A&P semester study Guide
a reduction in muscle size, tone, and power is called
atrophy
Which of the following entities represents the highest level of organization
Organism
Structures consisting of two or more tissues types that work together to perform specific functions are called
Organs
Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move
down their concentration gradient
In ionic bonding
electrons are transferred from one atom to another
The four principal types of tissues are
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
the smallest structure that are considered to be alive are
cells
The three major anatomical planes are
sagittal, frontal, transverse
The reaction Na + Cl = NaCl is an example of
synthesis
how many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule
2
A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are
all composed of building blocks called nucleotides
An example of a macromolecule in our body includes
all of the above
Homeostatisis is defined as the
capability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal enviroment
the thigh is identified as the ____ region
femoral
which organ system controls body movement and responds to sensory stimuli
nervous
the skin is an example of a(n)
organ
Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomic position
palms are pressed lightly against the thighs
which epidermal layer is found thick skin only?
stratum lucidum
Anatomy deals with the
structure of the human body
A(n) _________ reaction is one in which two or more smaller molecules with low free energy are combined into a larger molecule with greater free energy
synthesis
The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the _______ cavity.
Abdominal
a nerve impulse triggers the release of what chemical at a neuromuscular junction?
Acetylcholine ( ACh)
lemon juice and vinegar are _____ in nature
Acidic
____ occurs when the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell
Metaphase
Which anatomic plane would section the body into matching left and right sides
Midsagittal
Most of a cell's ATP is by membrane-bound organelles called
Mitochondria
Carbohydrates contain units known as
Monosaccharides
which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity
Organelles- cells- tissues- organs- organ system
hemoglobin in the red blood cells if formed by the ______ structure of protein
Quaternary
The diagram is located between which two body cavities
Thoracic and abdominopelvic
A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is called?
A tendon
which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in the human physiology
A toilet tank refills itself after a flush
which of the following reactions represents a decomposition reaction
AB= A+B
Meiosis differs from mitosis in which of the following ways
All of the above
Processes that moves molecules passively across the cell membrane include
All of the above
Which of the following statements about lipids is true
All of the above statements are true about lipids
which of the following statements about proteins is true
All of the above statements are true about proteins
Which statement regarding the role of water in the body is true
All of the above statements are true regarding the role of water in the body
sister chromatids pull apart to form single-stranded chromosomes during
Anaphase
The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under
Anatomy
the first anatomical illustration published by _______ Started a revolution in medical studies
Andreas Vesalius
From the basement membrane outward, the strata of the epidermis are
Basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum
hematopoiesis is the process of
Blood cell production
which among the following expresses the chemical formula of glucose
C6H12O6
the minute passageways in the bony matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other called
Canaliculi
the molecules used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups
Carbohydrates
there are four vital organic compounds in the human body; those are
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Organic compounds are those that always contain
Carbon and Hydrogen
the four most abundant elements in the human body are.
Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
Energy stored in ATP is a form of_________ energy
Chemical
which of the following would be classified as a lipid
Cholesterol- a steroid
All of the following characteristics are used in naming muscles except
Color
Long bones such as the humerus have solid external walls of ____________ bone, with ____________ bone found primarily within the epiphyses.
Compact, Spongy
The completion of _____ marks the end of cell division
Cytokinesis
Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _______ reactions.
Decomposition
which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposite
Distal and Proximal
which of the following is an organic compound
Glucose (C6H12O6)
Which organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretions or use within the cell
Golgi Apparatus
the study of the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible without a microscope is termed macroscopic or _____ anatomy
Gross
Which of the following does not correctly pair an organ with its system?
Heart, lymphatic
the study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called
Histology
Which phase of a somatic cell's life cycle is the longest?
Interphase
which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location
Kidney
Each of the following is an attribute of skeletal muscle fibers except
Lack Striations
an anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" si
Lateral
Which term describes a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones
Ligament
examples of apocrine glands include which of the following
Mammary and some sweat glands
A single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions in between constitute a
Motor unit
Individual skeletal muscle cells are known as
Muscle Fiber
Which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?
Muscular
Cells in which tissue types are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?
Nervous
Cells contain structures called _________, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion.
Organelles
which of the following is inferior in location
Pelvic Cavity
the axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components
Pelvic Girdle
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecules of water are held together by a(n)
Polar covalent
a blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of
Positive feedback
Carbohydrates are also known as
Primary source of energy
During which stage of mitosis does chromatin coil into chromosomes?
Prophase
When does crossing over occur?
Prophase 1
which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body
Proteins
Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of
Puberty
in a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector
Reverses the activity of the original stimulus
a _______ section separates the body into right and left portions
Sagittal
what is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called?
Sarcolemma
The functional contractile units of a skeletal muscle fiber are the
Sarcomeres
The primary source of a protein is determined by the
Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain
the deltoid muscle is named on the basis of its
Shape
cytology is the study of ____ and their structures, while histology is the study of ____
Single cells, tissues
what organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells
Skeletal
the three shapes of cells used to classify most epithelia are described as
Squamous, columnar, and cuboidal
A major function of deoxyribonucleci acids (DNA) is that DNA
Stores genetic information
Skeletal muscle is
Striated and voluntary
the directional term ________ refers to a body part that is toward the head, or above.
Superior
Which anatomic plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?
Transervse
Functions of bone include all of the following except
Transport of materials
amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the _________ plane
Transverse
which of the following is a synthesis reaction
Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide
which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism
Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold.
_______, one of the great early anatomists, promoted the idea of "living anatomy"
Vesalius
Proteins are composed of building blocks called
amino acids
the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the
diaphragm
Physiology deals with the
functions of the human body
synthesis reaction are particularly important in the body for
growth of body parts
Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life.
intellectual capability
fibrocarilage is found in which of these structures
intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
Digestion and self-destruction are functions of which organelle?
lysosomes
small molecules combine to form
macromolecules
physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as
metabolism
which of the following are types of endocytosis
pinocytosis and phagocytosis
Tissues can best be described as
precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions
peptide bonds are formed in all the molecules of
proteins
the appendicular skeleton compromises all of the following except
thoracic cage and vertebral column
the term "dorsal" means
toward the back of the body
A protein can become denatured when
weak hydrogen bonds are broken
which organelles synthesize proteins
ribosomes
What are the principal proteins of muscle contraction?
Actin and myosin
tissues are formed by a group of _______ that perform similar functions
Cells
Reduction is always accompanied by
an oxidation reaction
which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body
blood
______ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle
intramembranous
the correct sequence of the stages of mitosis is
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to
reproduce
the ability of an organism to sense changes that take place within its body is an example of
responsiveness
which statement best describes the relationship between structure and function
the anatomy of specific body parts often suggest their functions
a covalent bond is characterized by
the sharing of electrons by atoms