Media Industries Test 1 study Guide
What are ideas that structure our belief systems?
"Common Sense" worldviews
Which media industry issue describes how much more difficult it is to predict what media industry products will succeed than it is in most other industries?
"Nobody knows"
Local TV and Radio Stations are mostly owned by what?
"Station Groups"
What is another name that the Public Sphere is referred to as?
"Water-cooler Talk"
It is more true to say media creates content that will be considered what?
"commercially successful"
What is Comcast's market capitalization?
$ 278 Billion
What is the market capitalization of AT&T?
$195 Billion
What is Disney's market capitalization?
$329 Billion
What is the order of Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
- Self-actualization, →Esteem Needs, →Belonging and Love Needs, →Safety Needs, →Physiological Needs. Going top to bottom from least important to most important. We can not proceed up the pyramid until each layer of needs is met
What are Gillian Doyle's two main observations about the activities of media industries?
1) Making intellectual property 2) Maximizing profits
What are the different types of the television industry?
1) broadcast television (advertiser-supported networks like NBC, ABC, CBS) 2) Basic cable (channels like ESPN, TNT, or USA which receive subscription fees and advertiser support 3) Premium cable (Channels such as HBO and Showtime that are supported through subscription alone 4) Streaming services like Netflix
List the reasons why Media Industries warrant understanding?
1) they are increasingly important sectors of the American and world economics 2) they contribute to political discussions, debate, and our views of the world 3) they contribute to our everyday lives in ways that are sometimes obvious and sometimes subtle
What were the General Principles of the Hays code?
1. A movie could not lower the moral standards of audience members 2. A movie could not portray crime as attractive or criminals as sympathetic figures
In what two senses do we use the term culture?
1. An aesthetic sense 2. An Anthropological sense
What are examples of the Particular Applications (Images that could not be depicted) of the Hays Code?
1. Illegal Drug trafficking 2. Excessive and lustful kissing; sex perversion 3. Gay/Lesbian relationships (not clearly stated, but implied) 4. Miscegenation 5. Nudity (either explicit or silhouette)
What are the Biggest media markets (TV and Radio) in U.S. (according to Nielsen, 2021)?
1. N.Y. 2. L.A. 3. Chicago 4. Philly 5. D.F.W 8. Houston 31. San Antonio 38. Austin 83. Waco-Temple-Bryan
What are the 2 items being sold in dual-product markets?
1. The media product 2. And the Buyer (You are being sold to the advertisers)
What are the two transitions of the economy and the media that took place from the 1980's to the early 2000's?
1. The rise of the information economy 2. A shift from the strategy of mass production and its associated practices to mass customization and its practices
Who are considered the big 3 media conglomerates of the world?
1. Walt Disney 2. Comcast 3. ATT
How does the public pay for commercial mandates?
1. We pay inflated prices for goods that are being advertised 2. We also pay monthly fees for certain media
What are some examples of known formats?
1. When popular movies become video games 2. When popular books become movies
Understanding Media regulations requires answering what three questions?
1. Who regulates? FCC 2. What is regulated? Every type of media 3. How do regulations affect the products of media industries? Advertisements, Less regulations are on content we choose to pay for.
What are the two distinct types of media practices?
1. creative practices 2. distribution and aggregation practices
How are commercial media deemed successful?
1. ratings 2. More subscriptions gained afterwards or fewer cancelled subscriptions
What can circumscribe agency?
1. the cultures we work and live in and the norms of that culture 2. The conventions of the particular media industry 3. The priorities of the organization one works for, as well as the management style of one's superior 4. The different identities of workers and how they correspond with power relations in society 5. Professional organizationsWh
What are the three things that Conventions can often carry?
1. the illusion of quality 2. professionalism 3. inevitability
What are two of the most significant changes in media industries over the past few decades?
1. the steady conglomeration of many different kinds of companies under a single corporate umbrella 2. the consolidation of ownership into a handful of global companies.
What are the "dynamics of change" that currently bring yearly, even monthly, adjustments to how media industries have long operated?
1. the technological capability of digitization 2. the expansion of media industries to normally operate as global rather than domestic entities, or what we refer to as media globalization 3. the rise of information economy 4. the emergence of mass customization
How long does Corporate copyright last?
