A&P TWO Exam One
Abnormally slow conduction through the ventricles would change the shape of the _________ in an ECG tracing. p wave t wave QRS complex P-R interval
QRS complex
The endocardium covers the surface of the heart. is the smooth inner lining of the heart chambers. is known as the fibrous pericardium. attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm.
is the smooth inner lining of the heart chambers.
The difference between systolic and diastolic pressures is the _____________, felt as a throbbing over arteries. heart beat nutrient exchange pulse pressure common pressure
pulse pressure
The average end-diastolic volume of the ventricles is about __________ , whereas the end-systolic volume is about __________ . 130 mL, 50 mL 125 mL, 0 mL 0 mL, 55 mL 0 mL, 125 mL 50 mL, 130 mL
130 mL, 50 mL
Which of the following factors assists in the return of venous blood to the heart? 1. arterial dilation 2. valves in the veins 3. changing respiratory pressures 4. compression of veins by muscular movements 1 and 2 1, 2, 3 1, 2, 3, 4 2, 3, 4 1, 3, 4
2, 3, 4
Arrange the following events of coagulation in proper sequence. 1. prothrombin ® thrombin 2. fibrinogen ® fibrin 3. activation of factor XII 4. formation of prothrombinase 4, 3, 1, 2 2, 4, 3, 1 3, 4, 1, 2 3, 2, 4, 1 1, 2, 3, 4
3, 4, 1, 2
When stimulated by erythropoietin to produce red blood cells, the hemocytoblast deliver these new cells in 14 days a few hours 4 days 6 days
4 days
Each erythrocyte carries how many oxygen atoms? 4 250 million 1 billion 25 trillion
1 billion
Choose the arrangement that lists the chemicals in the order in which they would be used for coagulation. 1. thrombin 2. fibrinogen 3. prothrombinase 4. activated Factor XII 3, 2, 4, 1 4, 3, 2, 1 4, 3, 1, 2 3, 4, 1, 2 3, 1, 4, 2
4, 3, 1, 2
Platelets are also known as thrombocytes. are actually fragments of cells. play a role in preventing blood loss. can become sticky when exposed to connective tissue all of the above
all of the above
Blood pressure is the product of the stroke volume times heart rate. number of layers of blood in laminar flow models. measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls. viscosity of the blood and resistance to blood flow. measure of the volume of the blood.
measure of force blood exerts against blood vessel walls.
The heart lies between the lungs in a region called the heart cavity. mediastinum. lung and heart cavity. pericardium
mediastinum.
The cardioregulatory center of the brain is located in the hypothalamus. medulla oblongata. cerebellum. cerebrum. diencephalons.
medulla oblongata.
Which of the following is an agranulocyte? eosinophil basophil neutrophil monocyte erythrocyte
monocyte
Macrophages are derived from neutrophils. lymphocytes. monocytes. basophils. eosinophils.
monocytes.
The pericardial sac is lined with fibrous pericardium. parietal pericardium. visceral pericardium. myocardium. epicardium.
parietal pericardium.
Between the parietal pericardium and the visceral pericardium is the fibrous pericardium filled with pericardial fluid. pericardial tissue that is in direct contact with the heart. pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid. tabeculae carnae forming the attachments for the great veins and arteries.
pericardial cavity containing pericardial fluid.
The pale yellow fluid that makes up about 55% of blood volume is plasma platelets red blood cells white blood cells
plasma
The AV valve (AV means atrio-ventricular) that is located on the same side of the heart as the origin of the aorta is the tricuspid valve bicuspid valve aortic semilunasr valve pulmonary semilunar valve
bicuspid valve
Jaundice is a buildup of __________ in the circulation and interstitial spaces. lymphocytes nitric oxide biliverdin bilirubin histamine
bilirubin
The product of the stroke volume times the heart rate is known as the end-diastolic volume. end-systolic volume. cardiac output. cardiac reserve. venous return.
cardiac output.
The difference between resting and maximal cardiac output is end diastolic volume not possible. stroke volume cardiac reserve.
cardiac reserve.
When a person develops a sore throat, white blood cells are drawn to the area of infection by a process called chemotaxis. diapedesis. margination. ameboid movement. attraction.
chemotaxis.
Occlusion of which of the following would primarily damage the left ventricle? circumflex artery pulmonary artery right marginal artery coronary sinus artery right coronary artery
circumflex artery
Once blood is moved past a valve, it holds that blood until the next surge pushes it closer to the capillaries. closer to the heart. closer to the arteries. away from heart.
closer to the heart.
The cascade of events in the intrinsic pathway can be set into motion when _____ comes into contact with collagen. factor III factor VII factor X factor XII calcium
factor XII
The plasma component that forms fibrin, the insoluble protein, in a blood clot is sodium. albumin. globulin. fibrinogen. fibrinolysis.
fibrinogen.
The pericardial layer that is tough and protective is the fibrous pericardium. parietal pericardium. visceral pericardium. myocardium. epicardium.
fibrous pericardium.
Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are all dissolved in water formed elements pH scales centrifuge tubes
formed elements
The cellular components of blood, representing 45% of blood volume are called formed elements formed volume formed classes formed cell lines
formed elements
Although cardiac muscle cells are short and branched, special cell connections allow them to make lots of fluid. contract individually. relax individually. function as single unit, both electrically and functionally.
function as single unit, both electrically and functionally.
