A&P semester study Guide

a reduction in muscle size, tone, and power is called

atrophy

Which of the following entities represents the highest level of organization

Organism

Structures consisting of two or more tissues types that work together to perform specific functions are called

Organs

Diffusion is the tendency of molecules to move

down their concentration gradient

In ionic bonding

electrons are transferred from one atom to another

The four principal types of tissues are

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

the smallest structure that are considered to be alive are

cells

The three major anatomical planes are

sagittal, frontal, transverse

The reaction Na + Cl = NaCl is an example of

synthesis

how many strands of nucleic acids are there in a DNA molecule

2

A general characteristic of nucleic acids is that they are

all composed of building blocks called nucleotides

An example of a macromolecule in our body includes

all of the above

Homeostatisis is defined as the

capability of the body to maintain relatively constant internal enviroment

the thigh is identified as the ____ region

femoral

which organ system controls body movement and responds to sensory stimuli

nervous

the skin is an example of a(n)

organ

Which statement does not accurately describe the anatomic position

palms are pressed lightly against the thighs

which epidermal layer is found thick skin only?

stratum lucidum

Anatomy deals with the

structure of the human body

A(n) _________ reaction is one in which two or more smaller molecules with low free energy are combined into a larger molecule with greater free energy

synthesis

The cavity of the body immediately inferior to the diaphragm is the _______ cavity.

Abdominal

a nerve impulse triggers the release of what chemical at a neuromuscular junction?

Acetylcholine ( ACh)

lemon juice and vinegar are _____ in nature

Acidic

____ occurs when the chromosomes line up at the equatorial plate of the cell

Metaphase

Which anatomic plane would section the body into matching left and right sides

Midsagittal

Most of a cell's ATP is by membrane-bound organelles called

Mitochondria

Carbohydrates contain units known as

Monosaccharides

which of the following lists is in the order of increasing levels of complexity

Organelles- cells- tissues- organs- organ system

hemoglobin in the red blood cells if formed by the ______ structure of protein

Quaternary

The diagram is located between which two body cavities

Thoracic and abdominopelvic

A thick, fibrous connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone is called?

A tendon

which of the following is most similar to the negative feedback mechanism in the human physiology

A toilet tank refills itself after a flush

which of the following reactions represents a decomposition reaction

AB= A+B

Meiosis differs from mitosis in which of the following ways

All of the above

Processes that moves molecules passively across the cell membrane include

All of the above

Which of the following statements about lipids is true

All of the above statements are true about lipids

which of the following statements about proteins is true

All of the above statements are true about proteins

Which statement regarding the role of water in the body is true

All of the above statements are true regarding the role of water in the body

sister chromatids pull apart to form single-stranded chromosomes during

Anaphase

The location and description of bones in the skeletal system will be covered under

Anatomy

the first anatomical illustration published by _______ Started a revolution in medical studies

Andreas Vesalius

From the basement membrane outward, the strata of the epidermis are

Basale, spinosum, granulosum, corneum

hematopoiesis is the process of

Blood cell production

which among the following expresses the chemical formula of glucose

C6H12O6

the minute passageways in the bony matrix that allow osteocytes to communicate with each other called

Canaliculi

the molecules used most frequently by cells as a fuel belongs to which of the following groups

Carbohydrates

there are four vital organic compounds in the human body; those are

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Organic compounds are those that always contain

Carbon and Hydrogen

the four most abundant elements in the human body are.

Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

Energy stored in ATP is a form of_________ energy

Chemical

which of the following would be classified as a lipid

Cholesterol- a steroid

All of the following characteristics are used in naming muscles except

Color

Long bones such as the humerus have solid external walls of ____________ bone, with ____________ bone found primarily within the epiphyses.

Compact, Spongy

The completion of _____ marks the end of cell division

Cytokinesis

Catabolism is a collective term for all the body's _______ reactions.

Decomposition

which of the following sets of directional terms are most appropriately referred to as opposite

Distal and Proximal

which of the following is an organic compound

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Which organelle modifies, packages, and sorts proteins for secretions or use within the cell

Golgi Apparatus

the study of the structure and relationships of large body parts that are visible without a microscope is termed macroscopic or _____ anatomy

Gross

Which of the following does not correctly pair an organ with its system?