120 yrs after creation or 95 yrs after publication
What is advertisers most coveted demographic and why?
18-34 yrs old, college educated, Incomes at least $75,000 a year - They are the ones that influence the culture - They don't have kids, who usually take away all your money that you could have used on streaming services and media
When was the Hays code used?
1930s to 1960s
When was Miller V California?
1973
What year was FCC vs. Pacifica Foundation?
1978
Regulators must be careful not to run opposite of what?
1st amendment; freedom of speech protections
Sinclair Broadcasting group owns nearly how many tv stations across the U.S.?
200
The FCC committee cannot have no more than how many people from one political party?
3
Nowadays, A person can not control no more than what percentage of the entire viewing/listening public?
39%
How many people are on the committee for the FCC?
5
How many conglomerates control the media that we receive?
7
What are the 3 networks in the 3 network model?
ABC NBC CBS
Which of Disney's studios does cross-marketing with other Disney product ?
ABC and ESPN
Besides Fox, What Companies does Walt Disney Own?
ABC, Espn, Marvel, LucasFilm
Who pays for the commercial mandates?
Advertisers pay for ads, and the public
What are examples of Demographics?
Age, race, ethnicity, sex, gender, socio-economic levels, etc.
What are the two types of Media Creators?
Agency and Corporate cogs
What are central concepts for understanding how media industries' practice works?
Agency and ideology
What was the era of mass entertainment?
An era when everyone in the country flocked to the same movies or switched on the same programs, leaving the impression that the nation as a whole possessed similar tastes, experiences, and aspirations.
What is an example of a private good, and why?
An expensive dinner, because once you've eaten it, no one else can enjoy it
What is the Film Industry practice when a film studio would control when and where movies were shown?
Artificial scarcity
Where are government mandates usually used?
Authoritarian governments
What are Joseph Turrow's 13 Power Roles of a Mass Media Industry?
Authorities Producers Creators Investors Clients Auxiliaries Unions Facilitators Distributors Exhibitors Linking Pins Publics Public advocacy groups
How does the media companies keep subscriptions from their subscribers?
Auto-matic withdraw They recommend similar movies to your interests
What are media practices called that are not the main two: Creative and Distribution and Aggregation?
Auxiliary practices
Why can Journalist's reliance on breaking news and its urgency lead to greater agency?
Because timeliness depends on allowing reporters and editors to make decisions, rather than having decisions evaluated by multiple levels of upper management
Who is the CEO of Walt Disney?
Bob Chapek
What was the result of Comcast bought NBCUniversal?
Both the businesspeople and the management at NBC could stop worrying about their jobs and start focusing on creating popular programs
Who is the CEO of Comcast?
Brian Roberts
What is the one media platform that has strict regulations?
Broadcast
What is the only media that operates under strict governmental regulations?
Broadcasting
What is regulated by the FCC?
Broadcasting (TV and Radio), including local network affiliates like KBTX (CBS affiliate) and KAGS (NBC affiliate)
How did Dell revolutionize the computer market?
By allowing customers to choose particular processors, memory allocations, and other features based on their specific needs and preferences.
What companies does AT&T own?
CNN, TBS, Warner Bros., HBO, Direct TV, Cartoon Network
What started the Niche Media trend?
Cable
What is an even more recent natural monopoly?
Cable companies with TV options and broadband internet
What is the Question for Disney about the News Industry?
Can the news industry that they own be able to accurately report on an unethical business deal by the Disney company?
What did Manufacturing practices emphasize?
Centralization standardization long-term profit horizons durable goods
What are those in the media industry that have some independence, but it's limited due to their corporate cultures and superior's views?
Circumscribed agency
What are the three principles of media agency?
Circumscribed agency Ideological uncertainty Cultures of production
What "station groups" owns most of Radio?
Clear Channel
As of June 2021, What are the 6 biggest media companies?
Comcast Walt Disney AT&T Viacom-CBS Sony Fox
What mandate was eventually decided on for Radio?
Commercial
What are the two types of Mandates?
Commercial and Non-Commericial
What type of media is made by companies for profit?
Commercial media
The FCC responds to our what?
Complaints
What term means the consolidation of ownership?
