A&P part III

Between ages ______ and _____, the face grows out from the skull

6 and 11

______—skull is near adult size and proportion

8 or 9 years old

Movement of a limb away from the midline or median l,and if the body in the frontal plans is known as:

Abduction

_______ (scoliosis and lordosis) are often congenital

Abnormal spinal curvatures

In ______, Epiphyseal plates become ossified and long bone growth ends

Adolescence

Name one of the two functions of an articulation, or joint.

Allow flexibility and hold bones together

______- •Slightly moveable joints

Amphiarthroses

The _____ skeleton is composed of 126 bones of the appendages and pectoral and pelvic girdles

Appendicular

______—inflammatory or degenerative diseases of joints

Arthritis

______ - fibrous CT encloses joint surfaces and is lined with a synovial membrane (CT membrane)

Articular capsule

______ - hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones forming the joint

Articular cartilage

______- •Spherical head of one bone fits into a round socket in another •Multiaxial

Ball and socket joint

______ - allow movement around 2 axes •Side to side •Back and forth

Biaxial

•______ = 2 (L/R) coxal bones, sacrum, coccyx

Bony pelvis

______—flattened fibrous sacs •Lined with synovial membranes •Filled with synovial fluid •Not actually part of the joint •Cushion where structures (ligaments, tendons, muscles, bones, skin) rub together

Bursae

______—inflammation of a bursa usually caused by a blow or friction

Bursitis

•______—wrist •Eight bones arranged in two rows of four bones in each hand

Carpals

Hand consists of:

Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges

Example of saddle joint:

Carpometacarpal joint in thumb

______- •Bones connected by cartilage

Cartilaginous Joints

______- •Immovable or slightly moveable •Cartilage separates the bony regions

Cartilaginous joints

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle •Composed of two bones:

Clavicle Scapula

______- •"Knuckle-like" •Egg shaped end of one bone and oval recess of the other •Biaxial

Condylar joint

Ulna Proximal end articulation: •______ and ______ articulate with the humerus

Coronoid process and olecranon

_______- •Freely moveable joints

Diarthroses

Example of syndesmoses:

Distal end of tibia and fibula

______ aids in health and normal density of a female skeleton

Estrogen

You are studying a pelvis that is wide and shallow. The acetabulum are small and far apart. The public arch/angle is rounded and greater than 90°. It appears to be titled forward with a wide short sacrum. Is this a make or a female pelvis?

Female

The strongest, heaviest bone of the body is in the thigh. It is the:

Femur

_____—thigh bone •The heaviest, strongest bone in the body

Femur

_______- •Bones united by collagen fibers

Fibrous Joints

_______- •Generally immovable •Fibrous tissue separates the bony regions

Fibrous joints

_______—Thin and sticklike; lateral to the tibia •Has no role in forming the knee joint

Fibula

______ and ______ models are converted to bone

Flat and long bone

______ - based on amount of movement allowed

Functionally

Two ways joints are classified:

Functionally Structurally

______- FJ •Immobile (synarthrotic)

Gomphosis

______- •Inflammation of joints is caused by a deposition of uric acid crystals from the blood •Can usually be controlled with diet •More common in men

Gouty arthritis

Proximal end articulation •______ articulates with the (acetabulum) of the coxal (hip) bone

Head

______- •Cylinder and trough shape •Uniaxial - allow movement around one axis only

Hinge joint

The arm consists of one long bone, the:

Humerus

•Forms the arm •Single bone

Humerus

Every muscle of the body is attached to a bone or other connective tissue structure at two points. The _____ is the more movable attachment

Insertion

Example of plane joint:

Intercarpal joints

______ - area enclosed by the capsule; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane

Joint cavity

______- •Articulations of bones

Joints

Distal end articulation •______ articulate with the (tibia) in the lower leg

Lateral and medial condyles

•______—palm •Five per hand

Metacarpals

Example of condylar joints:

Metacarpophalangeal joints (knuckle)

_______—five bones form the sole of the foot

Metatarsals

______- •Most common chronic arthritis •Probably related to normal aging processes

Osteoarthritis

______- Bone-thinning disease afflicting --50 percent of women over age 65 --20 percent of men over age 70 •Disease makes bones fragile and bones can easily fracture

Osteoporosis

•_____ = 2 (L/R) coxal bones, sacrum

Pelvic girdle

_____ •Large heavy bones •The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis

Pelvis

_______- fourteen bones form the toes

Phalanges

•______—fingers and thumb •Fourteen phalanges in each hand •In each finger, there are three bones •In the thumb, there are only two bones

Phalanges

______- •Rounded end of one bone fits into a sleeve or ring of another •Uniaxial - can only rotate around its long axis

Pivot joint

______- •Flat articular surfaces •Nonaxial •Only short gliding movements allowed

Plane joint

______ are present at birth and are convex posteriorly

Primary curvatures

Example of symphysis:

Pubic symphysis •intervertebral joints

______—lateral bone in anatomical position

Radius

______ - reinforces fibrous layer of the capsule

Reinforcing ligaments

______- •An autoimmune disease—the immune system attacks the joints •Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints •Often leads to deformities

