A&P Test Muscles

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Neuromuscular activation steps

1. Action potential arrives at the somatic motor neuron axon 2. Calcium enters and stimulates acetylcholine to be released 3. Acetylcholine bind to motor end plate, opening sodium ion channels 4. Sodium ions cause muscle action potential 5. Action potential goes through T tubules, stimulating SR to release calcium 6. Contraction cycle

Beginning of muscle contraction steps

1. Action potential triggers release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum 2. Calcium binds to troponin on actin > tropomyosin moves off actin's binding sites 3. Contraction cycle

Contraction cycle steps

1. Myosin hydrolyzes ATP, gaining its energy > myosin cocks its head 2. Myosin forms cross bridges with actin 3. Power stroke pulls actin toward M-line > ATP goes away 4. Myosin binds another ATP > resets

Contraction process will continue as long as...

ATP and calcium is present

Rigor Mortis

Begins 3-4 hrs after death Calcium leaks out of SR Muscle contraction begins ATP production stops

Third class lever example

Bicep curl Fulcrum: Elbow joint Effort: Biceps brachii Load: Anything held in hand

Second class lever example

Calf raise Effort: Gastrocnemius Load: Weight of body Fulcrum: Ball of the foot

3 ways skeletal muscle produces ATP for muscle metabolism

Creatinine phosphate Anaerobic glycolysis Aerobic cellular respiration

How long are muscle fibers

Depends on the muscle They run the entire length of the muscle

Criteria for naming muscles

Direction Size Shape Action Number of origins Location Origin - Insertion

Muscle insertion

Distal attachment Mobile

4 groups of head muscles

Facial movement Eye movement Mouth movement Tongue

First class lever example

Head and neck during neck extension Effort: Neck extensor muscles Fulcrum: Head-neck joint Load: Front of skull

Myofibrils

Increases in size from exercise The "bulk" of the muscle

Cardiac tissue characteristics

Involuntary control Location: heart Striated Intercalated discs

Smooth tissue characteristics

Involuntary control Location: hollow organs No striations

Mechanical advantage

Load is closer to fulcrum Effort further from fulcrum Easier to move load

Mechanical disadvantage

Load is further from the fulcrum Effort is closer to the fulcrum

Myosin extends across ____________ Actin extends across ______________

M line Z line

Embryonic development of muscle tissue

Mesoderm > Myoblasts > Muscle Fibers

Functions of muscle tissue

Movement Stabilizing body position Storing/moving substances Generating heat

Muscle origin

Proximal attachment Fixed

Muscle names based on direction

Rectus Transverse Oblique

Role of calcium in contraction process

Relaxation Action potential stimulation Following action potential

Synergist types and what the do

True: neutralize unwanted movement by fixing a bone in place Helping: prevents unwanted movement but also assists the prime mover with the movement

Skeletal tissue characteristics

Voluntary control Location: bones Striated

Contractibility

ability of muscle tissue to contract

Elasticity

ability of muscle to return to its original shape after contracting

Extensibility

ability of muscle to stretch without being damaged

Types of contractile proteins

actin and myosin

Ligaments

connect bone to bone

Tendons

connect muscle to bone

Aponeurosis

connect muscle to muscle

Types of muscle proteins

contractile, regulatory, structural

Oblique

diagonal to midline external oblique

Muscles move more ______ sections

distal

What determines if there is a mechanical advantage or disadvantage

distance between the load and the fulcrum

Forces acting on levers

effort (causes movement) load/resistance (opposes movement)

First class lever

effort, fulcrum, load mechanical advantage or disadvantage

Second class lever

effort, load, fulcrum mechanical advantage

3 connective tissue layers of skeletal muscle tissues (outer to inner)

epimysium perimysium endomysium

Properties of muscle tissue

excitability, contractility, extensibility, elasticity

Fastest moving muscles

eye movement muscles

3 types of levers

first class, second class, third class

Muscle belly

fleshy main portion of the muscle

Third class lever

fulcrum, effort, load mechanical disadvantage most common

Contractile proteins

generate force of contraction

Sarcoplasm contains large amounts of ________

glycogen

Vastus

huge

What is needed for muscle metabolism

huge amounts of ATP

Longissimus

large

Magnus

large

Major

larger

Maximum

largest

To produce movement: Bones act as _________ Joints act as _________

levers fulcrums

Longus

long

M line

middle of sarcomere

Muscle cell = ____________

muscle fiber

Excitability

muscle responds to action potentials form neurons

Contractile units

myofibrils

Regulatory proteins

on-off switch

Types of muscle fascicle arrangement

parallel fusiform circular convergent unipennate bipennate multipennate

Rectus

parallel to midline rectus abdominis

Transverse

perpendicular to midline transverse abdominis

Agonist

prime mover contracts to cause of movement

Transverse (T) tubules

rapidly transmit info into the muscle cell

Myoglobin

red-colored sarcoplasm that binds/stores oxygen

Antagonist

relaxes/yields to the effects of the prime mover muscle

Plasma membrane of muscle fiber

sarcolemma

Basic functional unit of the of the myofibril

sarcomere

Cytoplasm of muscle fiber

sarcoplasm

Endoplasmic reticulum of muscle fiber

sarcoplasmic reticulum

Muscle stem cell

satellite cell

Z line

separates one sarcomere from the next

Brevis

short

Types of muscle tissue

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Minor

smaller

Minimum

smallest

Exception to regular origin and insertion characteristics

sternocleidomastoid

What triggers muscle contraction

the release of calcium

When does motion occur

when the effort at the insertion exceeds the load

Latissimus

widest

Sliding filament theory

Actin and myosin don't change size during contraction Myosin heads walk along actin Myosin pulls thin filament toward the M line

Fascia

Body stocking Outermost connective tissue Dense sheet of irregular connective tissue Holds muscles together


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