A&P Lab Six

skeletal muscle

"meat"/flesh of body; voluntary; long, cylindrical, and multinucleate, nuclei pushed to periphery of cells; obvious striations

epithelial tissue

-covers surfaces -protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory receptors --polar: membranes have one free surface, "apical surface", and typically that surface is different from the "basal surface" --cellularity and specialized contacts: fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells --supported by connective tissue: attached and supported by basement membrane --avascularity: no blood supple of their own --regeneration: easily regenerate

how many primary tissue types are found in the human body

4

all following are examples of connective tissue except

a. bones. b. ligaments c. neurons **** d. tendons

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular function

able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength

simple columnar epith function

absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary actoin

simple squamous epith function

allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic function

allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

cartilage: hyaline

amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular function

attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction

hematopoietic

blood-forming tissue replenishes body's supply of RBC

bones function

bone supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for the blood cell formation

connective tissue

bone/osseous protect and support other body tissues and organs

nervous tissue location

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

columnar

column-shaped w/ round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain goblet (mucus-secreting unicellular glands) cells

ground substance

composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans

cuboidal

cubelike

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic

dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme

embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers, star-shaped mesenchymal cells

adipose

fat tissue provides insulation for body tissues and a source of stored food

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular function

fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular location

fibrous capsules of organs of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract

cartilage: hyaline location

forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of the long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilage of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx

cardiac muscle

found only in heart; striations; branching uninucleate cells that are interdigitate (fit together) at junctions called intercalated discs: allow to act as unit; involuntary

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar

gel-like matrix with all three fiber types: cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells

embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme function

gives rise to all other connective tissue types

bone

hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, very well vascularized

cartilage

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

skeletal muscle location

in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin

connective tissue proper

includes areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense(fibrous) connective tissue

cartilage: fibrocartilage location

intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; discs of knee joint

simple squamous epith location

kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)

simple cuboidal epith location

kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface

stratified cuboidal location

largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands

dense connective tissue

ligaments and tendons; bind bones together or bind skeletal muscles to bones

transitional epith location

lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra

endocrine glands

lose their surface connection (ducts) as develop- so referred to ductless glands, secretions are released into extracellular fluid, and enter blood or lymphatic vessels that weave through glands

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular location

lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

cartilage: elastic function

maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose

matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet

cartilage: fibrocartilage

matrix similar to but less than that of hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

all connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as

mesenchyme

connective tissue

most abundant and widely distributed; primarily protect, support, and bind together other tissues of body

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular

network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network

of the two major cell populations in nervous tissue, ___ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and conduct waves of excitation to all parts of the body

neurons

nervous tissue

neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cell

simple columnar epith location

nonciliated lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anus), galbladder, and exretory ducts of some glands; ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some parts of uterus

psuedostratified columnar epith location

nonciliated: male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated in trachea, most of upper respiratory tract

stratified squamous epith location

nonkeratinized type forms in linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina; keratinized in epidermis of skin(dry membrane)

simple epithelia

one layer and cell shape

embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme location

primarily in embryo

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular

primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cells type if the fibroblast

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular

primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast

extracellular matrix

produced by cells and then extruded; responsible for strength associated with connective tissue

stratified cuboidal function

protection

stratified columnar epith function

protection, secretion

stratified squamous epith function

protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose function

provides reserve fuel; insulated against heat loss; supports and protects organs

stratified columnar epith location

rare in body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

blood

red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix

exocrine glands

retain ducts, secretions empty through these ducts to an epithelial surface include swear and oil glands, liver, and pancreas-both external and internal

squamous

scalelike

simple cuboidal epith function

secretion and absorption

psuedostratified columnar epith function

secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action

cartilage: elastic

similar to hyaline, but more elastic fibers in matrix

this type of epithelium lines the digestive tract from stomach to anus

simple columnar

pseudostratified epithelium

simple columnar epithelium (one layer), but cells vary in height and nuclei and different levels

this type of muscle is found in walls of hollow organs; it has no striations and its cells are spindle shaped

smooth muscle

areolar connective tissue

soft packaging material cushions and protects body organs

epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ___ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened

squamous

transitional epithelium

stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded cells with ability to slide over one another to allow organ to be stretched

transitional epith function

stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine

cartilage: hyaline function

supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress

cartilage: elastic location

supports the external ear; epiglottis

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular location

tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

cartilage: fibrocartilage function

tensile strength with the ability to adsorb compressive shock

how many basic types of muscle tissue are there

three

nervous tissue function

transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors(muscles and glands) which control their activity

blood function

transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances

(t/f) endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes

true

(t/f)blood is type of connective tissue

true

stratified

two or more layers

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose location

under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts

smooth muscle

visceral muscle; mainly in walls of hollow organs; typically two layers at right angles; constrict or dilate lumen(cavity) of organ and propel substances through pathways; no striations; uninucleate; spindle-shaped

skeletal muscle function

voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression

connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic location

walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar location

widely distributed under epithelia of body, ex. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries

connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar function

wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid