A&P Lab Six
skeletal muscle
"meat"/flesh of body; voluntary; long, cylindrical, and multinucleate, nuclei pushed to periphery of cells; obvious striations
epithelial tissue
-covers surfaces -protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion, and sensory receptors --polar: membranes have one free surface, "apical surface", and typically that surface is different from the "basal surface" --cellularity and specialized contacts: fit closely together to form membranes, or sheets of cells --supported by connective tissue: attached and supported by basement membrane --avascularity: no blood supple of their own --regeneration: easily regenerate
how many primary tissue types are found in the human body
4
all following are examples of connective tissue except
a. bones. b. ligaments c. neurons **** d. tendons
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular function
able to withstand tension exerted in many directions; provides structural strength
simple columnar epith function
absorption; secretion of mucus, enzymes, and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus (or reproductive cells) by ciliary actoin
simple squamous epith function
allows passage of materials by diffusion and filtration in sites where protection is not important; secretes lubricating substances in serosae
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic function
allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
cartilage: hyaline
amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular function
attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands great tensile stress when pulling force is applied in one direction
hematopoietic
blood-forming tissue replenishes body's supply of RBC
bones function
bone supports and protects; provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones is the site for the blood cell formation
connective tissue
bone/osseous protect and support other body tissues and organs
nervous tissue location
brain, spinal cord, and nerves
columnar
column-shaped w/ round to oval nuclei; some cells bear cilia; layer may contain goblet (mucus-secreting unicellular glands) cells
ground substance
composed of interstitial fluid, cell adhesion proteins, and proteoglycans
cuboidal
cubelike
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic
dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers
embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme
embryonic connective tissue; gel-like ground substance containing fibers, star-shaped mesenchymal cells
adipose
fat tissue provides insulation for body tissues and a source of stored food
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular function
fibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types, including white blood cells, mast cells, and macrophages
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular location
fibrous capsules of organs of joints; dermis of the skin; submucosa of digestive tract
cartilage: hyaline location
forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of the long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilage of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
cardiac muscle
found only in heart; striations; branching uninucleate cells that are interdigitate (fit together) at junctions called intercalated discs: allow to act as unit; involuntary
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar
gel-like matrix with all three fiber types: cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme function
gives rise to all other connective tissue types
bone
hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, very well vascularized
cartilage
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
skeletal muscle location
in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
connective tissue proper
includes areolar, adipose, reticular, and dense(fibrous) connective tissue
cartilage: fibrocartilage location
intervertebral discs; pubis symphysis; discs of knee joint
simple squamous epith location
kidney glomeruli; air sacs of lungs; lining of heart, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels; lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
simple cuboidal epith location
kidney tubules; ducts and secretory portions of small glands; ovary surface
stratified cuboidal location
largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and salivary glands
dense connective tissue
ligaments and tendons; bind bones together or bind skeletal muscles to bones
transitional epith location
lines the ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra
endocrine glands
lose their surface connection (ducts) as develop- so referred to ductless glands, secretions are released into extracellular fluid, and enter blood or lymphatic vessels that weave through glands
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular location
lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen
cartilage: elastic function
maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose
matrix as in areolar, but very sparse; closely packed adipocytes, or fat cells, have nucleus pushed to the side by large fat droplet
cartilage: fibrocartilage
matrix similar to but less than that of hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
all connective tissue is derived from an embryonic tissue known as
mesenchyme
connective tissue
most abundant and widely distributed; primarily protect, support, and bind together other tissues of body
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, reticular
network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network
of the two major cell populations in nervous tissue, ___ are highly specialized to receive stimuli and conduct waves of excitation to all parts of the body
neurons
nervous tissue
neurons are branching cells; cell processes that may be quite long extend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonirritable supporting cell
simple columnar epith location
nonciliated lines most of digestive tract (stomach to anus), galbladder, and exretory ducts of some glands; ciliated lines small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some parts of uterus
psuedostratified columnar epith location
nonciliated: male's sperm carrying ducts and ducts of large glands; ciliated in trachea, most of upper respiratory tract
stratified squamous epith location
nonkeratinized type forms in linings of esophagus, mouth, vagina; keratinized in epidermis of skin(dry membrane)
simple epithelia
one layer and cell shape
embryonic connective tissue:mesenchyme location
primarily in embryo
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense irregular
primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; major cells type if the fibroblast
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular
primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
extracellular matrix
produced by cells and then extruded; responsible for strength associated with connective tissue
stratified cuboidal function
protection
stratified columnar epith function
protection, secretion
stratified squamous epith function
protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose function
provides reserve fuel; insulated against heat loss; supports and protects organs
stratified columnar epith location
rare in body; small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands
blood
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix
exocrine glands
retain ducts, secretions empty through these ducts to an epithelial surface include swear and oil glands, liver, and pancreas-both external and internal
squamous
scalelike
simple cuboidal epith function
secretion and absorption
psuedostratified columnar epith function
secretion, particularly of mucus; propulsion of mucus by ciliary action
cartilage: elastic
similar to hyaline, but more elastic fibers in matrix
this type of epithelium lines the digestive tract from stomach to anus
simple columnar
pseudostratified epithelium
simple columnar epithelium (one layer), but cells vary in height and nuclei and different levels
this type of muscle is found in walls of hollow organs; it has no striations and its cells are spindle shaped
smooth muscle
areolar connective tissue
soft packaging material cushions and protects body organs
epithelial tissues can be classified according to cell shape. ___ epithelial cells are scalelike and flattened
squamous
transitional epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium formed of rounded cells with ability to slide over one another to allow organ to be stretched
transitional epith function
stretches readily and permits distension of urinary organ by contained urine
cartilage: hyaline function
supports and reinforces; has resilient cushioning properties; resists compressive stress
cartilage: elastic location
supports the external ear; epiglottis
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, dense regular location
tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
cartilage: fibrocartilage function
tensile strength with the ability to adsorb compressive shock
how many basic types of muscle tissue are there
three
nervous tissue function
transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors(muscles and glands) which control their activity
blood function
transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
(t/f) endocrine and exocrine glands are classified as epithelium because they usually develop from epithelial membranes
true
(t/f)blood is type of connective tissue
true
stratified
two or more layers
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, adipose location
under skin; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
smooth muscle
visceral muscle; mainly in walls of hollow organs; typically two layers at right angles; constrict or dilate lumen(cavity) of organ and propel substances through pathways; no striations; uninucleate; spindle-shaped
skeletal muscle function
voluntary movement; locomotion; manipulation of the environment; facial expression
connective tissue proper: dense connective tissue, elastic location
walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar location
widely distributed under epithelia of body, ex. forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries
connective tissue proper: loose connective tissue, areolar function
wraps and cushions organs; its macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid