SPM 356 Exam 1 Study Guide

Olympic Oath

"In the name of all competitors, I promise that we shall take part in these Olympic Games, respecting and abiding by the rules that govern them, in the true spirit of sportsmanship, for the glory of sport and the honor of our teams"

Rule 50

-"No kind of demonstration or political, religious or racial propaganda is permitted in any Olympic sites, venues or other areas." - Olympic Charter Rule 50 (Rule 51 or 55 before 1975) -Under Rule 50, Olympic athletes are prohibited from any kind of demonstration at the Olympic Games. - The delayed Tokyo 2020 Olympics was the first games with relaxed Rule 50 -Athletes are allowed to protest following the IOC's and IF's guideline, as long as the protest is in support of Olympic values and social justice.

Coca Cola and the Olympics

-1928 The first appearance of the sponsor Coca-Cola at the Olympic Games -Longest continuing relationship with IOC Also supporting more than 190 NOCs

Polis

-A city-state in Ancient Greek -Poleis were trading partners, military allies, and antagonists and practitioners of a common greek culture -From 800 to 300 B.C.E. the Greek poleis dominated the Mediterranean Sea and extended their influence northeastward to the Black Sea.

Two major city-states

-Athens and Sparta -Two stand out in particular for their accomplishments and legacies to Western civilization -Their accomplishments caused them to overshadow other notable poleis: Corinth , Delphi, and Thebes

1936 Berlin Olympics

-Berlin won the bid to host the Games on April 26, 1931, at the 29th IOC Session. -1933: Hitler appointed Chancellor of Germany First Nazi concentration camp opens Gestapo established, boycott of Jewish shops and business -1934: Hitler proclaims himself Fuhrer and Reichskanzler (Leader and Reich Chancellor); Army should plead allegiance to him -1935: "Nuremberg Laws" - anti-Jewish racial laws enacted -Discussions of Boycott...- American Olympic Committee (AOC) and American Athletic Union (AAU) were to decide -AOC (should go) vs. AAU (should boycott) -US did go: AOC Avery Brundage main supporter of going = no politics in Olympics was his belief -Controversies... propaganda... -Contributions... Great Spectacle(large crowd, stadium, opening ceremony) Torch Relay The first live television coverage in broadcasting history

Spartan Society

-Boys if strong at birth were spared, if not, were left to die: Movie "300" -State controlled life and education: -Girls were trained at home in gymnastics—to bear healthy children. -Boys were raised at home until age 7 and trained by mothers -Ages 7-20, males stayed in barracks training for military § Ages 20-30, were in the military -Narrow-minded society, focus only on physical prowess and not on intellectual development.

Munich 1972

-Cold War between East and West -Many countries in political turmoil -Eleven nations boycotted the Games -7,123 athletes competed from 122 nations, 1,058 women -The Munich Massacre -Sep. 5: Arab terrorists kill 11 Israelis -Israel & New York Times call end to Games § Memorial for slain Israelis -Games resumed -Egypt, Kuwait, Syria: left Munich -After Games: Israeli war planes attacked Arab guerrilla bases

Cold War Olympics

Olympics during the cold war was affected by politics and propaganda (nationalism, political protest, boycotts, etc.)

James Connolly

- American who won the first event held in the rebirth of the olympics (triple jump)

Olympic Values

- Excellence - Friendship - Respect (+ Enjoyment)

Events of the Ancient Olympics

- Stade Race - footraces, first Olympics, the length of the stadium. -Wrestling - the winner must throw his opponent to the ground twice before being thrown twice -Boxing -Chariot racing -Pancratium - combination of boxing and wrestling (loser had to give up)

Panathenaic Games

-Every four years in Athens -From 566 BCE into the 3rd century CE -Modeled on the Olympic Games, including poetic and musical competitions -Panathinaiko or Panathenaic Stadium

Rule 40 (Present Amateurism)

-Except as permitted by the IOC executive board, no competitor, coach, trainer or official who participates in the Olympic games may allow his person, name, picture or sport performances to be used for advertising purposes during* the Olympic Games" -"During" the games: 9 days before to 2 days after the games. -When used for/by official sponsors of the IOC, Olympics, NOCs. - Showing logos on sport equipment (at a certain size).