Action potentials pass from one myocardial cell to another through areas of low electrical resistance called gap junctions. fibrous heart rings. Electromagnetic discs. sarcolemma sclerotic plaques. tight junctions.
gap junctions.
Stem cells are specialized cells. are found in yellow bone marrow. form branches of trees. are abundant in the plasma. give rise to formed elements in the blood.
give rise to formed elements in the blood.
Which of these components of hemoglobin is correctly matched with its fate following the destruction of an erythrocyte? heme -- reused to form new hemoglobin molecules globin -- broken down into amino acids iron -- mostly secreted in bile bilirubin -- stored in liver and spleen all of these are correctly matched
globin -- broken down into amino acids
Stroke volume and heart rate may increase cardiac output to 18-30 l/ min in healthy adults. trained athletes. persons with heart failure.
healthy adults.
The study of blood is called hematology hepaology bloodology hetology
hematology
The stem cell capable of dividing to produce any formed element cell line is the hemocytoblast leukocyte erythrocyte thrombocyte
hemocytoblast
The function of plasmin is to hydrolyze fibrin. activate factor XII. promote platelet plug formation. control osmotic pressure of the blood. promote the formation of plasma.
hydrolyze fibrin.
According to Poiseuille's law, blood flow is not related to resistance. pH of the blood influences flow. viscosity of the blood is not related to flow. if resistance increases, flow increases. if resistance increases, flow decreases.
if resistance increases, flow decreases.
If the heart receives more sympathetic stimulation than parasympathetic stimulation, the heart will increase its rate and force of contraction. contract with greater force but at a slower rate. decrease both its rate and force of contraction. contract with less force but at a faster rate. decrease rate, but increase force of contraction.
increase its rate and force of contraction.
Stimulation of the heart via the sympathetic nerves would Question 3 options: decrease heart rate. decrease stroke volume. increase the force of ventricular contraction. increase end-systolic volume. not affect heart rate and force of contraction.
increase the force of ventricular contraction.
Which of the following factors would cause an increase in heart rate? increased parasympathetic stimulation stimulation of baroreceptors in the aorta increased epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla increased production of atrial natriuretic factor vagal stimulation
increased epinephrine release from the adrenal medulla
Increased pressure in the aortic arch will activate the aortic arch reflex and cause a decrease in the frequency of action potentials from the aortic baroreceptors. increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. vasoconstriction of peripheral vessels increasing the blood pressure. increased ADH secretion. increased sympathetic stimulation of the heart.
increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart.
Plasma contains about 50% water. contains about 40% plasma proteins. volume changes considerably from moment to moment. is a colloidal solution. all of these
is a colloidal solution.
Plasma contains about 50% water. contains about 40% plasma proteins. volume changes considerably from moment to moment. is a colloidal solution. all of these
is a colloidal solution.
The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump. is posterior to the trachea. is lined with an epithelial layer called epicardium. lies mostly to the right of the midline of the sternum. has a superior apex and an inferior base.
is a four-chambered muscular pump.
Heparin is a potent anticoagulant. is produced by eosinophils. blocks the action of factor X. dissolves blood clots. promotes coagulation.
is a potent anticoagulant.
The velocity of blood flow inside a blood vessel is equal to the blood pressure. is faster in the center of the blood vessel. is most rapid at a bend or turn in the vessel. increases along the walls of the blood vessel. is more rapid along the sides of the vessel.
is faster in the center of the blood vessel.
Plasma is one of the formed elements. is the liquid matrix of the blood. transports waste products but not nutrients. accounts for less than half of the blood volume. is serum plus formed elements.
is the liquid matrix of the blood.
Blood does not enter or leave the ventricles during the period called ejection. rapid filling. atrial systole. isovolumic contraction. active and passive filling.
isovolumic contraction.
Which of the following organs would be most likely to contain fenestrated capillaries? spleen kidney bone marrow muscle pancreas
kidney
An incompetent mitral valve may cause blood to back up into the aorta. left atrium. left ventricle. coronary circulation. right atrium.
left atrium.
The anterior interventricular artery is a branch of the left pulmonary artery. right pulmonary artery. left coronary artery. right coronary artery. aorta.
left coronary artery.
The chamber of the heart that endures the highest pressure is the right atrium. left atrium. right ventricle. left ventricle. coronary sinus.
left ventricle.
Which of the following cell types is incorrectly matched with its description? neutrophils - most numerous WBC basophils - release histamine lymphocytes - become macrophages monocytes - largest of the WBC eosinophils - parasites; decrease inflammation
lymphocytes - become macrophages
Old, damaged, or defective erythrocytes are removed from the blood by eosinophils. lymphocytes. macrophages. monocytes. neutrophils.
macrophages.
Veins carry blood away from the heart. carry blood under very high pressure. may contain valves and are lined with endothelium. are described as strong, rigid vessels that always carry oxygenated blood. have thick, many layered walls.
may contain valves and are lined with endothelium.
A blood clot that forms when a blood vessel is cut is an example of blood functioning in protection. elimination. maintenance. transportation. communication
protection.
Capillary walls serve as effective permeability barriers for oxygen and carbon dioxide. electrolytes. glucose. proteins. small water-soluble molecules.
proteins.
