A&P Module Exam 2
Second Degree Burn (partial thickness)
Epidermis and upper dermis
Regeneration
Epidermis is rebuilt (keratinocytes)
First Degree Burn (superficial)
Epidermis only
Osteocytes
mature bone cells
chondrocytes
mature cartilage cells
Joints
where two bones meet (articulations)
Nail Matrix
(nail bed) responsible for nail growth
Discuss the role of bones in regulating blood calcium levels
1. Body deposits calcium in bones when blood levels are too high and releases calcium when blood levels are too low
Events of Skin Repair
1. Inflammation & Immune Activity 2. Clot Forms scab 3. Granulation 4. Fibrosis 5. Regeneration
intramembranous ossification steps
1. stem cells differentiate into osteblasts and secrete osteoid 2. osteoid calcifies and osteoblasts become osteocytes 3. bone gets thicker, blood vessels enter, bone hollow out--> red bone marrow form 4. Osteoblasts on outside of spongy bone will lay down compact bone on outside
ABCDE method for assessing skin cancer
A- asymmetry B- borders C- color D- diameter E- evolving- thickness
Albinism
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
3 main factors of influence that stability of synovial joints
Articular surfaces Ligaments Muscle Tone
endochondral ossification steps
Begins with a cartilage model 1. cartilage shaft forms 2. a location in the middle where stem cells become osteoblasts 3. blood vessels enter, primary marrow cavity hollows out 4. secondary marrow cavity forms, form spongy bone on the ends 5. bones will continue to grow as a person ages, epiphyseal plate remains until after puberty
Tissues and organs that compose the skeletal system
Bones, connective tissue, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
Melanin with sulfur
Blonde
Gangrene
Caused by infection, also can be poor blood supply
Terminal
Coarse Hair, Beard/leg/chest hair on men and pubis hair on men and women
Histological structure of subcutaneous tissue?
Composed of fat, thickets in palms and soles of feet, acts as a layer of insulation to protect internal organs and muscles
Histological structure of the dermis?
Connective tissue layer--> fiberous layer, collagen fibers, elastic tissue
Fourth Degree Burn
Deep Burn (electrical) extends through epidermis, dermis, deep into tendons, ligaments, muscle, bone, blood vessels, nerves
Compact Bone
Dense outer layer that looks smooth and solid
third degree burn (full thickness burn)
Destroys epidermis and dermis; burned area is painless
Brown/Black
Eumelanin
Vellus
Finer type found in children or women across entire body
apocrine sweat glands
Found in armpits, around nipples, and groin, cool the body
Endocrine Glands
Glands of the endocrine system that release hormones into the bloodstream
General Features of a Long bone
Has a shaft and 2 ends and is longer than is wide, epiphyesis, and diaphysis
Spongy Bone
Have an arrangement of trabeculae, open spaces filled with marrow
Lnagerhans' cells
Immube system
Dendritic Cells
Immune cells, grab onto bacteria, protection
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels
3 natural pigments that affect skin color
Melanin-yellow to black Carotene- yellow Hemoglobin- Reddish
Inorganic
Mineral Salts--> calcium phosphate
Basal Cell Carcinoma
Most common and least severe type of skin cancer
Hyaline Cartilage
Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, flexible, resilient support
Red Bone Marrow
Mostly on end of bones, produces blood cells
Structure of nails
Nail matrix, free edge
Melanocytes
Pigment
Necrosis
Premature death of cells
Functions of the Skin
Protection, immunity, regulation of temp, sensation, exertion of sweat, blood reservoir, Vitamin D synthesis
Melanin with iron
Red
Common Rule to quickly assess how extensive a burn is
Rule of Nines
Merkel cells
Sensation
Structures of hair
Shaft, root, hair follicle
What determines hair color?
The melanin in the hair
Intramembranous
Start with membrane, forms flat bone
Similarities
Stem cells become osteoblasts Blood vessels enter
Follicle
Stocking-like structure that starts in the epidermis
Yellow Bone Marrow
Stores fat, found in medullary cavity
Where in the skin keratin and glycolipids are produced?