Concentration
What term refers to the extent to which a market or industry is dominated by the largest business?
Concentration
What organizes how media industries can operate?
Conditions
What refers to the integration of previously distinct sectors of media industries under a single corporate umbrella?
Conglomeration
The powers of the FCC and FTC are "checked" by whom?
Congress and Judiciary
What does Governmental bodies regulate?
Content and structure
What helps make commercial media production more predictable?
Conventions
What is it called when Some artists give up a bit of their copyrights in order to let other artists transform their original works?
Creative Commons Movement
Which media practice encompasses the tasks and workers involved in the making of media?
Creative practices
What is the ability of one owner to purchase multiple companies in different media industries?
Cross-ownership
What describes a conglomerate's ability to market content developed for one sector of the media conglomerate throughout the other media sectors in its organization?
Cross-promotion
What forms the base for the entire Industrialization of Culture Framework?
Culture
Which principle of media agency identifies the influence of the cultures of production within which media workers exist?
Cultures of production
What term means narrow subsections of the population?
Demographics
The movie Red Dawn has the couple from what popular movie?
Dirty Dancing
Which media practice includes workers and activities that bring finished media goods to the audience?
Distribution and aggregation practices
What term is used to refer to the social common sense of our time?
Dominant ideology
Commercial Media supported by advertisers are referred to as what?
Dual-product markets
Why has there been a transition between mass production to mass customization?
Due to changes in the broader global economy
What is owning two similar types of media in the same market (such as two local TV stations)?
Duo-polies
Why is the framework of the media industries intended to be multidirectional?
Each level influences the others
Explain the "Sponsorship Model"?
Early days, one company sponsored the whole show in a subtle fashion Eventually lead to more "Hard-selling" discussing the product in-depth Scandals eventually forced shows to have more than one advertising spots
What refers to the decreased costs of production that come from producing a wide range of products, the efficiencies can include sharing research and development costs across multiple products and taking advantages of integrated or related marketing campaigns?
Economies of scope
What regulates media in the USA?
FCC
What was the Supreme Court's ruling in FCC vs Pacifica?
FCC had broad power to regulate media because - Media is "uniquely pervasive" - Broadcasting also "uniquely accessible to children" - You can't not always avoid it or turn the dial/radio station
What regulates advertising and certain aspects of the Internet?
FTC, or the Federal Trade Commission
What is an exception to copyright?
Fair use
What does FCC stand for?
Federal Communications Commission
What does FTC stand for?
Federal Trade Commission
What is a term most commonly used in the radio industry to describe the type of music a radio station plays?
Format
In television, what are the sales of the features of a show successful in one country to be reproduced in another country?
Format Sales
What strategy used by media industry workers is composed of a variety of techniques that emphasize features of media content known to succeed in the past?
Formatting
What major studio did Disney recently acquire?
Fox
What were the original movie rating?
G PG R X
What were the 2 parts to the Hays Code?
General Principles and Particular Applications
What helps guarantee that new media content will find an appropriate and willing audience and make the job of marketing easier?
Genre
What is a french word that simply means "type"?
Genre
What media term describes content that is similar in general ways?
Genre
Who was the main guy in FCC vs. Pacifica Foundation?
George Carlin
Who coined the phrase public sphere?
German social theorist Jurgen Habermas
What was the beginning of the movie ratings?
Hays code
What lead innovative industries to rely more on just-in-time production?
High interest rates
Where are Television and Film industries centralized?
Hollywood
What media organizational strategy describes the conglomeration of various companies at the same level of the value chain- or companies that do the same thing?
Horizontal
What are two key questions in the study of media industries?
How and Why media goods are created in the first place
What is it called when Media may try to control the ideological content of their information, but it's nearly impossible to know the impact it will have on society?
Ideological uncertainity
Explain the Miller Test?
In order for speech (or Material to be determined obscene, it must... 1. appeal to the prurient interest of average person (applying contemporary community standards 2. Depicts or describes in a patently offensive way, sexual or excretory functions 3. (Slaps test) lacks Serious literary, Artistic, Political, or Scientific value according to a reasonable person - If the material meets all three prongs, it is not protected by 1st amendment
What is a strategy that attempts to compensate for the unpredictability of success?