Pressure in the right ventricle must exceed pressure in the ____ before the right ventricle can eject blood. superior vena cava coronary sinus pulmonary trunk aorta pulmonary veins.
pulmonary trunk
These vessels open directly into the left atrium. aorta superior and inferior vena cava pulmonary arteries pulmonary veins
pulmonary veins
Hemolysis is rupture of red blood cells white blood cells polypeptide cells organelles in a RBC
red blood cells
The pericardial fluid reduces friction as the heart beats. increases friction as the heart beats. helps to pump the blood through the heart. allows pericarditis when found in normal amounts.
reduces friction as the heart beats.
Functions of plasma proteins include body temperature regulation. regulation of osmotic pressure. transportation of oxygen and carbon dioxide. serving as a source of energy for metabolism. buffering the blood.
regulation of osmotic pressure.
Blood in the superior vena cava will enter the _____. right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle
right atrium
Which of these conditions occur in a normal individual living at a high altitude? anemia hemophilia leukemia secondary polycythemia thrombocytopenia
secondary polycythemia
The liquid material remaining after blood-clotting proteins have been removed as a result of clotting is called colloid serum plasma water
serum
An increased amount of heparin in the blood might speed up the clotting process. slow down the clotting process. stop the clotting process. enhance the clotting process. have no effect on the clotting process.
slow down the clotting process.
The vasa vasorum are incompetent valves in the large veins. special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins. the blood vessels that supply blood to the vas deferens. blood vessels that directly connect arteries to veins. supply blood to skeletal muscle.
special capillaries that supply nutrients to the walls of arteries and veins.
Cells in the red bone marrow that give rise to all the formed elements of the blood are called fibrinogens. globulins. megakaryoblasts. proerythroblasts. stem cells.
stem cells.
End-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume is equal to cardiac output. cardiac reserve. pulse volume. venous return. stroke volume.
stroke volume.
The volume of blood pumped during each cardiac cycle is the stroke volume. cardiac output. cardiac reserve. end-systolic volume. end-diastolic volume.
stroke volume.
Which of the following best describes arteries? strong, rigid vessels that carry blood under high pressure thin, elastic vessels that transport blood under low pressure elastic vessels that connect arterioles and venules fragile vessels that are prone to rupture. strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
strong, elastic vessels that carry blood under high pressure
The great veins and arteries are connected to the heart at the superiorly located base. inferiorly located base. superiorly located apex. inferiorly located apex.
superiorly located base.
Contraction of the ventricles is referred to as ventricular systole. diastole. fibrillation. ischemia. depolarization.
systole.
What occurs during the time between the first heart sound and the second heart sound? systole. diastole. ventricular filling. a heart murmur. the P wave of the ECG.
systole.
Resistance in the cardiovascular system tends to increase if blood viscosity increases. tends to decrease as the diameter of blood vessels decreases. dramatically increases blood flow through the circulatory system. is directly related to flow ( R --> Flow). does not occur. If it did, blood would not circulate in the blood vessels.
tends to increase if blood viscosity increases.
Which of the following will depolarize immediately after the AV node depolarizes? the AV bundle Purkinje fibers atrial myocardium bundle branches in the ventricular septum the SA node
the AV bundle
The pericardial layer that is in contact with the heart is the fibrous pericardium. parietal pericardium. visceral pericardium. myocardium. epicardium.
visceral pericardium.
The major component of plasma is water albumin globulins aminoacids
water
A force that causes the movement of fluid out of the capillary is blood pressure. positive interstitial pressure. blood colloid osmotic pressure. critical closing pressure. lymph pressure.
blood pressure.
Angina pectoris is chest pain caused by reduced stimulation of the myocardium. blood supply to cardiac muscle. fluid in the pericardial sac. contractility of the heart. action potentials from SA node.
blood supply to cardiac muscle.
The process of erythropoiesis takes place in the spleen. requires vitamin B12 and folate. is inhibited by erythropoietin. is stimulated when oxygen decreases in the blood. both b and d
both b and d
Which of the following plasma proteins is most abundant? albumin globulins fibrinogen immunoglobulins hemoglobin
albumin
The major plasma protein that does NOT leave the capillary, facilitating fluid re-entry is globin. neutrophil. albumin. gamma.
albumin.
Functions of blood include transport regulation protection all are true
all are true
In the adult, hematopoiesis takes place in red bone marrow found in the ribs and and sternum vertebrae and pelvis proximal femur and proximal humerus all are true
all are true
The alteration of blood flow, due to the action of the precapillary sphincters, depends on the immediate needs of the tissue bed it supplies. the abscence of a more urgent need somewhere else in the body. the autoregulation of the precapillary sphincters. all are true
all are true
Which of the following characterize the connective tissue components of blood? formed elements plasma clotting factors all are true
all are true
Which of the following is/are true of the heart? size of a closed fist hollow weighs less than a pound. has a superior base and an inferior apex all are true
all are true
Long term regulation of blood pressure has a much slower onset than short term blood pressure regulation. utilizes hormones to regulate blood volume, enhancing filtrate formation and fluid loss in urine, decreasing blood volume and therefore decreasing blood pressure. may use of the interstitial spaces to hide extra fluid when blood pressure is high. and to tap into this reservoir when blood pressure is low. all may be true.
all may be true.
Which of the following functions is associated with the blood? delivery of oxygen to tissue cells transport of digestive enzymes to the small intestine maintenance of DNA content of egg cells transport of neurotransmitters across synapses electrical stimulation of the heart
delivery of oxygen to tissue cells
The period of isovolumic contraction is immediately followed by the period of ejection. AV node depolarization. passive ventricular filling. atrial contraction. isovolumic relaxation.
the period of ejection.