Baron de Coubertin

-Father of the modern Olympics• He proposed in 1892 the revival of the Olympic Games -June 23, 1894 - At the Int'l AthleticCongress held in Paris, the revival of the Olympic Games was decided; the Int'l Olympic Committee (IOC) was founded; Demetrios Vikelas was selected as president

"Olympia" Nazi Movie

-Filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl, a favorite of Adolf Hitler, was commissioned by the German Olympic Committee to film the Games. Her film, entitled Olympia, introduced many of the techniques now common to the filming of sports. -45 cameras shot 200 hours of film that was edited down to 225 minutes. Whatever the debatable political message, the films are very much in a European tradition of film as 'art' (won many film awards) -The movie shows....- Ancient Greek (temples, stadia, etc.)- Aryan men and women (physically fit) - Torch relay (German flame traveling across Europe) - Opening ceremony (Athletes from various countries marching and saluting Hitler) - Aryan athletes' dominance at the Games *The 1936 Olympics was used as a propaganda for the German Nazi party

Jesse Owens

-First American track & field athlete to win four gold medals in a single Olympiad = 100-meter dash, long jump, 200-meter dash, 400-meter relay ¡ "During a time of deep-rooted segregation, he not only discredited Hitler's master race theory, but also affirmed that individual excellence, rather than race or national origin, distinguishes one man from another."

Barcelona 1992

-First boycott-free Olympics (due to the reunification of Germany, fall of Soviet Union, end of Apartheid in south Africa) -Removal of Amateurism (1991) - Professional athletes' active involvement in the games -The Dream Team - Accepting pros

First Modern Olympics - 1896 Athens

-First modern Olympics -Support of the Greek Government -Participation in the Games -Track and field, gymnastics, target shooting, fencing, and more matches -241 male athletes from 14 countries -Countries represented by sport clubs or Univs. (no NOCs yet) -No female athletes

Amsterdam 1928

-First time: -The Olympic Flame was lit during the Olympics. -The parade of nations started with Greece § Bear the name -"Summer Olympic Games" -400 meter track stadium—later became the standard for Athletics -16 day schedule (which continues until these days)

Olympic Symbol

-Five rings used to represent different continents -Now they're the most commonly used colors in Olympic member country's flags

Mexico City 1968

-Games marked a radical departure from past Olympic politics - U.S.Olympians John Carlos and Tommie Smith staged a Black Power demonstration on the victory stand -While the protest seems relatively tame by today's standards, the actions of Smith and Carlos were met with such outrage that they were stripped from their medals, suspended from their national team and banned from the Olympic Village, the athletes' home during the games (based on Rule 50).

Marty Glickman

-Glickman was a member of the 1936 U.S. 1936 team - sprinter -He had been a track star at Syracuse University -Glickman, a pioneering sports broadcaster in the New York City market, started in radio there in 1939. He was eventually to become New York's foremost sports announcer, covering basketball, wrestling, harness racing and American-style football, among other sports major or esoteric. -He is less remembered by the public as an 18-year-old member of the U.S. Olympic track and field squad who was yanked from competing in the 1936 Games in Berlin, for no other reason than that he was a Jew. That affront left him in fury for the rest of his life.

Athenian Society

-Greek Ideal became the Athenian Ideal to develop boys for both physical and mental abilities. -Upper Class Boys from 7 to 14-18 formally educated at private schools -The Palaestra was for physical training -Males could become citizens at 18 years. -Between ages 18-20, males were subject to military service. -After 20 = time at the "gymnasium" to stay ready for war, but also intellectual education.

Archaic Age Greece

-Greek time period immediately following the Dark Ages. It was characterized by the rise of the polis (city-states) -(800 BC - 480 BC)

Two developments ended the era of Olympic games

-Intellectual curiosity and a search for knowledge replaced the Greek Ideal for physical development. -Although Roman decree ended the Olympics, the Olympics had lost their values much earlier. ▪ The Roman Emperor Theodosius I, legally abolished the games in 393 or 394 A.D.