Rheumatoid arthritis

This type of movement is common in ball and socket joints and can be described as the movement of a bone around its longitudinal axis

Rotation

______- •Each articular surface has both concave and convex surfaces like a saddle •Biaxial

Saddle joint

The ______ or shoulder blades, are generally triangular in shape. They have no direct attachment to the axial skeleton but are held in place by trunk muscles

Scapula

______ are associated with a child's later development and are convex anteriorly

Secondary curvatures

______ - based on what composes the joint

Structurally

Types of fibrous joints:

Sutures

______- FJ •Immobile (synarthrotic)

Sutures

______- CJ •Slightly movable (amphiarthrotic)

Symphysis

______- •Immovable joints

Synarthroses

______- CJ •Immobile (synarthrotic)

Synchrondrosis

Types of cartilaginous joints:

Synchrondrosis Symphysis

______- FJ •Allows more movement than sutures (d/t longer fibers) but still immobile (synarthrotic)

Syndesmoses

Structural classification of joints includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and ______, which have a fluid filled cavity between articulating bones

Synovial

______ •Articulating bones are separated by a joint cavity •Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity •All limb joints

Synovial Joints

_______ is found in the joint cavity

Synovial fluid

______- •Freely moveable •Joint cavity separates the bony regions

Synovial joints

______—seven bones

Tarsals

•The foot is made up of:

Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

Example of gomphosis:

Teeth in their bony sockets

______- •Elongated bursa that wraps around a tendon (like a bun around a hot dog

Tendon sheath

______—inflammation of tendon sheaths

Tendonitis

______—Shinbone; larger and medially oriented

Tibia

•The lower leg has two bones

Tibia Fibula

Distal end articulation •______ and ______ articulate with the bones of the forearm

Trochlea and capitulum

True or false. All synovial joints are diarthroses or freely movable joints

True

True or false. The fingers of the hand and the toes of the foot -- with the exception of th great toe and the thumb-- each have three phalanges

True

Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches •______ --Medial and lateral •______

Two longitudinal One transverse

______—medial bone in anatomical position

Ulna

The forearm has two bones:

Ulna & Radius

______, aka "fallen arches, aka "flat feet"

Weak arches

Scapula—shoulder blade •Articulates with the clavicle at the ______ •Articulates with the arm bone (humerous) at the ______

acromioclavicular joint & glenoid cavity

Radius Proximal end articulation •Head articulates with the ______ of the humerus

capitulum

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle are Formed by two ______ and ______

coxal bones and the sacrum

•Proximal end articulation of the tibia •Medial and lateral condyles articulate with the ______ to form the knee joint

femur

In the fetus, Flat bones begin as ______

fibrous membranes

Bones are joined by fibrous membranes called ______

fontanels

Proximal end articulation: •Head articulates with the ______ of the scapul

glenoid cavity

In the Fetus, Long bones are formed of ______

hyaline cartilage

The female ______ flare more laterally

ilia

At birth, the skull bones are ______

incomplete

The female ______ is larger and more ______

inlet & circular

The female ______ are shorter and farther apart; thus the outlet is larger

ischial spines

Articulating bones are separated by a _______

joint cavity

Vertebral collapse results in _____ (also known as dowager's hump)

kyphosis

Initial symptoms of arthritis:

pain, stiffness, swelling of the joint

The female ______ is more rounded because the angle of the pubic arch is greater

pubic arch

The female ______ is shorter and less curved

sacrum

The female pelvis as a whole is ______, and the bones are ______ and ______

shallower lighter and thinner

•Clavicle—collarbone •Articulates with the ______ medially and with the ______ laterally

sternum & scapula

Example of synchrondrosis:

sternum to rib

Foot bones bound together in arched position by ______ and ______ to add "springiness"

tendons and ligaments

Fontanels are completely replaced with bone within ______ after birth

two years

Two largest tarsals:

•Calcaneus (heel bone) •Talus

Examples of hinge joints:

•Elbow joint •Ankle joint •Joints between

Functions of joints:

•Hold bones together •Allow for mobility

Coxal bones (ossa coxae) "hip bones" are composed of three pairs of fused bone:

•Ilium •Ischium •Pubis

The appendicular skeleton consists of:

•Limbs (appendages) •Pectoral girdle •Pelvic girdle

Common Clinical Forms of Arthritis:

•Osteoarthritis •Rheumatoid arthritis •Gouty arthritis (Gout)

Types of Synovial Joints: --Type is based upon the shape of the joint --The shape determines what movements are allowed

•Plane •Hinge •Pivot •Condylar •Saddle •Ball and socket

Examples of Pivot joint:

•Proximal radioulnar joint •Joint between atlas/axis (dens)

Pelvis protects several organs:

•Reproductive organs •Urinary bladder •Part of the large intestine

Examples of ball and socket joints

•Shoulder •Hip

There are Over ______ different types of arthritis --The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

100

The Appendicular Skeleton •Composed of ______ bones

126

Birth •Fontanels remain until around age ______

2

______—skull is larger in proportion to the body compared to that of an adult

2 years old