As viscosity of the blood increases, the pressure required to force it to flow increases. the pressure required to force it to flow decreases. the fluid becomes thinner. the hematocrit decreases. the flow does not change.
the pressure required to force it to flow increases.
In the cardiac cycle, the right atrium and the right ventricle contract simultaneously. the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract. the left atrium contracts before the right atrium. all four chambers of the heart contract at the same time. all four chambers of the heart are in systole at the same time.
the two atria relax while the two ventricles contract.
Which of the following acts as a storage area for blood? the aorta the veins capillaries arterioles the arteries
the veins
The cardiac electrical impulse normally begins spontaneously in the SA node because of the superior location of the SA node in the right atrium. the SA node is the only area of the heart capable of spontaneous depolarization. of the rich sympathetic innervation of the SA node. this area depolarizes more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system. of action potentials from the cardioregulatory center.
this area depolarizes more rapidly than any other portion of the conduction system.
Valves similar to semilunar valves are found in some arteries. arterioles. capillaries. venules. veins.
veins.
The QRS complex of the ECG appears as the atria depolarize atria repolarize ventricles repolarize ventricles depolarize
ventricles depolarize
The smallest vessels leading back to the heart are called ______. arterioles veins capillaries arteries venules
venules
The first and second heart sounds are most directly related to pulse pressure in the aorta. the contraction of the atria. vibrations that occur when the valves close. contraction of the papillary muscles. the flow of the blood.
vibrations that occur when the valves close.
Which of the following would increase resistance to blood flow? a decrease in the length of the vessel a decrease in the number of red blood cells a decrease in blood viscosity a decrease in the radius of the vessel a decreased hematocrit.
a decrease in the radius of the vessel
During the isovolumic contraction period of the cardiac cycle, AV and semilunar valves are closed. the atria are contracted. ventricular volume increases. blood is pumped into the large arteries. pressure in the ventricles decreases.
AV and semilunar valves are closed.
Which of the following statements regarding intrinsic regulation of the heart is true? Stretching the SA node will decrease generation of action potentials in the node. Decreased venous return increases cardiac output. The heart's pumping effectiveness is greatly influenced by small changes in afterload. If cardiac muscle fibers are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force. If cardiac muscle fibers are slightly stretched, they have a weaker contraction force.
If cardiac muscle fibers are slightly stretched, they have a stronger contraction force.
The "pacemaker" of the heart is the right bundle branch. left bundle branch. AV node. SA node. PM node.
SA node.
During the ejection phase of the cardiac cycle, blood exits the left ventricle through the aorta. coronary sinus. pulmonary vein. superior vena cava. pulmonary trunk.
aorta.
Which of the following is a stage of hemostasis? coagulation. erythropoiesis. platelet formation. vascular dilation. agglutination
coagulation.
The spontaneous opening of sodium fast channels marks the beginning of ____ of a myocardial cell. depolarization repolarization hyperpolarization isopolarization afterpolarization
depolarization
Continuous capillaries have many thin areas called fenestrae. are freely permeable to large molecules such as hormones. have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together. are more permeable then fenestrated capillaries but not as permeable as sinusoidal capillaries. are characterized by continuous pores.
have a wall where the endothelial cells fit very tightly together.
Coronary artery disease can diminish myocardial blood flow resulting in the death of myocardial cells. This condition is known as a myocardial attack. angina. necrosis. cirrhosis. infarction.
infarction.
The blood flows through the _______ of each vessel. tissue lumen outside cells
lumen
An incompetent pulmonary semilunar valve could result in less blood reaching the lungs. heart muscle. right ventricle. aorta. right atrium.
lungs.
When large quantities of blood are lost, erythrocytes must be replaced to restore the body's ability to fight infection. oxygen-carrying capacity. thrombin levels. normal blood pH. iron levels.
oxygen-carrying capacity.
The major function of arterioles is to regulate the flow of blood reaching the capillary beds downstream from them. regulate the flow of blood reaching the capillary beds upstream from them. regulate the flow of blood reaching the veins downstream from them. regulate the flow of blood reaching the heart.
regulate the flow of blood reaching the capillary beds downstream from them.
When left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure left ventricular ejection begins. aortic blood pressure begins to rise. the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens. ventricular volume decreases. the tricuspid valve opens.
the bicuspid (mitral) valve opens.
Depolarization of a cardiac muscle cell occurs as the result of a decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane to sodium. the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels. the closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. the opening of voltage-gated potassium channels. the closure of the voltage-gated sodium channels.
the opening of voltage-gated sodium channels.
Given these valves: 1. aortic semilunar valve 2. bicuspid (mitral) valve 3. pulmonary semilunar valve 4. tricuspid valve. Arrange them in the order in which an erythrocyte would pass through them after returning to the heart from the left arm. 4,3,2,1 3,4,2,1 3,2,4,1 4,2,3,1
4,3,2,1
Each hemoglobin molecule has __________ heme group(s) and __________ globin molecule(s). 1,2 1,4 2,4 4,2 4,4
4,4
Arrange the following five events in the order they occur as erythrocytes are broken down: 1. bilirubin is conjugated to glucuronic acid 2. bilirubin is excreted in bile 3. biliverdin is produced 4. free bilirubin is produced 5. hemoglobin is broken down to heme groups and globin molecules 1,2,3,4,5 2,3,1,4,5 3,5,1,4,2 4,5,1,2,4 5,3,4,1,2
5,3,4,1,2
If the heart rate for a patient is 80 bpm, and her stroke volume is 70 mL/beat, then her cardiac output is O.87 mL/min 1.1 mL/min. 10 mL/min. 56 mL/min. 5600 mL/min
5600
The PMI is located 5th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the left of the midline. 5th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the right of the midline. 8th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the left of the midline. 8th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the right of the midline.