Key Actors of Olympic Movement

-International Olympic Committee (IOC) National Olympic Committees (NOCs) -International Sport Federations (IFs) -Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games (OCOG)

1932 LA

-Los Angeles - Games of the X Olympiad -No other cities made a bid to host these Olympics. -Great Depression - many nations and athletes were unable to pay for the trip to Los Angeles -Games made a profit of $1M (reported) -Firsts: Olympic Village + Victory Podium

Bribery Scandals

-Olympic host cities are selected by IOC members... 100+ members cast 1 vote each... -Olympic bid cities put their upmost efforts to pursuade IOC members to votes for their cities -The president and VP of Salt Lake bid committee were caught offering bribes to IOC members* -Bribes in the form of direct payment, tuition assistance to family, vacation packages, media expense support, etc. -IOC's reaction...- Formed an investigation committee : 6 members expelled; 10 members sanctioned * Criticism: While the IOC reached out to IOC members and applicant cities searching for potential bribes, they did not investigate the Olympics already awarded. Aftermath... - IOC ethics commission - IOC code of ethics - Rules of conduct for cities bidding for the Games -IOC's initiatives... (Rules of Conduct) - Bid cities have limited contact to IOC members (bid presentations only allowed in certain IOC approved events) - Bid cities should report to IOC when inviting IOC members (should report 'statement of activities' and get approval from IOC ethic commission to invite IOC members) - Independent auditor appointed to review the financial managmenet of the candidate cities - No gift are allowed to Olympic parties and Olympic sport IFs - TOP sponsors are not allowed to sponsor any candidate city - Consultant/lobbiest working for candidate cities should be registered and reported to the IOC => Eventually, the IOC changed the process of selecting host cities

1900 Paris Olympics

-Olympics was the 'side-show' of an International Expositions -French government was in charge of organizing the Games and the exposition; exposition was prioritized -De Coubertin tries to save the games without success - Dates - 14 May 1900 - 28 October 1900 (Over 5 months) - No opening or closing ceremonies- Track and field event was held on an oval grassy fields - 1 Ticket sold ¡ ""It's a miracle that the Olympic Movement survived that celebration". - De Coubertin

Seoul 1988

-Olympics without a major boycott... message of peace and harmony -First games to officially allow professional athletes to compete -IOC launched TOP (The Olympic Partner) program; since the 1988 Olympics, sponsorship becomes a major source of IOC's and Olympic revenue -Tainted by drug scandals (Ben Johnson, Track)

Olympics 1996 to Present

-Olympics: commercial success & international popularity - Successful TOP partner programs - Drawing global audience's attention -But, also facing issues with... - Terrorism threat (1996 Centennial Park Bombing) - Bribery scandals (2002 Salt Lake City Winter Olympics, etc.) - White elephants (venues unused after the games) - Doping scandals - Environmental issues - Human rights

1908 London

-Originally awarded to Rome (Volcano eruption caused withdraw) -Games were held in conjunction with the Franco-British Exhibition -Held in London (13th July - 31st October) -For the first time, a stadium was specially prepared for the Games and swimming events did not take place in the open water.

1904 St Louis

-Originally planned for Chicago, the Games were moved to St. Louis (suggestion by Theodore Roosevelt to have the event as part of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition) -Only 11 countries participated -Air travel the expense of getting to the USA discouraged many competitors. - Of 23 track and field events, the US took 22 gold, 33 silver, and 20 bronze. -Competitions were reduced to a side-show of the World's Fair and were lost in the chaos of other, more popular cultural exhibits

Pan-Hellenic Festivals

-Pan-Hellenic - "for all Greeks" festivals. -OLYMPIC GAMES greatest contest of all. Held every 4 years at Olympia, in honor of Zeus, the chief Greek god. -(776 BCE. to 400 CE.) Lasting 5 days. -Athletes had to be male, and Greek born and not a slave. Required to train for 10 months. -Oath of fair play -Cycle - Structured so individual athletes could participate in all of the games.

William Sloane

-Princeton University history professor -Met the Coubertin on his frequent forays to France while researching Napoleon Bonaparte -First president of the American Olympic Committee for some 10 to 15 years and later served on the International Olympic Committee for more than 30 years.

Sanctuary

-Promoting the identity of the individual polis -A place for crowds to gather temenos and an altar for the central act of sacrifice -Treasuries housed the valuable dedications of individual -At Olympia, structures associated with the pan Hellenic festivals (the stadia) are outside the temenos.