Heart, lymphatic

the study of the microscopic structure of the tissues and organs is called

Histology

Which phase of a somatic cell's life cycle is the longest?

Interphase

which of the following organs is retroperitoneal in location

Kidney

Each of the following is an attribute of skeletal muscle fibers except

Lack Striations

an anatomical term that means "away from the midline of the body" si

Lateral

Which term describes a band of dense regular connective tissue that attaches two bones

Ligament

examples of apocrine glands include which of the following

Mammary and some sweat glands

A single motor neuron, the muscle fibers it controls, and the neuromuscular junctions in between constitute a

Motor unit

Individual skeletal muscle cells are known as

Muscle Fiber

Which type of tissue facilitates movement of the skeleton or organ walls?

Muscular

Cells in which tissue types are specialized to transmit electrical impulses from one body region to another?

Nervous

Cells contain structures called _________, which can perform specific activities like energy production, and digestion.

Organelles

which of the following is inferior in location

Pelvic Cavity

the axial skeleton includes all but which of the following components

Pelvic Girdle

the hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a molecules of water are held together by a(n)

Polar covalent

a blood clot stimulating formation of more blood clotting is an example of

Positive feedback

Carbohydrates are also known as

Primary source of energy

During which stage of mitosis does chromatin coil into chromosomes?

Prophase

When does crossing over occur?

Prophase 1

which of the following is a source of nitrogen for the body

Proteins

Stimulated by sex hormones, bone growth accelerates dramatically at the time of

Puberty

in a negative feedback mechanism, the response of the effector

Reverses the activity of the original stimulus

a _______ section separates the body into right and left portions

Sagittal

what is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber called?

Sarcolemma

The functional contractile units of a skeletal muscle fiber are the

Sarcomeres

The primary source of a protein is determined by the

Sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

the deltoid muscle is named on the basis of its

Shape

cytology is the study of ____ and their structures, while histology is the study of ____

Single cells, tissues

what organ system is responsible for the production of blood cells

Skeletal

the three shapes of cells used to classify most epithelia are described as

Squamous, columnar, and cuboidal

A major function of deoxyribonucleci acids (DNA) is that DNA

Stores genetic information

Skeletal muscle is

Striated and voluntary

the directional term ________ refers to a body part that is toward the head, or above.

Superior

Which anatomic plane divides the body into superior and inferior portions?

Transervse

Functions of bone include all of the following except

Transport of materials

amputation of a foot at the ankle would involve a cut in the _________ plane

Transverse

which of the following is a synthesis reaction

Two amino acids are bonded together to form a dipeptide

which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism

Using blankets to cover up when the body feels cold.

_______, one of the great early anatomists, promoted the idea of "living anatomy"

Vesalius

Proteins are composed of building blocks called

amino acids

the thoracic cavity is separated from the abdominal cavity by the

diaphragm

Physiology deals with the

functions of the human body

synthesis reaction are particularly important in the body for

growth of body parts

Which of the following activities is not necessary to maintain life.

intellectual capability

fibrocarilage is found in which of these structures

intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

Digestion and self-destruction are functions of which organelle?

lysosomes

small molecules combine to form

macromolecules

physical and chemical changes occurring in the body are defined as

metabolism

which of the following are types of endocytosis

pinocytosis and phagocytosis

Tissues can best be described as

precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions

peptide bonds are formed in all the molecules of

proteins

the appendicular skeleton compromises all of the following except

thoracic cage and vertebral column

the term "dorsal" means

toward the back of the body

A protein can become denatured when

weak hydrogen bonds are broken

which organelles synthesize proteins

ribosomes

What are the principal proteins of muscle contraction?

Actin and myosin

tissues are formed by a group of _______ that perform similar functions

Cells

Reduction is always accompanied by

an oxidation reaction

which of the following carries necessary compounds like nutrients and hormones throughout the body

blood

______ ossification produces the flat bones of the skull, some of the facial bones, the mandible, and the central part of the clavicle

intramembranous

the correct sequence of the stages of mitosis is

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

To avoid extinction of a species, living organisms need to

reproduce

the ability of an organism to sense changes that take place within its body is an example of

responsiveness

which statement best describes the relationship between structure and function

the anatomy of specific body parts often suggest their functions

a covalent bond is characterized by

the sharing of electrons by atoms