Intentional overproduction
In the game show 21, Why did the winners become pre-determined?
It became rigged to make drama and make the sponsors happy.
Why was the 3 network model so popular?
It has all types of programming for all demographics all in one channel
Why are public mandates so difficult?
It is difficult to answer the question what does it mean to serve the people. Everyone has different interests and find different things entertaining
What does de minimis mean?
It is legal Doctrine that means minor, lacking significance for copyright
How is Mass customization different than mass production?
It is more varied and targeted to buyer preferences than traditional mass-produces goods
Why do media industries release and/or do something unexpected or boundary defying?
It is often because of the initiative or persistence of an individual or an uncommon corporate culture.
What are the problems with "community standards" and "SLAPS" test?
It must meets all 3 prongs to be considered obscene and not protected by 1st amendment
Does the Electromagnetic spectrum occur naturally or is it artificially made?
It occurs naturally
The era in which mass production dominated was a time of what?
It was a time of predictable and consistent economic growth
Who is the CEO of AT&T?
John Stankey
Who was the first person to introduce the term "fake news"?
John Stewart
What is the effort to produce goods as close as possible in time to the moment they are purchased?
Just in time production
What example of formatting is when those actors, directors, writers, and producers who have succeeded in the past or with whom audiences are familiar and regard positively?
Known Talent
What is it called when Media tends to reproduce general, already-existing formats?
Known formats
What is it called when Media sticks with familiar faces instead of unknown faces?
Known talent
What was one of the most obvious examples of formatting involves what practice?
Known talent
In formatting, what are the two types of known materials?
Known talent Known Products Known formats
What are some examples of community/Alternative/DIY Mandates?
Local access cable channels, low-fi radio stations, Fanzines, Blogs,... Even YouTube in its early days
What was the abbreviation of the modern media rating system shortened down to in 2019?
MPA
What are examples of Niche media trends started by cable?
MTV, Nickelodeon, ESPN, CNN, HGTV
What is a media organization's foremost goals, or its reason for operating?
Mandate
What is the primary goal or the reason for being of the media industry?
Mandate
When did Walt Disney acquire Fox?
March 2019
Was Radio originally considered Mass or Niche media?
Mass
What is a strategy that focuses on producing commodities that are more tailored to local market conditions?
Mass customization
What is the info/media that is designed for large undifferentiated audiences/ all ages?
Mass media
What type of media is designed to distribute info and entertainment to mass audiences?
Mass media
What is necessary for the contribution to the public sphere?
Mass sphere
What are laws, guidelines, and policies that govern how media industries produce, Distribute, and exhibit products?
Media Regulations
What are the shows, songs, films, magazines, and games that we watch, listen to, read, or play?
Media Texts
What are Non-commercial mandates?
Media for education
What are Commercial Mandates?
Media made for profit
What is a geographic region where viewers/listeners can receive the same media content (often number of available media, tv and radio stations, newspapers, etc?
Media markets
What was a more recent natural monopoly?
Microsoft with windows and Internet Explorer
What groups were competing for the use of Radio?
Military (Government) Entrepreneurs (Commercial) Public (amateur radio enthusiasts)
Explain Miller v California?
Miller was found guilty in California based on violating community standards. Miller appealed under previous S.C. ruling that obscene material had to be "utterly without redeeming social value". Believed it had social value, and the case went all the way to the Supreme Court. They said that it did not have social value.
What is Miscegenation?
Mixed race marriages (a black husband and a white wife)
What are the first and obvious example of Formal self-regulations?
Movie Industry
What are self-regulated?
Movies, TV, and Videogames
Does the environment influence the person or does the person influence the environment?
Much more the environment influences the person
What companies and studios does Comcast own?
NBC, Telemundo, Universal Pictures, Xfinity (cable), Dreamworks Animation
What movie rating replaced X in 1990?
NC-17
Are non-commercial mandates made for profit?
NO
Are the FCC and FTC all powerful and independent?
NO
Do we create media content themselves?
NO
Is the FCC the only governmental body that regulates media?
NO
Is there a clear definition of media?
NO
Would a strict public mandate work for Radio?
NO
Can popular radio stations change formats?
