A&P Module Exam 2

Second Degree Burn (partial thickness)

Epidermis and upper dermis

Regeneration

Epidermis is rebuilt (keratinocytes)

First Degree Burn (superficial)

Epidermis only

Osteocytes

mature bone cells

chondrocytes

mature cartilage cells

Joints

where two bones meet (articulations)

Nail Matrix

(nail bed) responsible for nail growth

Discuss the role of bones in regulating blood calcium levels

1. Body deposits calcium in bones when blood levels are too high and releases calcium when blood levels are too low

Events of Skin Repair

1. Inflammation & Immune Activity 2. Clot Forms scab 3. Granulation 4. Fibrosis 5. Regeneration

intramembranous ossification steps

1. stem cells differentiate into osteblasts and secrete osteoid 2. osteoid calcifies and osteoblasts become osteocytes 3. bone gets thicker, blood vessels enter, bone hollow out--> red bone marrow form 4. Osteoblasts on outside of spongy bone will lay down compact bone on outside

ABCDE method for assessing skin cancer

A- asymmetry B- borders C- color D- diameter E- evolving- thickness

Albinism

Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes

3 main factors of influence that stability of synovial joints

Articular surfaces Ligaments Muscle Tone

endochondral ossification steps

Begins with a cartilage model 1. cartilage shaft forms 2. a location in the middle where stem cells become osteoblasts 3. blood vessels enter, primary marrow cavity hollows out 4. secondary marrow cavity forms, form spongy bone on the ends 5. bones will continue to grow as a person ages, epiphyseal plate remains until after puberty

Tissues and organs that compose the skeletal system

Bones, connective tissue, cartilage, tendons and ligaments

Melanin with sulfur

Blonde

Gangrene

Caused by infection, also can be poor blood supply

Terminal

Coarse Hair, Beard/leg/chest hair on men and pubis hair on men and women

Histological structure of subcutaneous tissue?

Composed of fat, thickets in palms and soles of feet, acts as a layer of insulation to protect internal organs and muscles

Histological structure of the dermis?

Connective tissue layer--> fiberous layer, collagen fibers, elastic tissue

Fourth Degree Burn

Deep Burn (electrical) extends through epidermis, dermis, deep into tendons, ligaments, muscle, bone, blood vessels, nerves

Compact Bone

Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid

third degree burn (full thickness burn)

Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless

Brown/Black

Eumelanin

Vellus

Finer type found in children or women across entire body

apocrine sweat glands

Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin, cool the body

Endocrine Glands

Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream

General Features of a Long bone

Has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than is wide, epiphyesis, and diaphysis

Spongy Bone

Have an arrangement of trabeculae, open spaces filled with marrow

Lnagerhans' cells

Immube system

Dendritic Cells

Immune cells, grab onto bacteria, protection

Calcitonin

Lowers blood calcium levels

3 natural pigments that affect skin color

Melanin-yellow to black Carotene- yellow Hemoglobin- Reddish

Inorganic

Mineral Salts--> calcium phosphate

Basal Cell Carcinoma

Most common and least severe type of skin cancer

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, flexible, resilient support

Red Bone Marrow

Mostly on end of bones, produces blood cells

Structure of nails

Nail matrix, free edge

Melanocytes

Pigment

Necrosis

Premature death of cells

Functions of the Skin

Protection, immunity, regulation of temp, sensation, exertion of sweat, blood reservoir, Vitamin D synthesis

Melanin with iron

Red

Common Rule to quickly assess how extensive a burn is

Rule of Nines

Merkel cells

Sensation

Structures of hair

Shaft, root, hair follicle

What determines hair color?

The melanin in the hair

Intramembranous

Start with membrane, forms flat bone

Similarities

Stem cells become osteoblasts Blood vessels enter

Follicle

Stocking-like structure that starts in the epidermis

Yellow Bone Marrow

Stores fat, found in medullary cavity

Where in the skin keratin and glycolipids are produced?

Stratum Spinosum

keratinocytes

Strength protection

Melanoma

The most serious form of skin cancer, black tumor

Flat Bone general features

Thin, are often curved such as ribs and cranial bones

squamous cell carcinoma

Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma, abnormal, accelerated growth of squamous cells

Glycolipids

Types of carb that also forms a waterproofing characteristic for the skin

decubitus ulcer

Under too much pressure which will inhibit blood supply to that region

Osteoporosis

a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily, poor calcium absorption, protein deficiency, immobility, diabetes, thyroid hormone imbalance

Linear Fracture

a fracture running parallel to the length of the bone

Tendon Sheaths

act as friction-reducing structures

Calcitriol

active form of vitamin D (intestinal calcium absorption)

Fibrocartilage

acts as pads between vertebrae and at knee

Cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin, lack of oxygen to a certain area

open fracture (compound)

bone breaks skin

osteoclasts

bone cutters

Closed fracture (simple)

bone doesn't break skin

Complete Fracture

bone is broken all the way through

Osteoblasts

build bone

Elastic Cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; bendable

Infarction

death of tissue, result of poor blood supply

fibrosis tissue repair

dermis is rebuilt (collagen fibers)

Types of hair

downy, vellus, terminal

Hirsutism

excessive hair growth over the body

downy

found in infants (fine, thin)

Oblique Fracture

fracture at an angle to the bone

Functions of Joints (Articulations)

give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together

sudoriferous glands

glands that secrete sweat to the outside of the body; also assist in body temperature regulation

Intersitial growth

growth in length

male pattern baldness

hair loss in an adult male due to changes in levels of circulating sex hormones

Epidermal derivatives

hair, nails, glands

steps of bone repair

hematoma, cartilaginous callus (soft callus formation), bony callus (hard callus formation), remodeling (osteoclast)

Root

in the skin that extends down to deeper layers

Appositional Growth

increase in bone thickness

PTH (parathyroid hormone)

increases blood calcium when level declines

Histological structure of the epidermis?

keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Gray or white

lack of pigment, melanin is actually missing

Alopecia

loss of hair in certain pockets of the skin

vitiligo

loss of pigment in areas of the skin

Transverse Fracture

occurs straight across the bone

pathologic fracture

occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain (disease)

sebaceous glands

oil glands, Lubricate, protects hair, kill bacteria, goes outside into ducts

Bone Deposition

osteoblasts form osteoid followed by later mineralization

Organic

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, various proteins --> including collagen

Rickets

osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity, bowed legs, deformities of pelvis skull and ribs

Free edge

outside rounded edge of nail, protects dorsal surface of fingers

incomplete fracture (greenstick)

partial or incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and one side is bent

Apoptosis

process of programmed cell death

How do Keratine and Glycolipids affect skin function?

protect skin against abrasion and penetration

Bursae Sheath

sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another

Merocrine sweat glands

secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.

Exocrine Glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

Osteomalacia

softening of the bone, due to inadequate mineralization, pain when weight is applied

Layers of the Epidermis

stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale

Factors that determine joints range of motion

structure of the articular surfaces of the bones, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, action of the muscles and tendons

Functions of skeletal system

support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, acid-base balance

Bone Resorption

the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts

Shaft

the visible part of hair

bone as tissue vs. bone as organ

tissue: made up of different tissues organ: has vital function in the body, self-contained

Stress Fractures

usually overuse injuries, tiny cracks in the bone

Endochondral

within the cartilage, start in the middle of the shaft, when completed hyaline cartilage remains as articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate

Atrophy

without nourishment (lose muscle)(stroke)