A&P Lecture Exam #1

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In the body, what type of functions do positive feedback loops perform a) Positive feedback loops operate when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored. b) Positive feedback is the primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation. c) Positive feedback provides long-term control over the body's internal conditions and system. d) Positive feedback produces responses that minimize or reduce the change in the original conditions.

a) Positive feedback loops operate when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly before homeostasis can be restored.

The three types of connective tissue include a) connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective. b) ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. c) glandular, exocrine, and endocrine. d) epithelial, muscle, and neural. e) All of the answers are correct.

a) connective tissue proper, fluid connective, and supporting connective.

Which tissue lines the inner surfaces of the blood vessels and heart? a) epithelial tissue b) muscle tissue c) neural tissu d) connective tissue

a) epithelial tissue

When homeostatic mechanisms fail, an individual will experience the symptoms of a) illness or disease b) positive feedback c) homeostasis d) negative feedback

a) illness or disease

Where in a typical eukaryotic cell would you expect to find genes? a) in the DNA within the cell's nucleus b) in the nucleolus within the nucleus c) in the chromatin within the cell's cytoplasm d) in chromosomes within the cytosol

a) in the DNA within the cell's nucleus

Providing strength and moving materials within the cell is a function of the intermediate filaments and a) microtubules b) ribosomes c) intermediate filaments d) flagella e) microfilaments

a) microtubules

An alternate term for tumor is a) neoplasm b) benign malignancy c) primary metastasis d) cytoplasm e) nucleoplasm

a) neoplasm

During which of the following phases does chromatin condense and become chromosomes? a) prophase b) metaphase c) interphase d) anaphase

a) prophase

Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter? (Module 4.17A) a) smooth muscle tissue b) skeletal muscle tissue c) cardiac muscle tissue

a) smooth muscle tissue

Which epithelial cells, found lining the nasal cavities and the trachea, typically possess cilia? a) speudostratified columnar b) stratified columnar c) simple columnar d) stratified cuboidal

a) speudostratified columnar

Which sectional plane would separate the thorax from the abdomen? a) transverse b) median c) sagittal d) frontal

a) transverse

Examine the following reactions. Which of the following is true about compound C? Reaction 1 Reaction 2 Reaction 3 Reaction 4 A + B → C + D → E + F → G + H a) C is a product for reaction 2 only b) C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2 c) C is a reactant for reaction 1 only d) C is a reactant of reaction 1 and a product for reaction 2

b) C is the product of reaction 1 and a reactant for reaction 2

Which of the following does not play a role in translation? a) Amino acids b) DNA c) Anticodon d) Ribosomes e) tRNA

b) DNA

Chromosomes consist of ______ and ______. a) RNA; proteins b) DNA; proteins c) water; RNA d) DNA; lipids e) RNA; carbohydrates

b) DNA; proteins

Examine this reaction: starch⟶(amylase) disaccharides⟶ (disaccharidase) monosaccharides If there is the normal amount of amylase present but less disaccharidase than usual, which of the following would most likely happen? a) There would be less disaccharide and less monosaccharide produced. b) The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced. c) There would be no overall impact because the normal amount of amylase is present. d) No starch could be broken down to disaccharides.

b) The normal amount of disaccharide would be produced, but fewer monosaccharides would be produced.

Which would be expected to be true regarding reproductive system cells that synthesize steroid hormones? a) These reproductive cells contain SER with attached fixed ribosomes. b) These reproductive cells contain extensive SER, but the RER is relatively small. c) These reproductive cells contain extensive RER and SER, which are equally proportioned. d) These reproductive cells contain extensive RER, but the SER is relatively small.

b) These reproductive cells contain extensive SER, but the RER is relatively small.