NO, they must stick to one format
What is it called when one company dominates a market because competition would be inefficient?
Natural monopolies
What company is an example of starting out as a distributor of other people's content but then switched to making their own content?
Netflix
What company is an example of when lines between creators and distributors are blurred?
Netflix
Have radio stations always been niche or mass media?
Niche
Cable companies and media companies are transitioning from mass media into what other type of media?
Niche Media
What type of media is a specific topic for a specific audience?
Niche Media
What type of media targets narrow and specific audiences?
Niche Media
What is an example for a niche cable channel being split into more channels for more niche audiences?
Nickelodeon being split into Nick and Nick JR
Can Industry workers who create content control the political ideology of the programs they produce?
No
Is Media utilitarianism or Non-utilitarianism?
Non- Utilitarianism
What caused the 1973 Oil Crisis?
Oil-producing countries in the Middle East refused to sell oil to the United States because of its support of Israeli military forces in the Yom Kippur War.
What movie rating was added in 1984?
PG-13
Explain FCC vs. Pacifica Foundation?
Pacifica owned radio station in New York (WBAI). The station aired (unedited) Carlin's "7 dirty words" routine during afternoon programming. A listener complained to FCC (claimed his son was with him and heard Carlin's routine). FCC censured Pacifica, and Pacifica sued. Supreme Court upheld the FCC's ruling.
Legal issues surrounding ownership of material as it relates to what?
Peer-to-peer networks Mash-ups Sampling
What term describes the duties and activities of media industry workers?
Power roles
What term means preventing material from circulating or being dissembled?
Prior Restraint
What ownership style are typically managed by a family and are not subject to the same disclosure rules?
Privately Held
What are the two types of ownership that a media company can have?
Privately held and Publicly Held
What is a popular form of advertising in Tv Shows?
Product placement
Media today are created primarily for what?
Profit
Are Radio and Broadcast TV for Public or Private use?
Public
Are the Radio airways waves of the Electromagnetic spectrum public or private?
Public
What is it called when the original creator no longer has rights to the material?
Public Domain
What is a unique space for public debate and discussion about current events?
Public Sphere (Habermas)
What type of goods are not things that are good for the public but rather commodities that are not destroyed or used up in the process of consuming them?
Public goods
Due to high sunk costs and low reproduction costs, economists consider most media as what two types of goods?
Public or semipublic
What ownership style are those that anyone can buy stock in and consequently have a responsibility to stockholders to protect their investment?
Publicly Held
The Beginning of American Broadcasting starts with the beginning of what?
Radio
What was the modern day videogames?
Radio
Most non-commercial mandates are what two things?
Radio and TV
What are the two media that usually pursue a public mandate?
Radio and TV
What was the 1st PG-13 movie?
Red Dawn
What emcompasses the legal rules within which media companies operate?
Regulations
How do we determine success in Mixed Mandates?
Representation - Is the station/network doing a good job representing their culture?
How is success measured in Community/Alternative/or DIY Mandate?
Satisfaction of media creators
A Public mandate is charged with what?
Serving the people
What two things tended to be standardized and aimed at common cultural tastes and sensibilities?
Shows and Movies
Why was Radio always blamed for everything?
Since they were the newest thing and were popular with children and young adults. The older adults did not understand it.
What "station group" owns most of television channels?
Sinclair
What is the business model for streaming services?
Smaller, prices increases every year or so
What is stagflation and what did it cause?
Stagnant economic growth combined with currency inflation it caused interest rates to more than double by 1974
What are unwritten rules content creators abide by?
Standard Features
When we talk about media, what are we talking about?
TV, movies, Videogames, books, Music, Radio, Newspapers, Magazines
How are mixed mandates financially supported?
Taxes, but also could be supported by ads
How are Government mandates financed?
Taxes, government surpluses, perhaps even money seized from the public
What legal act eliminated limits on how many stations could be owned nationwide?
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Which sense of culture refers to the specific social practices, values, morals, and hierarchies associated with a particular group of people?
The Anthropological sense
What does media companies have to do in return for receiving space on the electromagnetic spectrum from the FCC?
The Companies have to serve the "public interest"
What is the gap between those who have access to high-speed broadband internet and those who don't & the skills necessary to use the technology?