5th intercoastal space, 7.5 cms to the left of the midline.
The group of modified cardiac muscle cells that delays action potentials between the atria and the atrioventricular bundle is called the Purkinje fibers. SA node. bundle branches. AV node. apex.
AV node.
When ventricular pressure exceeds atrial pressure, the ejection occurs. atria pump blood into the ventricles. ventricle is in diastole. blood is pumped into the atrium. AV valves close.
AV valves close.
Which of the formed elements are correctly matched with its alternate name Red blood cells---Erythrocytes White blood cells---Leukocytes Platelets-----Thrombocytes All are correctly matched
All are correctly matched
Which of the following happen when a person stands in one place for a long period of time? Gravity causes an increased accumulation of blood in the veins in the feet and legs. Blood pressure rises in the venules of the feet. Without muscular movement the pressure at the venous end of the capillaries increases. Edema may occur in the lower extremities. All of the above.
All of the above.
If the SA node becomes damaged and nonfunctional, which of these is the most likely to occur? The heart will stop. The ventricles will contract, but the atria will stop. Another part of the heart, possibly the AV node, will become the pacemaker. The heart will beat faster. The atria will keep contracting, but the ventricles will stop.
Another part of the heart, possibly the AV node, will become the pacemaker.
If the SA node is nonfunctional, which of the following is most likely to occur? The heart will go into asystole (stop). Tachycardia will develop. Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker. The heart will go into defibrillation. The heart will be desensitized.
Another portion of the heart will become the pacemaker.
When blood pressure increases, a number of events occur that return blood pressure to normal. Which of the following is one of the events that occurs after an increase in blood pressure? Baroreceptors are stimulated. Action potential frequency to the cardioregulatory center of brain decreases. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases. Heart rate increases. An increase in number of action potentials in the cardiac nerve.
Baroreceptors are stimulated.
Which of the following statements regarding leukocytes is true? Leukocytes have no nucleus. Leukocytes play a role in oxygen transport. Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements. Leukocytes are only fragments of cells. There is only one kind of leukocyte.
Leukocytes are the largest of the formed elements.
__________ are the smallest leukocytes; some produce antibodies. Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma. Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary. Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration. Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
In capillary exchange, which of the following statements is true? Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary. Interstitial fluid normally has a higher osmotic pressure than plasma. Constriction of the precapillary sphincter will increase blood pressure in the capillary. Interstitial protein concentration is normally higher than plasma protein concentration. Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary enters the lymphatic system.
Most fluid that leaves the arterial end of a capillary reenters the venous end of a capillary.
Which of the following is true? Blood enters the right and left atria only during diastole. Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract. During ventricular systole, the AV valves open. The semilunar valves remain closed throughout ventricular systole. Most of end-diastolic volume comes from active filling.
Most ventricular filling occurs before the atria contract.
__________ are phagocytic, have a multilobed nucleus, and make up the largest percentage of leukocytes. Basophils Eosinophils Lymphocytes Monocytes Neutrophils
Neutrophils
In a normal electrocardiogram, the P wave results from repolarization of the atria. QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization. P wave occurs after the QRS complex but before the T wave. T wave represents depolarization of the atria. repolarization of the atria is clearly visible.
QRS complex results from ventricular depolarization.
Which of the following sequences is correct? AV node, AV bundle, SA node, Purkinje fibers, bundle branches Purkinje fibers, bundle branches, AV node, AV bundle, SA node SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers SA node, AV bundle, AV node, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers AV node, SA node, bundle branches, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers
SA node, AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Concerning heart sounds, which of the following is correct? The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole. The second heart sound is heard when the AV valves closing. The first heart sound is the sound of the semilunar valves closing. The second heart sound occurs when blood flows into the vena cavae. The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular diastole.
The first heart sound occurs at the beginning of ventricular systole.
Which of these statements is true? The left coronary artery is a branch of the left pulmonary vein. The coronary sinus returns blood to the left atrium. The coronary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk. The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart. The pulmonary arteries carry blood to the left atrium.
The great cardiac vein collects blood from the anterior surface of the heart.
Which of these descriptions of the heart's location is correct? The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum. Its base is directed anteriorly and slightly superiorly. Its apex is directed posteriorly and slightly inferiorly. Two-thirds of the heart's mass lies to the right of the midline of the sternum. all of these
The heart lies obliquely in the mediastinum.
Which of the following statements about laminar blood flow is true? The innermost layer of blood moves at the lowest velocity. Laminar blood flow occurs when blood flows past an area of constriction. The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow. In laminar blood flow, the rapid rate of blood flow exceeds critical velocity. It makes lots of different noises.
The outermost layer of blood experiences the greatest resistance to flow.
Which of the following statements concerning blood vessel walls is true? The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall. The tunica media is found in all blood vessels except veins. The tunica adventitia is composed of smooth muscle and endothelium. Capillaries have both a tunica intima and a tunica media. Vessel diameter is control primarily by the tunica intima.