The process of lactation (milk production) depends on both merocrine and ________ secretion by mammary gland epithelial cells. a) eccrine b) apocrine c) exocrine d) endocrine e) holocrine

b) apocrine

Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product? a) holocrine b) apocrine c) mucus d) serous e) merocrine

b) apocrine

Hydrolysis is an example of which type of reaction? a) synthesis b) decomposition c) dehydration synthesis d) exchange

b) decomposition

Which of the following is not a major function of proteins in the cell membrane? a) acting as receptors b) forming the entire glycocalyx c) forming channels d) anchoring cells to other structures

b) forming the entire glycocalyx

The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are a) codons b) genes c) RNA d) chromosomes e) ribosomes

b) genes

Which gastrointestinal organ is responsible for bile secretion and regulation of blood nutrient composition a) salivary glands b) liver c) gall bladder d) pancreas e) stomach

b) liver

Which of the following acts as the digestive system of the cell, breaking down materials? a) ribosome b) lysosome c) E. R. d) nucleus

b) lysosome

Which of the following functions in intracellular removal of damaged organelles or pathogens? a) golgi apparatus b) lysosome c) peroxisome d) ribosome

b) lysosome

What part of a cell membrane is usually in contact with the interstitial fluid? a) hydrophobic molecules b) phosphate heads of phospholipids c) fatty acid tails d) cholesterol

b) phosphate heads of phospholipids

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of mitosis? a) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, cytokinesis b) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase c) interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase d) prophase, anaphase, metaphase, telophase

b) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

In a chemical equation, what are the chemicals on the left side of the arrow called? a) products b) reactants c) water d) disaccharide

b) reactants

Which of the following is NOT one of the three major components of a typical eukaryotic cell? a) nucleus b) ribosome c) cytoplasm d) plasma membrane

b) ribosome

Which form of endoplasmic reticulum modifies and packages newly synthesized proteins? a) smooth E.R. b) rough E. R.

b) rough E. R.

Cortisol is a type of lipid hormone. Which type of lipid would cortisol be classified as? a) triglyceride b) steroid c) phospholipid

b) steroid

Which of the following are especially important for growth and repair process? a) hydrolysis b) synthesis reaction c) exchange reaction

b) synthesis reaction

All of the following are true of the dermis EXCEPT that __________. a) the reticular layer of the dermis is composed of dense irregular fibrous connective tissue b) the hypodermis is part of the dermis c) the papillary layer of the dermis underlies the epidermis d) the reticular layer of the dermis underlies the papillary layer

b) the hypodermis is part of the dermis

In dark-skinned individuals, __________. a) the number of melanocytes is greater b) the melanosomes are more numerous c) carotene is the greatest contributor to skin color d) melanosomes only transfer into the stratum spinosum

b) the melanosomes are more numerous

Which ph is more acidic, a pH of 3, 7, or 9? a) 9 b) 7 c) 3

c) 3

Duplication of organelles and protein synthesis occur during which phase of interphase? a) S b) G2 c) G1 d) G0

c) G1

Which of the following lists, in correct order, the phases of interphase? a) G1, prophase, S b) S, cytokinesis, mitosis c) G1, S, G2 d) prophase, metaphase, telophase

c) G1, S, G2

Think about a 10% saline solution. Which of the following is a correct statement. a) It contains 10% solvent and 90% solute. b) It contains 10% salt and 90% solution. c) It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent. d) It contains 10% solvent and 90% water.

c) It contains 10% solute and 90% solvent.

When your biceps brachii (upper arm) muscle contracts, ultimately and most directly, what is producing the movement? a) Your brain tells your muscle to contract b) You move your arm c) Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle. d) Your biceps brachii shortens

c) Proteins within the cells of the biceps brachii slide past each other lengthwise, shortening the muscle.

Water acts to dissolve molecules in the body. How does water dissolve the salt (NaCl) in your mouth from a salty pretzel? a) Water acts as a cofactor for enzymes that dissolve the salt. b) When water is added to the NaCl, NaCl is broken down by adding OH- to one element and H+ to the other. This is known as hydrolysis. c) Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

c) Water acts as a solvent because the partial negative charge on the oxygen in water attracts sodium, while the partial positive charge on hydrogen attracts chloride. This results in the separation of sodium from chloride, thus breaking the ionic bond.