Olympia

-Site of the ancient sanctuary (a sacred place), not a town, In a valley in Elis, in western Peloponnese on the Alpheus River. -A Shrine of the Greeks containing art, temples, monuments, altars, theaters, statues, and votive offerings. -Remains of food and burnt offerings dating back to the 10th century BC

Olympia Facilities

-Stadia (track) -Training facility gymnasium =Greek gymnos meaning naked -Palaestra for boxing and wrestling -Buildings connected with the administration of the festival -Buildings for entertaining of visitors

Avery Brundage

-Strong advocate of amateurism -In 1961 IOC session, he proposed the inclusion/strengthening of amateur code (see pic above) implementing stricter rules

Olympic Flame and Torch

-Taken from the ruins of the site of ancient Olympic Games - Lit by the heat of the sun, and carried to the host city - Symbolizes lighting the Olympic spirit in other parts of the world.

Moscow 1980

-The United States and 31 other countries boycotted the games because of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the apartheid issue in South Africa. -80 nations participated — the smallest number since 1956 -Due to U.S's boycott, U.S. athletes were chosen and recognized as U.S national team members but were not able to compete at 1980 Moscow .

Heracles (Hercules)

-The last mortal son of Zeus -Son of Jupiter (the Roman equivalent of Zeus) -Romans valued him as their idea of a hero -Instituted the Olympic Games in honor of his father, Zeus -Taught men how to wrestle -Measured out the stade (stadium for Games) -The Only contestant at the first Games

Ancient Olympic Games Founding Date

-Traditional date 776 BCE -Written records show the first instance of the Olympic Games were held in 776 BC...but it is generally thought the Games were founded in the last 7th century BC (100 years prior) -Greek Mythology says they were founded by Heracles, the son of Zeus

Pentathlon

-Winner, all-around athlete (708 B.C.) -Race of 1 or 2 stades -Javelin —8-10 feet to test both distance and form -Long jump - Discus —using 1-foot diameter and 4-5 pound stone thrown from a fixed position -Wrestling —always the deciding event

Fundamental Principles of Olympism

...philosophy of life ...sport at the service of the harmonious development of humankind ...supreme authority of the IOC ...practice of sport is a human right ...the rights and obligations of autonomy ...discrimination is incompatible with belonging to the Olympic Movement ...belonging to the Olympic Movement requires compliance with the Olympic Charter and recognition by the IOC.

Amateurism

Baron de Coubertin - Believed in Amateurism ideal (for educational reasons, and to keep sport for the elite) -The eligibility code on the Olympics restricted athletes being paid for sport -Jim Thorpe -2 Gold medals in 1912 Olympics - Stripped from medals after being found to be paid small amount of money for playing semi-pro baseball -1936 Winter Olympics Ski- Ski instructors were not allowed to play as considered pro; led to Swiss and Austrian ski team boycott -Amateur ideals was pursued within the Olympic movement -But eastern bloc countries were paying their national team athletes, blurring the distinction between amateur and professional athletes -Emphasized the 'Olympic caliber' and commercial potential of inviting pros to the Olympics -Partially allowed participation of pro-athletes in 1988 Olympics; removed 'amateurism' from Olympic charter eligibility code -Participation of the USA dream team in 1992 signals the removal of amateurism eligibility code

Olympic Motto

Citius, Altius, Fortius - Communiter (Faster, Higher, Stronger - Together) * 'Together' was added in 2021.- Expresses the aspirations of the Olympic spirit

Modern Summer Games V-X (1912-32)

During this period, the Olympics returned as an independent event and gradually evolved into a high-profile international sporting event.

Olympic Flag

Flying the flag represents international unity through sport and Olympic values

LA 1984

In response to the boycott of 1980 Moscow games, 14 eastern bloc countries (e.g., Soviet Union, East Germany, Cuba) boycotted the 1984 Games -Carl Lewis: 4 Golds: First time since 1936 -Most financially successful Olympics (used existing venues, lucrative sponsorship deals, etc.) -Turning point of the modern Olympics... - Financially successful -Increased no. of participation -First games under new IOC President Juan Antonio Samaranch -The OCOG ran a successful sponsorship program -Legacy: LA84 Foundation was established with the profits (USD 223 Million) made with the 1984 Olympics

Margaret Abbott

first American women to win the Olympics (golf); didn't event know she was competing for the Olympics