The Digital Divide
Companies borrow space on the Electromagnetic spectrum from whom?
The FCC
What regulates interstate and international communications by radio, television, wire, satelite, and cable in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, and U.S. territories?
The FCC
What are formal self-regulation?
The Media set up formal bodies to police their own content
The Hays Code was ultimately replaced by what in 1968?
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) rating system
What was the Supreme Court's decree in the Paramount decree?
The Movie Studios had too much power
What is another name for the state?
The National Government
What was the Supreme Court's decision in 1948 that changes the way the film industry does business?
The Paramount Decree
Who appoints the 5 person committee for the FCC?
The President of the United States
Once the time on a copyright runs out, the material enters what?
The Public Domain
What became the favored tools of Nazi propaganda?
The Radio, films and parades
Which society publishes a code of ethics that members are supposed to follow and which influences both what stories journalists report and how they report them?
The Society for Professional Journalists
Before 1948, What part of the media industry used to have all the power?
The Studio
Radio ownership consolidated considerably after the passage of what act?
The Telecommunications act of 1996
As consumers, How are members of the public divided into demographic groups?
The advertising industry
What is the quintessential example of mass production?
The automobile industry of the 20th century
What other industry can the media industry be compared to?
The automotive industry
What is the digital divide?
The divide between the have's and have not's of internet access. The people who have internet access and who don't
Radio and Broadcast TV exist on what spectrum?
The electromagnetic spectrum
What is a media "text"?
The intellectual property
How long does Copyright last?
The life of the creator plus 70 years.
What industry is the most evolved when it comes to creating niche media?
The magazine industry
Who owns the network affiliates in major markets?
The parent company
What is a way of describing the relative growth in the sector of the economy within which media industry work in typically placed?
The rise of information economy
What happened in the 1970's to disrupt the mass production, mass distribution, and mass consumption of the postwar era?
The stability of the postwar economy began to erode thanks to the 1973 oil crisis
Different sections of a conglomeration are often worried more about and are measured by what?
The success of their own unit, not the media empire
Explain the "21" game show incident?
The winners were pure chance at first, but then they began pre-determined.
What is one concern about too much control over media by media corporations?
There is the chance for less journalistic objectivity
Why would older folks not be more lucrative for advertisers?
They are usually stuck in their ways and won't want to try new things
How did radio and later TV finance their programming?
They engage in the "Sponsorship Model"
How did FCC respond after FCC vs Pacifica?
They established hours of 10pm to 6am as "safe harbor" hours. - They believe that children are asleep and they would not be watching or listening to radio/tv
Why did none of the actors and directors like the Film Industries' vertical integration?
They had no say in what project they could do. Only what paramount says to do
Why do most media industries spread budgets widely knowing most of their offerings will fail?
They lack reliable tools for predicting hits and failures
How does a film's director and a magazine's editor-in-chief make the final decisions about a project?
They make decisions based on the limited array of options and suggestions of many others that make it impossible to assert it is the vision of any single individual
Why do media producers usually get stuck in a rut?
They produce the same material over and over again
What happened due to the game show 21 making their winners pre-determined?
They were responsible for a show no longer having only one sponsor
What is the consequence if someone complains about a network affiliates' content?
They will get fined
What happens when people continually complaint to the FCC about an affiliate's content?
They will not be able to renew their FCC lincense
What is the Film Industry practice of Block-booking?
They would force independent theaters to show lesser-quality movies in order to be able to show blockbuster movies.
Mixed mandates often target their message to whom?
Those underserved by the community
What major movie company did AT&T buy and when?
Time Warner in 2018
Why are Governmental mandates created?
To serve the needs of the government in power
Why did they put ratings on movies?
To show parents what type of movie their child would be watching
What are some of the Standard Features?
Tv shows are either 30 or 60 features Movies generally aren't longer than 2 to 3 hrs Important stories usually go at the beginning of a newscast
What media organizational strategy describes the attempt to control every stage of a media good's development, from production through distribution and sales?
Vertical
Film Industries practiced what type of integration?
Vertical - They controlled the actors, directors, distributors, theaters,etc
What are the two different organizational strategies of media industries?
Vertical and horizontal integration
What news anchor is synonymous for breaking the news of Pres. Kennedy's death by removing his glasses?