The tunica intima is the innermost layer of a blood vessel wall.
When comparing cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells, the rate of action potential propagation is faster in cardiac muscle. both possess intercalated discs. only skeletal muscle has a plateau phase in its contraction cycle. action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle. both are voluntary.
action potentials are conducted from cell to cell only in cardiac muscle.
If your son is diagnosed with hemophilia, he would have an increased erythrocyte count. an infection of the blood. a disorder of the clotting process. a type of cancer affecting white blood cells. an antigen-antibody reaction.
a disorder of the clotting process.
When blood pressure is greater than the blood colloid osmotic pressure, there is a net movement of fluid into the capillary. a net movement of fluid out of the capillary. less lymph formed. a decrease in the volume of the interstitial fluid. a decreased likelihood of edema
a net movement of fluid out of the capillary.
The biconcave shape of a red blood cell allows this cell to pass through narrow capillaries maximizes its surface area for exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide move into tissues a& b are true
a& b are true
The period of time in which the myocardium is insensitive to further stimulation is called the absolute refractory period. hyperpolarization period. AV period. SA period. ectopic focus.
absolute refractory period.
When a prepotential in the SA node reaches threshold, the permeability to K+ ions increases. an action potential is generated. voltage-gated Ca++ channels close. RMP has been restored. permeability of the cell does not change.
an action potential is generated.
A person with an increased eosinophil count might be suffering from an allergic reaction. a viral infection. an acute bacterial infection. a chronic bacterial infection. a head cold.
an allergic reaction.
Edema can occur when there is an increase in the amount of plasma proteins. a decrease in capillary permeability to proteins. a decrease in blood pressure. an decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
an decrease in blood colloid osmotic pressure.
Within normal limits, an increase in preload leads to Question 6 options: an increase in cardiac output and force of left ventricular contraction. a decrease in cardiac output and force of left ventricular contraction. an increase in cardiac output and a decrease in force of left ventricular contraction. a decrease in cardiac output and an increase in the force of left ventricular contraction. a decrease in stroke volume and heart rate.
an increase in cardiac output and force of left ventricular contraction.
When a person rises quickly from a lying position, there is an increase in the frequency of action potentials produced by the baroreceptors. an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction.. reflexive slowing of the heart. an increase of parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. a decrease in heart rate and stroke volume.
an increase in vasomotor sympathetic stimulation to the blood vessels causing vasoconstriction..
As soon as left ventricular pressure exceeds the pressure in the aorta, the AV valves open. aortic semilunar valve opens. atria pump blood into the ventricles. ventricles pump blood into the atria. pulmonary semilunar valve closes.
aortic semilunar valve opens.
Ventricular contraction begins at the AV bundle. apex of the heart. base of the heart. superior portion of the interventricular septum. top of the ventricles.
apex of the heart.
Chemoreceptors are located in the aortic and carotid bodies. are sensitive to small changes in oxygen levels in the blood. monitor blood pressure. are not sensitive to carbon dioxide or hydrogen ion levels. are not sensitive to changes in pH of the blood.
are located in the aortic and carotid bodies.
Cardiac muscle cells have smooth ER but no T tubules. form the heart valves. are maintained by an extensive capillary network. develop a significant oxygen debt during systole. do not contain actin and myosin like skeletal muscle cells.
are maintained by an extensive capillary network.
__________carry oxygen rich blood from the heart through the first part of the systemic circulation. arterioles veins capillaries arteries venules
arteries
__________ are the smallest branches of the artery delivery system. arterioles veins capillaries arteries venules
arterioles
The action potentials are slowed at the AV node to allow the ventricles to repolarize. ventricles to completely empty of blood. pacemaker to reset for the next beat. atria to complete their contraction. atria to begin their contraction.
atria to complete their contraction.
The P wave of an ECG indicates atrial depolarization. atrial repolarization. ventricular depolarization. ventricular repolarization. threshold.
atrial depolarization.
When there is a drop in blood pressure, the body reacts immediately by way of the baroreceptor mechanism. chemoreceptor mechanism. CNS ischemic mechanism. stress-relaxation mechanism. adrenal medullary mechanism.
baroreceptor mechanism.
Baron von Quacko, famous tag-team wrestler, has a famous "sleeper hold" that he uses on his opponents. Using only a single digit on each hand, he presses on his opponent's neck until his opponent passes out. What are the structures on which he is pressing and what is the effect? subclavian arteries; blood flow to brain is stopped carotid chemoreceptors; blood pressure increases baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate vertebral arteries; blood flow to brain is increased jugular vein; blood flow back to heart is decreased
baroreceptors in carotid sinus; peripheral vasodilation and decreased heart rate
Blood vessels enter and exit from the _____ of the heart. apex base auricles trigone inferior aspect
base
These leukocytes produce heparin and histamine; they play a role in inflammatory and allergic reactions. basophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes neutrophils
basophils
Blood is more viscous than water. This is because it becomes thinner when cells are added has a higher temperature than the body becomes more dense when cells are added has a higher pH than water
becomes more dense when cells are added
Hematopoiesis is the process of growth factor release blood cell production bone cell formation plasma formation
blood cell production
A force that attracts fluid into the capillary from the tissue spaces is blood pressure. negative interstitial pressure. blood colloid osmotic pressure. venous pressure. active transport.
blood colloid osmotic pressure.
