PSY 210 Ch 6,7,9,10

The decision to reject the null hypothesis in a statistical test is made when a) p=alpha b) p<alpha c) p>alpha d) (a) and (b)

d) (a) and (b)

If we find that an inferential test for an experiment is significant, this means that a) the condition means significantly differed b) the null hypothesis should be accepted c) the null hypothesis should be rejected d) (a) and (c)

d) (a) and (c)

A Likert scale is an example of a(n) _______ response scale. (a) predictive (b) descriptive (c) open-ended (d) closed-ended

d) closed-ended

Individuals are selected at random for a study from a list of member of Girl Scout troops to represent the population of girls aged 8-13. a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) volunteer/haphazard sample d) cluster sample e) quota sample

d) cluster sample

Which one is not a probability sample? a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) cluster sample d) haphazard sample

d) haphazard sample

In inferential statistics, we look for evidence against the a) alternative hypothesis b) scientific hypothesis c) independent variable hypothesis d) null hypothesis

d) null hypothesis

Volunteers are selected from students such that the proportion of students in each age range in the sample matches the proportion in the population. a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) volunteer/haphazard sample d) cluster sample e) quota sample

e) quota sample

Which of the following represents the correlational research design? _________ (a) Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups. (b) Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task. (c) Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance.

(b) Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task.

If we reject the null hypothesis when it's really true, we have made a a) correct decision b) Type I error c) Type II error d) none of the above

B) Type I error

T/F All sampling error can be removed from a study if the appropriate sampling technique is used

False

T/F It is usually possible to test the entire population in a research study

False

T/F Volunteer samples are uncommon in psychological research.

False

T/F A disadvantage of cluster sampling is that a portion of the population may be missed in the sample, giving the researcher a sample that is not fully representative of the population.

True

T/F All studies, regardless of sampling technique are subject to sampling error.

True

T/F In convenience samples the probability of an individual being chosen from the population cannot be determined, because individuals are not chosen randomly.

True

T/F Quota samples are similar to stratified random samples without the random selection from subsets of the population.

True

Correlational studies are not well-suited for answering _________ research questions. (a) causal (b) descriptive (c) predictive (d) none of the above (they can be used for any research question).

a) causal

In correlational research multiple measures are collected from _______ group(s) of subjects to determine if those measures co-vary. (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

a) one

A(n) ______ hypothesis predicts a directional effect, whereas a(n) ______ hypothesis predicts an effect in either direction. a) one-tailed, two-tailed b) two-tailed, one-tailed c) null, alternative d) alternative, null

a) one-tailed, two-tailed

Individuals are selected at random from a list of phone numbers to be called for a survey. a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) volunteer/haphazard sample d) cluster sample e) quota sample

a) simple random sample

This indicates that the scores on a survey will be similar when participants complete the survey more than once: (a) test-retest reliability (b) internal consistency (c) testing effects (d) construct validity

a) test-retest reliability

Regardless of the type of observational technique used to measure behavior, the goal of any correlational study is to examine relationships between_______ or more measures of behavior. (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four

b) two

Suppose that a researcher found that as introversion (as measured on a standardized questionnaire) of participants goes up, number of social activities attended per week decreases. This finding represents ___________ (a) a positive relationship. (b) a negative relationship. (c) no relationship. (d) none of the above.

b) a negative relationship

Which of the following sampling techniques involves choosing individuals from the population such that individuals are chosen from a pre-existing group? a) simple random sample b) cluster sample c) haphazard sample d) stratified random sample

b) cluster sample

A correlational study showed that men who had one or servings of tomatoes a week were 60% less likely to get prostate cancer. This means that tomatoes causes the reduction in cancer rates. Is this a correct interpretation of the finding? ________ (a) correct (b) incorrect

b) incorrect

Cronbach's alpha is a measure of the _________ of a survey. (a) test-retest reliability (b) internal consistency (c) testing effects (d) construct validity

b) internal consistency

Whenever a strong relationship exists between variables, prediction of one variable from other variables ___________. (a) is impossible (b) is possible (c) cannot be determined

b) is possible

The development and validation of surveys is called (a) psychotronics. (b) psychometrics. (c) questionnairing. (d) psychonomics.

b) psychometrics

Which of the following sampling techniques is likely to create the smallest amount of sampling error? a) cluster sample b) simple random sample c) volunteer sample d) none of the above (all are equivalent in terms of sampling error)

b) simple random sample

This is a method of testing scores' internal consistency that indicates if the scores are similar on different sets of questions on a survey that address similar topics: (a) test-retest reliability (b) split-half reliability (c) testing effects (d) construct validity

b) split-half reliability

The ______ measure of variability indicates the average difference between the scores of a distribution and the mean of a distribution. a) range b) standard deviation c) mode d) median

b) standard deviation

Students are selected at random from lists of students at a university organized by class level such that the proportion of individuals at each class level in the population of students matches the proportion selected for the sample. a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) volunteer/haphazard sample d) cluster sample e) quota sample

b) stratified random sample

A strong, positive relationship between scores on a new survey and scores on a previously validated survey on the same topic indicates good (a) construct validity. (b) test-retest validity. (c) Cronbach's alpha. (d) social desirability.

b) test-retest validity

When a variable that is not of interest in a study may explain the results of a study this is called __________ (a) high internal validity. (b) the third variable problem. (c) experimenter bias. (d) low reliability.

b) the third variable problem

In a research study the p value obtained for the inferential statistic is .07. This means that a) there is a 7% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is false. b) there is a 7% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is true. c) there is a 93% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is true. d) both (a) and (c).

b) there is a 7% chance of obtaining these data when the null hypothesis is true.

As researchers, we usually set alpha at .05 because a) this allows us to remove all error from our statistical test b) this sets our Type I error rate at 5% c) this sets our Type II error rate at 95% d) (b) and (c)

b) this sets out Type I error rate at 5%

Which of the following describes a quota sample? a) people who respond to a mailed survey make up the sample b) all students who sign up for a study make up the sample c) 60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed d) participants are selected from a local preschool class to represent preschoolers who live in the area

c) 60% of the population is left-handed so 60% of the participants chosen are also left-handed

If we retain the null hypothesis when it's really false, we have made a a) correct decision b) Type I error c) Type II error d) none of the above

c) Type II error

When a question on a survey is actually two questions in one this is called a __________ question. (a) coercive (b) duplicate (c) double-barreled (d) causal

c) double-barreled

The most common type of convenience sample used by psychologists is the ______ sample. a) simple random sample b) cluster sample c) haphazard sample d) stratified random sample

c) haphazard sample

Which of the following measures indicates hae most common score in a distribution? a) mean b) median c) mode d) range

c) mode

A(n) ______ hypothesis predicts no effect, wheres a(n) ______ hypothesis predicts an effect. a) one-tailed, two-tailed b) two-tailed, one-tailed c) null, alternative d) alternative, null

c) null, alternative

Collecting _________ended responses will require a coding scheme to be developed to categorize the different types of responses made. (a) predictive (b) descriptive (c) open-ended (d) closed-ended

c) open-ended

When individuals provide survey responses that represent them in the most positive way, even if the responses are untrue, this is called (a) nonresponse bias. (b) coverage error. (c) social desirability bias. (d) testing effects.

c) social desirability bias

Individuals are selected from a participant pool made up of students at a university who volunteer for the study. a) simple random sample b) stratified random sample c) volunteer/haphazard sample d) cluster sample e) quota sample

c) volunteer/haphazard sample