In plasma, a typical body fluid, protein floating around would be considered to be which of the following? a) a solvent b) a solute, specifically both a colloid and a nonelectrolyte c) a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

c) a solute, specifically both a colloid and an electrolyte

A chemical imbalance in the blood can cause the heart to stop pumping blood, which in turn will cause other tissues and organs to cease functioning. This observation supports the view that a) all organisms are composed of cells b) congenital defects can be life threatening c) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent d) chemical molecules make up cells

c) all levels of organization within an organism are interdependent

Patterns established by these fibers determine the lines of cleavage. a) elastic and reticular fibers b) papillary plexus c) collagen and elastic fibers d) reticular and collagen fibers

c) collagen and elastic fibers

Which is one of the major functions of the lymphatic system? a) mineral storage b) internal transport of nutrients, waste, and gases c) defense against infection and disease d) directing immediate responses to stimuli

c) defense against infection and disease

In stratified epithelia adapted to resist mechanical forces, which of the following types of cell-to-cell junctions are especially abundant? a) basolateral junctions b) hemidesmosomes c) desmosomes d) gap junctions e) tight junctions

c) desmosomes

In which process can the released chemicals be used to generate energy or to support growth? a) circulation b) excretion c) digestion d) adaptation

c) digestion

Keratin is a protein that is typically found in which tissue type? a) neural b) muscle c) epithelial d) connective

c) epithelial

The tissue that always has a "top" and a "bottom" is ______ tissue. a) basal b) apical c) epithelial d) muscle e) connective

c) epithelial

Unlike cartilage, bone a) has cells within lucunae b) has a matrix that cotains collagen c) is highly vascular d) is a connective tissue e) has an outer covering

c) is highly vasular

Which of the following does not occur during RNA processing? a) Segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. b) Adenine nucleotides are added to the end of the RNA strand, forming a tail. c) mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome. d) Segments of RNA that do code for the protein are reconnected. e) A modified guanine nucleotide is added to the beginning of the RNA strand as a cap.

c) mRNA attaches to the small subunit of a ribosome.

The terminal web is a layer of ______ just inside the plasma membrane. a) intermediate filaments b) microvilli c) microfilaments d) microtubules

c) microfilaments

Cilia and flagella contain 9 pairs of ______ surrounding a central pair. a) centrosomes b) microfilaments c) microtubules d) intermediate filaments e) centrioles

c) microtubules

All of the following are organs of the endocrine system except a) thyroid b) thymus c) muscle d) pituitary e) pancreas

c) muscle

Cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous a) matrix b) periosteum c) perichondrium d) canaliculi e) lacunae

c) perichondrium

Ribosomes are composed of protein and a) tRNA b) mRNA c) rRNA d) mDNA e) DNA

c) rRNA

The layer of the skin that contains bundles of collagen and elastic fibers responsible for the strength of the skin is the ________ layer. a) epidermal b) hypodermal c) reticular d) subcutaneous e) papillary

c) reticular

Which of the following is a characteristic of the cell membrane? a) fully permeable b) not permeable c) semipermeable d) impermeable

c) semipermeable

Identify the three basic components of connective tissue. (Module 4.10A) a) contractile units, vascular beds, and calcium storage b) ducts, pores, and secretory areas c) specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance d) connective tissue cells, basement membrane, and hemidesmosomes e) neuroglial cells, axon and dendrite framework, and electrical conduction pathway

c) specialized cells, protein fibers, and ground substance

Special cells called ________ cells maintain tissues by unending cycles of cell division. a) somatic b) meiotic c) stem d) sex e) mitotic

c) stem

Which of the following is a product in the following reaction: glucose + fructose --> sucrose + H2O? a) oxygen b) fructose c) sucrose d) glucose

c) sucrose

Consider sweetened iced tea. Which of the following is a solute? a) water b) ice c) sugar d) the beverage itself

c) sugar

During which of the following phases does DNA replication occur? a) cytokinesis b) mitosis c) synthesis d) prophase

c) synthesis

The loose connective tissue component of a mucous membrane is called a) adipose tissue b) reticular tissue c) the lamina propria d) dense irregular connective tissue e) the basal lamina

c) the lamina propria

A type of intercellular junction that stops materials from crossing an epithelium between cells is termed a(n) a) hemidesmosome b) intermediate junction c) tight junction d) gap junction e) desmosome

c) tight junction

Which of the following structure cannot be viewed clearly without a compound light microscope? a) human oocyte b) large protozoan c) viruses d) bacteria e) mitochondrion

c) viruses

The epidermis in the thin skin contains ________ layer(s) and in the thick skin contains ________ layers. a) 1; 2 b) 2; 3 c) 3; 4 d) 4; 5 e) 5; 6

d) 4; 5

Examine the reaction below, and then answer the question. A+B⟶ (Enzyme1) C+D⟶ (Enzyme2) E+F⟶ (Enzyme3) G+H Absence of which enzyme would cause the greatest reduction in the production of G and H? a) Enzyme 1 b) Enzyme 2 c) Enzyme 3 d) Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.

d) Absence of any of the enzymes would have the same effect—decrease or block the production of G and H.