In which of the following clinical situations would you expect edema? shock (which is accompanied by low blood pressure) burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins) dehydration (which results in low blood pressure) vomiting (which leads to a decreased plasma volume) diarrhea (which leads to a decreased blood volume)
burns (which result in increased capillary permeability to plasma proteins)
Efficient exchange of oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the tissues is the job of the ______________. arterioles veins capillaries arteries venules
capillaries
The exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of veins. arteries. arterioles. capillaries. venules.
capillaries.
Which of the following is mismatched? opening of sodium fast channels - depolarization closing of calcium slow channels - plateau phase opening of potassium channels - rapid repolarization closure of sodium channels - early repolarization opening of calcium slow channels - plateau phase
closing of calcium slow channels - plateau phase
Fibrinolysis is responsible for activation of the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. activation of the extrinsic pathway of coagulation. clot retraction. clot dissolution. clot consolidation.
clot dissolution.
Distributing arteries contain a lot of elastic tissue. contain a thick tunica media. are strong, rigid vessels. transport blood from arterioles to capillaries. do not contain smooth muscle in their walls.
contain a thick tunica media.
The blood-brain barrier is a special ________________, containing abundant tight junctions and no intercellular clefts. continuous capillary. fenestrated capillary. sinusoidal capillary.
continuous capillary.
Precapillary sphincters serve as valves in veins. are found in the tunica media. carry blood under high pressure. control the blood flow into capillary beds. are voluntary structures.
control the blood flow into capillary beds.
Which of the following events is one of the three main stages of coagulation? conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin platelet aggregation conversion of thrombin to prothrombin platelet plug formation calcium is released
conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
The great cardiac vein and middle cardiac vein empty into a venous cavity called the pulmonary vein. inferior vena cava. superior vena cava. coronary sinus. coronary artery.
coronary sinus.
The epicardium covers the surface of the heart. lines the walls of the ventricles. is known as the fibrous pericardium. attaches inferiorly to the diaphragm. is also called endocardium.
covers the surface of the heart.
If fluid is collecting in the interstitial space, then blood volume......venous return.....which means preload is ______________. deceased increased unchanged
deceased
The ability of white blood cells to leave the circulation and enter tissues is called chemotaxis. diapedesis. margination. intrusion. exocytosis.
diapedesis.
Which of these areas does NOT contain red marrow in the adult? sternum ribs pelvis distal femur vertebrae
distal femur
Plasma is considered a colloid because it contains suspended substances that settle out in solution become dissolved don't settle out in solution become thick when moving
don't settle out in solution
The tricuspid valve is closed during active filling of the ventricles. when the mitral valve is open. while the atria are contracting. during ejection. during passive filling of the ventricles.
during ejection.
The blood vessels that are under the greatest pressure are the arterioles. capillaries. elastic arteries. veins. venules.
elastic
From the heart to body tissues, which of the following sequences of vessels is correct? muscular artery, arteriole, elastic artery, capillary arteriole, muscular artery, elastic artery, capillary elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary elastic artery, arteriole, muscular artery, capillary distributing artery, muscular artery, medium artery, capillary
elastic artery, muscular artery, arteriole, capillary
The lining of a capillary is called the endothelium. adventitia. pericapillary layer. thoroughfare layer. tunica.
endothelium
These leukocytes produce enzymes that reduce the inflammatory response and are associated with allergies or parasitic infections. basophils eosinophils lymphocytes monocytes neutrophils
eosinophils
Another name for the visceral pericardium is the endocardium. epicardium. isocardium. myocardium. visocardium.
epicardium.
The greater the compliance the greater the resistance generated in the vessel. more easily the vessel wall stretches. longer the blood vessel will measure. higher the blood pressure will be. less the elasticity of the vessel.
more easily the vessel wall stretches.
Lack of cytoplasmic organelles is important to red blood cells because they never had cytoplasmic organelles more space is available to carry hemoglobin the red blood cell only lives about 20 days it must constantly undergo erythropoiesis
more space is available to carry hemoglobin
The muscle layer of the heart, whose fuction is to act as the pump for the cardiovascular system is the endocardium epicardium fibrous pericardium. myocardium
myocardium
Which of the following layers forms the bulk of the heart wall? epicardium pericardium endocardium myocardium visceral pericardium
myocardium
The most numerous of the leukocytes is the neutrophil. basophil. eosinophil. lymphocyte. monocyte.
neutrophil.
Which leukocyte's main function is phagocytosis; these are the first cells to respond? basophils lymphocytes monocytes neutrophils eosinophils
neutrophils
The plateau phase seen during the action potential of a cardiac muscle cell is due to the sodium-potassium pump. opening of sodium fast channels. opening of calcium slow channels. closure of chloride fast channels. opening of calcium fast channels.
opening of calcium slow channels.
When a blood vessel is damaged, which of the following events occurs last? collagen is exposed platelets adhere to collagen platelets are activated platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug. von Willebrand factor is produced
platelets begin to stick to each other and form a plug.
During platelet plug formation, platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels. activated platelets release fibrinogen. thrombin is released from endothelial cells. Vitamin K production increases. platelets multiply.
platelets stick to the exposed collagen fibers of injured vessels.
