F: Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused G: The erythrocyte contents, excluding the globing, are excreted unchanged via the digestive tract A. A, B, C, E, F B. A, C, D, F C. A, B, C, G D. C, D, G E. C, E, G

B

Lipid-soluble hormones, such as progesterone, exert their effects by forming hormone-receptor complexes that: A. Activate a G protein and second-messenger cascade B. Bind to DNA and initiate transcription C. Open ion channels in the cell membrane D. Activate adenylate cyclase

B.

A comparison of the clinical hematocrit and true hematocrit would indicate that A. The clinical hematocrit is much larger B. The true hematocrit is much larger C. Their values are very similar

C

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. As a result, colloid osmotic pressure A. Increases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space B. Increases, and so blood volume is abnormally high C. Decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space D. Decreases, and so blood volume is abnormally high

C

Eicosanoids are synthesized from: A. Cholesterol B. Prostaglandin C. Arachindonic acid D. Amino acids

C

How many globing (protein building blocks) are found in a single hemoglobin molecule? A. 1 B. 2 C. 4 D. 6 E. 8

C

Most hormones are made of chains of amino acids and are therefore A. Steroids B. Biogenic amines C. Proteins D. Catecholamines

C

Oxytocin results in more forceful smooth muscle contractions in the uterus by causing target cells to increase production of A. Adenylate cyclase B. MRNA for myosin C. Inositol triphosphate D. Glucose

C

Sodium, calcium, and bicarbonate are all described as plasma A. Solvents B. Nutrients C. Electrolytes D. Proteins E. Formed elements

C

The hormone oxytocin is synthesized in the: A. Anterior pituitary B. Posterior pituitary C. Paraventricular nucleus D. Pineal gland E. Nucleus of the solitary tract

C

The most numerous of the formed elements are the A. Neutrophils B. Platelets C. Erythrocytes D. Basophils E. Albumins

C

The smallest and most abundant plasma proteins are the A. Globulins B. Endocrine hormones C. Albumins D. Fibrinogen E. Prothrombins

C

When the effects of one hormone reinforce the activity of another hormone on the same target cell, the interaction is said to be A. Agonistic B. Antagonistic C. Synergistic D. Permissive

C

When the effects of water-soluble hormones on their target cells are considered, the hormone itself is A. The G protein B. The second messenger C. The first messenger D. The hormone-response element E. The phospholipase

C

Which hormones are collectively called the gonadotropins? A. Prolactin and oxytocin B. Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin C. Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone D. Follicle-stimulating hormone and growth hormone E. Thyroid-stimulating hormone and adrenocorticotropic hormone

C

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of leukocytes and antibodies? A. Regulation B. Prevention C. Protection D. Transportation

C

An individual's hematocrit would vary with A. Age B. Sex C. Altitude D. All of the choices are correct

D

Macrophage colony-stimulating factor stimulates the production of A. Granulocytes from their progenitors B. Erythrocytes from myeloid stem cells C. Megakaryocytes and platelets D. Monocytes from mono blasts E. Erythrocytes progenitor cells

D

Old erythrocytes are phagocytized in the A. Liver B. Spleen C. Lung D. Liver and spleen E. Spleen and lung

D

Once a structure is fully grown and mature, it will probably: A. Up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand B. Up-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer need to continue to grow at a fast rate C. Down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer receives as much of the ligand D. Down-regulate its receptors for growth hormone, as it no longer needs to continue to grow at a fast rate

D

Plasma makes up about __________ percent of a centrifuged sample of whole blood A. 25 B. 35 C. 45 D. 55 E. 75

D

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to; A. Only oxygen B. Only carbon dioxide C. Only nitrogen D. Both oxygen and carbon dioxide E. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen

D

The life span of an erythrocyte is about __________ days A. 10 B. 30 C. 60 D. 120 E. 360