According to the Cell Theory, which of the following statements is incorrect? a) All cells come from pre-existing cells. b) All vital processes in an organism occur at their cells. c) All vital functions of an organism occur within its cells. d) All organisms are made of multiple cells.

d) All organisms are made of multiple cells.

Which of the following statements about cells is false? a) Cells are the most basic units of life. b) Although human cells are diverse in size, shape, and function, they have essentially the same organelles and general structure. c) The cells in our bodies collectively carry out all of the functions necessary for us to stay alive. d) Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

d) Cells join together to form organelles, which then form our organs and organ systems.

Renewal or modification of the cell membrane is a function of the: a) ribosomes b) microtubules c) mitochondria d) Golgi apparatus e) rough E. R.

d) Golgi apparatus

Which of the following is an exchange reaction? a) hydrolysis b) dehydration c) C6H12O6+C6H12O6→C12H24O12 d) HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O

d) HCl+NaOH→NaCl+H2O

Which of the following best describes dehydration synthesis? a) Two smaller molecules separate and reorganize into two new molecules after a water molecule is added to them. b) A large molecule is broken down, or splits, to produce salt and water. c) Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is removed from between them. d) Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart.

d) Two smaller molecules join together after a water molecule is added to split them apart.

Foods are broken down into their building blocks by adding water. This would be an example of which characteristic of water? a) Water acts as a cushion b) Water has a high heat of vaporization c) Water acts as a lubricant d) Water acts as a reactant

d) Water acts as a reactant

Epithelium is connected to underlying connective tissue by a) gap junctions b) proteoglycans c) interfacial canals d) a basal lamina e) keratin

d) a basal lamina

Which intercellular attachment in epithelial cells locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions? a) occluding junction b) desmosome c) gap junction d) adhesion belt

d) adhesion belt

Nuclear pores are not/do not: a) associated with proteins that regulate the movement of ions and small molecules. b) permit chemical communication between the nucleus and the cytosol. c) account for about 10 percent of the nuclear surface. d) allow proteins and DNA to freely cross the nuclear envelope.

d) allow proteins and DNA to freely cross the nuclear envelope.

The genetically programmed death of a cell is called a) differentiation b) mitosis c) metastasis d) apoptosis e) replication

d) apoptosis

The glycocalyx: a) is bound to the inner or outer surface of the plasma membrane and is easily separated from it. b) contains pores or channels through which water and solutes may pass. c) binds solutes and transports them across the plasma membrane. d) binds to extracellular structures and is important in cell recognition and lubrication of the cell surface.

d) binds to extracellular structures and is important in cell recognition and lubrication of the cell surface.

Electrolytes are charged particles called ions that are dissolved in body fluids. Which of the following ions would be considered a major anion in the body? a) potassium b) calcium c) sodium d) chloride

d) chloride

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are a) tendons, ligaments, and elastic ligaments. b) polar, cellular, and permeable. c) cartilage, bone, and collagen. d) collagen, reticular, and elastic. e) loose, dense, and irregular.

d) collagen, reticular, and elastic.

If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to a) metabolize sugars b) synthesize proteins c) move d) form the mitotic spindle e) produce DNA

d) form the mitotic spindle

Which term refers to moving away from the body's midline? a) medial b) superficial c) distal d) lateral

d) lateral

Which organ system functions to return tissue fluid to the bloodstream? a) urinary system b) skeletal system c) cardiovascular system d) lymphatic system

d) lymphatic system

If a response decreases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ______feedback system a) neutral b) positive c) polarized d) negative e) deficit

d) negative

Which of the following is the main component of the cell membrane? a) carbohydrates b) cholesterol c) water d) phospholipids

d) phospholipids

If a response increases a disturbance, the system is classified as a ______feedback system a) neutral b) negative c) polarized d) positive e) deficit

d) positive

The site of translation if: a) the plasma membrane b) the cell nucleus c) ribosomes in the cell nucleus d) ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm e) the Golgi apparatus