Stratum Spinosum
keratinocytes
Strength protection
Melanoma
The most serious form of skin cancer, black tumor
Flat Bone general features
Thin, are often curved such as ribs and cranial bones
squamous cell carcinoma
Type of skin cancer more serious than basal cell carcinoma, abnormal, accelerated growth of squamous cells
Glycolipids
Types of carb that also forms a waterproofing characteristic for the skin
decubitus ulcer
Under too much pressure which will inhibit blood supply to that region
Osteoporosis
a condition in which the bones become fragile and break easily, poor calcium absorption, protein deficiency, immobility, diabetes, thyroid hormone imbalance
Linear Fracture
a fracture running parallel to the length of the bone
Tendon Sheaths
act as friction-reducing structures
Calcitriol
active form of vitamin D (intestinal calcium absorption)
Fibrocartilage
acts as pads between vertebrae and at knee
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin, lack of oxygen to a certain area
open fracture (compound)
bone breaks skin
osteoclasts
bone cutters
Closed fracture (simple)
bone doesn't break skin
Complete Fracture
bone is broken all the way through
Osteoblasts
build bone
Elastic Cartilage
cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; bendable
Infarction
death of tissue, result of poor blood supply
fibrosis tissue repair
dermis is rebuilt (collagen fibers)
Types of hair
downy, vellus, terminal
Hirsutism
excessive hair growth over the body
downy
found in infants (fine, thin)
Oblique Fracture
fracture at an angle to the bone
Functions of Joints (Articulations)
give skeleton mobility and hold skeleton together
sudoriferous glands
glands that secrete sweat to the outside of the body; also assist in body temperature regulation
Intersitial growth
growth in length
male pattern baldness
hair loss in an adult male due to changes in levels of circulating sex hormones
Epidermal derivatives
hair, nails, glands
steps of bone repair
hematoma, cartilaginous callus (soft callus formation), bony callus (hard callus formation), remodeling (osteoclast)
Root
in the skin that extends down to deeper layers
Appositional Growth
increase in bone thickness
PTH (parathyroid hormone)
increases blood calcium when level declines
Histological structure of the epidermis?
keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Gray or white
lack of pigment, melanin is actually missing
Alopecia
loss of hair in certain pockets of the skin
vitiligo
loss of pigment in areas of the skin
Transverse Fracture
occurs straight across the bone
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain (disease)
sebaceous glands
oil glands, Lubricate, protects hair, kill bacteria, goes outside into ducts
Bone Deposition
osteoblasts form osteoid followed by later mineralization
Organic
osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, various proteins --> including collagen
Rickets
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity, bowed legs, deformities of pelvis skull and ribs
Free edge
outside rounded edge of nail, protects dorsal surface of fingers
incomplete fracture (greenstick)
partial or incomplete fracture in which one side of the bone is broken and one side is bent
Apoptosis
process of programmed cell death
How do Keratine and Glycolipids affect skin function?
protect skin against abrasion and penetration
Bursae Sheath
sac-like structures filled with synovial fluid that cushion movement of one body part over another
Merocrine sweat glands
secrete a watery fluid directly onto the surface of the skin.
Exocrine Glands
secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
Osteomalacia
softening of the bone, due to inadequate mineralization, pain when weight is applied
Layers of the Epidermis
stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale
Factors that determine joints range of motion
structure of the articular surfaces of the bones, strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, action of the muscles and tendons
Functions of skeletal system
support, protection, movement, mineral storage, blood cell production, acid-base balance
Bone Resorption
the removal of minerals and collagen fibers from bone by osteoclasts
Shaft
the visible part of hair
bone as tissue vs. bone as organ
tissue: made up of different tissues organ: has vital function in the body, self-contained
Stress Fractures
usually overuse injuries, tiny cracks in the bone
Endochondral
within the cartilage, start in the middle of the shaft, when completed hyaline cartilage remains as articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Atrophy
without nourishment (lose muscle)(stroke)