Walter Crumbright
Why do we study media industries?
We can better appreciate how and why the content we interact with comes to be created
What was an early natural monopoly?
Western Union with the telegraph
How would Disney have a conflict of interest with its news companies?
When Disney forces ABC to stop reporting on a news story that paints Disney in a bad light due to Disney's bad decisions
When did Radio become more niche?
When TV became more popular
What are informal self-regulations?
When the FCC responds to our complaints
How is success measured in Government mandates?
When the government feels like their message has gotten out to the world - When the views of the government are transmitted to the people
What are Dual-product markets?
When two items are being sold in this market
According to Maslow, What are our Self-Actualization needs?
When we achieve our own goals
Who was the President of Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America; MPPDA?
Will Hays
In today's world, Do media sell a dominant ideology?
Yes
Was there a strict limit to a number of stations that one person (company) could own?
Yes, used to be
Why is every media project considered to be a risk?
You never know if you have a success on your hands
Who pays for non-commercial public mandates?
You, the consumer - could be through taxes (PBS) - or through Donations
What is the final authority for a particular piece of media?
a film's director or a magazine's editor-in-chief
What does the state set up to regulate media?
a governmental body
What did Will Hays make?
a list of Guidelines (some implicit; some explicit) that were forbidden in movies
It used to be prohibited for one company to own what both things?
a local TV station and the local newspaper
What is a mixed mandate?
a mix of both public and commercial
What did Miller v California establish?
a new legal 3-pronged definition of obscenity known as the Miller Test
How can the framework of media Industries can described as?
a pinball machine
How do audiences interpret messages and content?
according to their own experiences and perspectives, which might not be consistent with that of the creator
A reporter may have what to pursue a story how they see fit?
agency
Film Industries practicing Vertical Integration by in the day was a violation of what?
anti-trust
In the commercial media system, creating content that is commercially successful consistently overrides what?
any ideological aim
What is the long economic life of media industry products?
ars longa
Media producers are often isolated from what entity?
audiences
What is agency equal to?
autonomy or independence
How do scholars typically evaluate media?
based on whether they support or challenge social inequities
Why do we maintain a distinction between companies that provide content and those that provide access?
because companies that produce media content share some basic features and face some basic challenges that companies involved in other industries do not
Why does Genres make the job of marketing easier?
because the new media goods can be situated among previous goods
Why did the Newspaper industry not transition to mass customization?
because the newspaper industry was significantly disrupted by digital distribution
The creation of most of the media we generally think of as the output of the media industries requires big or small staffs?
big staffs of individuals
According to Joseph Turow, Niche media is responsible for what?
breaking up America
Almost all large-scale media operations today function under what type of mandate?
commercial mandate
What regulates the behavior of an entire media sector?
conditions
When we focus on media Industries, we focus on those who do what?
create content, or the media "text" Not those who provide it
What does the isolation of Media producers tend to influence?
creators to reproduce norms and ideologies unintentionally.
Government mandates are meant to neutralize what?
dissent
Community mandates mostly survive on what?
donations, and there might be some governmental help
Why was the newspaper industry perhaps the only media industry not organized in terms of mass production in the postwar period?
due largely to the particularly local emphasis of this medium.
What were the main economic engines of the American economy during the rise of the automobile industry?
durable goods like cars
Niche media are now being split up into what types of media?
even more Niche media
What are known products?
familiar brands
Why are spin-offs and sequels so popular?
familiar brands
According to Maslow, what are our physiological needs?
food, water, shelter
What is the main reason that media is created?
for profit
What is the one aspect of media that most people know the least about?
how they are organized into and operate as industries
Where did the era of mass customization emerge?
in blogs and online versions of print media
Why must Popular media generally fit conventional genre definitions?
in order to be made in commercial media systems
Where do we tend to see mixed mandates?
in small, ethnic communities in large cities ex: Italian and German sections
Where did the Mass customization in the media industry begin?
in the magazine industry
What is another word for revenue?
income
How can you determine a business' profit?
income minus costs
What is the supposed but untested "rules" about what audiences desire and what will or won't be commercially successful?
industry lore
What is part of conventions are just how media is?
inevitability
What does copyright protect?
intangible, original property (music, poetry, books, video).