d) ribosomes in the cell cytoplasm

A person is lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. She is in the ______ position. a) dorsal b) caudal c) prone d) supine e) anatomical

d) supine

What makes a connective tissue "loose" or "dense"? (Module 4.12A) a) the number of fibroblasts b) the viscosity of the ground substance c) the number of phagocytic cells d) the packing or volume of fibers e) the presence or absence of adipose cells

d) the packing or volume of fibers

The muscle known as the diaphragm separates the ______ from the ______. a) pericardial cavity; pleuarl cavity b) pericardial sac; pericardial cavity c) pleural cavity; mediastinum d) thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity e) abdominal cavity; pelvic cavity

d) thoracic cavity; abdominopelvic cavity

Goblet cells are classified as a) compound alveolar glands b) simple tubular glands c) compound tubular glands d) unicellular exocrine glands e) simple alveolar glands

d) unicellular exocrine glands

Which of the following occurs during transcription? a) The message in mRNA is translated into a protein. b) A cap is added to the RNA molecule. c) Those segments of the RNA strand that do not actually code for the protein are removed. d) mRNA binds to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. e) A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

e) A molecule of RNA is formed based on the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.

Describe the role of fibroblasts in connective tissue. (Module 4.11B) a) Fibroblasts are mobile stem cells that repair damaged tissues. b) Fibroblasts are fixed cells that store lipids. c) Fibroblasts stimulate local inflammation and mobilize tissue defenses. d) Fibroblasts are small, mobile, phagocytic blood cells that enter tissues during infection or injury. e) Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.

e) Fibroblasts secrete hyaluronic acid and proteins that rom the ground substance and create the extracellular fibers.

Which of the following statements about tissue swelling that occurs during inflammation is true? a) It is triggered by regeneration and caused by increased endothelial permeability. b) It is triggered by histamine. c) It is caused by increased endothelial permeability. d) It is triggered by regeneration. e) It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.

e) It is triggered by histamine and caused by increased endothelial permeability.

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of ________ tissue. a) neural b) any muscle c) skeletal muscle d) smooth muscle e) cardiac muscle

e) cardiac muscle

Some cells contain large numbers of mitochondria while others have relatively few or none. This suggests that a) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a low energy demand. b) some cells are older than others. c) cells with large numbers of mitochondria are short-lived. d) cells with small numbers of mitochondria have a large ATP supply. e) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

e) cells with large numbers of mitochondria have a high energy demand.

All of the following are characteristics of synovial membrane except that it a) has no basement membrane. b) is continually exchanging fluid and solutes between its fluid and the blood. c) develops within a connective tissue. d) has gaps of up to 1 mm between adjacent cells. e) is avascular.

e) is avasular

Which of the following is a correct statement about mRNA? a) Segments of mRNA that code for protein are removed before translation. b) mRNA is transcribed from DNA in the cytoplasm. c) mRNA includes a cap that consists of extra adenine nucleotides. d) mRNA moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm following RNA processing. e) mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation.

e) mRNA binds directly to amino acids during translation.

Which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? a) basal bodies b) thick filaments c) microfilaments d) intermediate filaments e) microtubules

e) microtubules

The components of ribosomes are synthesized by a) the E.R. b) Golgi apparatus c) lysosomes d) mitochondria e) nucleoli

e) nucleoli

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are a) plasma, interstitial fluid, and cytosol. b) blood, interstitial fluid, and cytosol. c) blood, lymph, and cytosol. d) blood, plasma, and lymph. e) plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.

e) plasma, lymph, and interstitial fluid.

Homeostatic regulation usually involves a(n) ______ that detects a particular stimulus and a(n) ______ that responds to the stimulus by communicating with a(n) whose activity has an affect on the same stimulus a) effector; receptor; control center (integrating center) b) receptor; effector; control center (integrating center) c) effector; control center (integrating center); receptor d) control center (integrating center); receptor; effector e) receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

e) receptor; control center (integrating center); effector

The kidney contains large quantities of ________ epithelium. a) speudostratified columnar b) simple columnar c) simple squamous d) startified squamous e) simple cuboidal

e) simple cuboidal

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the ______ epithelium. a) simple columnar b) simple cuboidal c) startified squamous d) speudostratified columnar e) simple squamous

e) simple squamous