The central nervous system ischemic response is triggered by an increase in blood flow to the vasomotor center. plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions. is stimulated by a rise in oxygen. is inhibited by a rise in the level of hydrogen ions. plays an important role in regulating blood pressure under normal conditions.
plays an important role in controlling blood pressure under emergency conditions.
Which of the following phrases would apply to cardiac muscle cells? are organized in parallel columns or bundles contain actin but no myosin develop a significant oxygen debt during systole are multinucleated like skeletal muscle cells. possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs
possess special cell-to-cell contacts called intercalated discs
Which of the following events occurs first? threshold depolarization repolarization afterpolarization prepotential
prepotential
Contraction of the papillary muscles would cause the atria to eject their contents into the ventricles. eject blood from both ventricles prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria. close the semilunar valves
prevent the AV valves from protruding into the atria.
The long refractory period observed in cardiac muscle prolongs depolarization of the cardiac muscle. prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle. ensures that the heart has adequate time to contract. prevents the heart rate from slowing down. prevents an increase in heart rate.
prevents tetanic contractions of the cardiac muscle.
You are normally unable to see a waveform indicating repolarization of the atria on an ECG because it does not really produce a waveform. the QRS complex is such a large electrical event, it hides the waveform. the atria never repolarize. the p wave is such a large electrical event, it hides the waveform.
the QRS complex is such a large electrical event, it hides the waveform.
Afterload is the name given to an increase in end-diastolic volume. the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood. the amount cardiac output must increase during exercise. another name for venous return. the extent to which ventricular walls are stretched.
the arterial pressure that the ventricles must overcome to eject blood.
A stab wound into the heart can result in cardiac tamponade. This means that blood enters the pleural cavity. the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac. the electrical conduction system of the heart is damaged. the left coronary artery has been damaged or cut. the heart has lost all of its blood.
the heart is compressed by blood in the pericardial sac.
Increased vagal stimulation would cause the heart rate to decrease. the heart rate to increase. force of contraction to increase. stroke volume to increase. no change in heart rate, stroke volume, or force of contraction.
the heart rate to decrease.
What makes blood an unusual connective tissue is its color. the number of cells present in its fluid. the massive amount present in the body. the highly fluid nature of its extracellular matrix and the lack of fibers there.
the highly fluid nature of its extracellular matrix and the lack of fibers there.
E.Z. Goen is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When E.Z. asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in the outer layer of the heart wall. the inner lining of the heart. a membranous sac that encloses the heart wall. the muscular layer of the heart. the lining of the mediastinum.
the inner lining of the heart.
Plasma is ____ while formed elements are ____. a blood gas; blood clots the liquid portion of blood; the cells lacking in protein; regulators of blood osmolality the cellular portion of blood; acellular components mostly protein; the matrix
the liquid portion of blood; the cells
If oxygen and nutrients are not needed at the time or if these products are required urgently somewhere else in the body, the precapillary sphincters vasoconstrict, allowing blood to flow from the through the throughfare channel to the recapillary arteriole. throughfare channel to the postcapillary venule. throughfare channel directly to the heart. vasa vasorum.
throughfare channel to the postcapillary venule.
In the extrinsic pathway, damaged tissues release activated factor V. calcium. factor VII. tissue factor (TF). factor XII.
tissue factor
Stroke volume and heart rate may increase cardiac output to 40 l/ min in healthy adults. trained athletes. persons with heart failure.
trained athletes.
The outer layer of a blood vessel, composed of connective tissue and scattered elastic fibers is called the tunica intima tunica media tunica externa vasodilation vasoconstriction
tunica externa
This layer lines the lumen and is composed of endothelium and connective tissue. tunica intima tunica media tunica externa vasodilation vasoconstriction
tunica intima
Which coat of an artery contains endothelium? tunica intima tunica media tunica adventitia tunica elastica tunica intermedia
tunica intima
Arteries can constrict or dilate as needed because of the smooth muscle found in the tunica intima. tunica media. tunica adventitia. tunica externa. tunica interna.
tunica media.
Sympathetic nerve fibers that innervate blood vessel walls, allowing for vasoconstiction and vasodilation are found primarily in the tunica intima. tunica media. tunica adventitia. tunica externa. tunica interna.
tunica media.
When the tissue needs oxygen and nutrients, the precapillary sphincters ________. vasoconstrict, filling the capillary bed with nutrients and oxygen. vasodilate, filling the capillary bed with nutrients and oxygen.
vasodilate, filling the capillary bed with nutrients and oxygen.
The middle layer of a blood vessel, contains smooth muscle that allows the vessel to increse in diameter, a property called ___________________. tunica intima tunica media tunica externa vasodilation vasoconstriction
vasodilation
The vessels carrying oxygen poor blood and waste products away from the tissues and all the way back to the heart are called ___________. arterioles veins capillaries arteries venules
veins
If a person develops high blood pressure, one of the compensatory mechanisms that comes into play is the fluid shift mechanism. This mechanism causes water to shift from inside cells into the extracellular fluid. water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces. water to shift from the interstitial space into the capillaries. increased filtration in the kidney thereby increasing urine output. water to stay inside the capillaries.
water to shift from the capillaries into the interstitial spaces.
The chemoreceptor reflexes help maintain homeostasis under normal conditions. when carbon dioxide levels increase. when stimulated by changes in blood osmotic pressure. when epinephrine levels increase. when hydrogen ion concentrations decrease.
when carbon dioxide levels increase.