D

The part of the brain that functions as a "master control center" of the endocrine system is the: A. Pineal gland B. Cerebral cortex C. Spinal cord D. Hypothalamus E. Adrenal cortex

D

This is the question text for MC1 A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone C. Follicle-stimulating hormone D. Prolactin

D

When blood is centrifuged and its components separate, the bottom of the tube holds the A. Electrolytes and waste products B. Buffy coat C. Monocytes D. Erythrocytes E. Platelets F. Plasma

D

Which are characteristic of type A blood? A: Has anti-A antibodies B: Has anti-B antibodies C: Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes D: Has surface antigen B on its erythrocytes E: Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes: Will agglutinate with blood type B A. B, C, D, F B. A, C, D, F C. A, D, F D. B, C, F E. A, C, F

D

Which are the characteristic of type Rh negative blood? A. Always has Rh (anti-D) antibodies B. Only under certain conditions will Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present C. Always has Rh (D) antigen D. Only under certain conditions will the Rh (D) antigen be presents: Is inherited independent of the ABO group A. A, C B. B, C, E C. A, D, E D. B, E E. A, E

D

Which is not characteristic of the endocrine system? A. Effects: causes metabolic activity changes in target cells B. Response time: slow reaction time = seconds to hours C. Duration of response: long-lasting = minutes to weeks D. Recovery time: rapid, immediate return to prestimulation level E. Communication method: hormones in the bloodstream

D

Which is not correct regarding growth hormone (GH)? A. GH affects most body cells B. GH stimulates cell growth and mitosis C. GH is also known as somatotropin D. GH stimulates the kidney to secrete somatromedin E. GH is a tropic hormone

D

Which most closely approximates the percentage of water in plasma by weight? A. 1% B. 25% C. 46% D. 92% E. 98%

D

Which term best describes the function of blood when considering the presence of carbon dioxide and endocrine hormones A. Regulation B. Protection C. Prevention D. Transportation

D

Which type of hormone requires a carrier protein in the blood? A. Autocrine hormone B. Water-soluble hormone C. Oligopeptide D. Lipid-soluble hormone

D

Blood plasma is slightly __________; if pH drifts out of the normal range, dire consequences can result from alterations in the structure of _________. A. Acidic; glucose B. Acidic; proteins C. Acidic; glycogen D. Basic; glucose E. Basic; proteins

E

Endocrine glands A. Are ductless glands B. Are the organs of the endocrine system C. Secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream D. Help maintain homeostasis E. All of the choices are correct

E

Extensions from megakaryocytes that extend through blood vessel walls in red marrow are sliced off from the cells by the force of blood flow. These extensions are: A. Reticulocyte B. Promegakaryocytes C. Myeloid stem cells D. Late erythroblasts E. Proplatelets

E

The parathyroid glands are located: A. Just below the thalamus B. Within the thymus C. Above the kidneys D. Anterior to the thyroid gland E. Posterior to the thyroid gland

E

Although hormones influence activity in the neural and reproductive systems, they do not influence the digestive system. T/F

False

Among their many functions, hormones regulate blood volume, cellular concentration, and number of platelets. T/F

False

Like all other hormone transport proteins, albumin is highly specific in terms of which hormone it carries through the blood. T/F

False

Natural killer cells derive from T-lymphoblasts and monocytes derive from the granulocyte line. T/F

False

Steroids, peptides, and nucleic acids are the three classes of hormones. T/F

False

The reaction time for endocrine effects is generally measured in milliseconds. T/F

False

A reticulocyte is a cell formed during erythropoiesis that has lost its nucleus and all organelles except some ribosomes. T/F

True

Blood helps regulate the pH and the temperature of the body. T/F

True

During hemopoiesis, the lymphoid line forms lymphocytes only. T/F

True

Iron, lactic acid, and lipids are all considered to be nutrients in blood plasma. T/F

True

Most colony-stimulating factors are growth factors. T/F

True

The liver contains endocrine cells. T/F

True