What is the "main sway" that professional organizations hold over members?
it comes from trade journals and conventions that reward and teach industry-wide "best practices".
Why do Media producers tend to produce the same material?
it is always what the audience has wanted
Television and film industries are funded mainly through what?
large, upfront capital investments
When did Cable and media companies start transitioning from mass media to niche media and what model did it form?
late 1970's and it formed the 3 network model
Do Streaming services produce content for the majority or minority of viewers?
majority
What term means the objects of culture that surrounds us in our daily lives- and may have meaning for us?
material culture
What are O&O stations?
media stations owned and operated by the networks; often in large markets
What illustrates the most extreme example of horizontal integration?
monopoly
Where do community mandates serve?
neighborhoods or smaller groups
If we disagree with a story, the story must be what?
not true
The 1973 Oil Crisis caused what to happen in the United States?
oil and gas prices in the United States to spike, forcing an already weak American economy into a deep recession
When can the Government exercise "prior restraint"?
only in the cases of the broadcasting of obscene material
According to Maslow, In order for people to stay long term in a job, you need to give people what?
opportunities to grow and achieve goals i.e. promotion
According to Maslow, what are our love/belonging needs?
people/friendship, relationships
According to Maslow, what are our safety needs?
physical safety
What does the letter X usually mean?
pornography
What part of conventions is what professional media looks like?
professionalism
Governments may edit what from other countries?
programming
Government mandates are meant to sell what?
propaganda
What term refers to the unique space for public debate that the mass media can provide in modern societies?
public sphere
The FCC is most known for what?
regulating content and what can be shown to the public.
The era of Mass production led to what benefits?
reliable interest rates, inflation rates, wages, and more
The FCC and FTC do have the power to create what?
rules and regulations
According to Maslow, What are our Esteem needs?
self-esteem/ How we are perceived
Media plays a role in how what develops?
society
Do media create content that is skewered toward a specific political agenda?
sometimes
Most media can operate relatively free of what?
strict governmental regulations
Fair use allows limited use of copyright material as long as its for what?
teaching Research Criticism/Commentary News Reporting Parodies (as long as the New work "add [s] new perspective to the original")
Whenever we study media industries , we look at what two things?
the "how" and the "why" ex: How are media goods created? ex: Why are they created?
Which sense of culture refers to the content that the media industries produce, such as films, newspapers, and the like?
the Aesthetic Sense
What contributes considerably to defining the possibilities available to media industries?
the available technology
Intellectual Property are often owned by whom?
the company and not their creators
Mass customization begins with what?
the identification of niche audiences and the development of media goods specifically targeted at the narrow audience targets
What is "what is perceived as the best"?
the illusion of quality
What is one of the consistent critiques, particularly of commercial media industries?
the sameness and predictability of their content
What is arguably the most significant indication of the transition from mass production to mass customization in media industries?
the transition from business built on designing media goods for a mass audience to designing goods for niche audiences
The rise of the information economy generally refers to what?
the transition in the composition of national economies, so that the reliance on jobs in sectors such as the manufacturing of physical goods are diminished, while a new sector, the information economy, becomes more central
What does Media Industries focus more on?
the unique characteristics, features, and challenges of those that create and distribute content
What does the term ideology refer to?
the worldviews that lie behind and give meaning to our endeavors
Why is content created by media companies considered to be commercially successful?
their audiences and advertisers want that kind of media to be shown and it makes money
Why are telecommunication companies distinct from media industries?
they primarily provide the technological infrastructures and interfaces through which we access media content
What is an alternative strategy to intentional overproduction?
to produce fewer albums and put far more resources into them
What does trademark protect?
trademark protects words, phrases, symbols that identify creators of goods
If we agree with a story, the story must be what?
true
What are the different types of frequencies?
very low low medium High Very High Ultra High Super High Extremely High
What does Non-utilitarianism mean?
we do not need the the media to survive
When does Interactive media cause some confusion?
when it comes to the role of media consumer and media producer (especially if they're the same person)
The media organizations make decisions on their own concerning what?
which material will be "commercially viable"
What do streaming services care a lot more about?
your subscriptions and keeping your subscriptions