A&P1 Chapter 4
Simple squamous epithelium
- 1 cell layer thick - Flattened (squamous) cells
Cardiac muscle cell
- Branching - Striated - Uninucleate - Intercalated disc
Features and location of cardiac muscle
- Branching muscle fibers - Striated - Uninucleate - Intercalated discs - Location: only in the heart
Lacunae
- Cell shaped empty space where osteocytes are found in bone connective tissue -Highlighted in blue
Loose connective tissue
- Cells are fibroblasts - All 3 types of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) - Most common CPT
Hyaline cartilage
- Chondrocyte - ECM - No fibers (fibrocartilage and elastic have them)
Hyaline cartilage connective tissue
- Chondrocyte - ECM - No fibers (fibrocartilage and elastic have them)
Transitional epithelial tissue
- Dome shaped top cells - Multiple layers and shapes of cells - Found only in urinary system
What types of cells are found in blood connective tissue?
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - Leukocytes (white blood cells)
Spongy bone connective tissue
- Less dense than compact bone - Spaces filled by red bone marrow
Striations
- Light and dark banding pattern caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins. - Found in Skeletal and cardiac muscle.
Features and location of skeletal muscle
- Long parallel muscle fibers - Striated - Multinucleate - Any muscle you can control (remember: if you can work it out in the gym, it is a skeletal muscle)
Dense regular connective vs. smooth muscle
- Look at shape and location of nuclei - Smooth muscle: rounder and more centralized within the cell AND cells have membranes - Dense regular connective will have less nuclei and a mix of fibers and ground substance
What are the categories of connective tissue?
- Loose - Dense (fibrous) - Fluid (blood) - Special (bone, cartiledge)
Stratified columnar epithelium
- Multiple layers of rectangular epithelial cells - Rare and highly specialized - Found in the ducts of large glands
Simple columnar epithelial tissue
- Single layer of rectangular cells - Nuclei all in a line
Simple columnar epithelium
- Single layer of rectangular cells - Nuclei all in a line
Functions and location of smooth muscle
- Small spindle-shaped fibers - Not striated - Uninucleate - Location: walls of organs and involuntary muscle
Defining features of cardiac muscle tissue
- Striations - Branching - Uni- nucleated
Type vs. tissue
- Type is one of the 4 tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue or nervous tissue - Subtype is more specific (ex. hyaline cartilage or dense regular connective)
Transcellular transport
1. Substance enters the cell via active or passive means 2. Substance diffuses through the cytosol 3. Substance exits the other side of the cell
This connective tissue consists of large round densely packed cells with the nucleus pushed to one side.
Adipose connective tissue
Identify the tissue where you would find abundant adipocytes.
Adipose tissue
The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in __________.
Adipose tissue
Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the __________.
Air sacs of the lungs
To determine the cell shape of epithelial tissue, where do you look?
Apical layer
What part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body?
Axon
The only connective tissue that has a fluid matrix is ____.
Blood
Which one of the following structures is not found within both cartilage and bone? - Lacunae - Collagen fibers - Blood vessels - Matrix
Blood vessels
Which one of the following structures is not found within both cartilage and bone? Lacunae Blood vessels Matrix Collagen fibers
Blood vessels - only found in bone tissue
Spongy bone connective tissue
Boney bridges with spaces for marrow
Where is nervous tissue found?
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Which description matches cardiac muscle? - Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells - Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells - Spindle shaped with central nuclei - Spindled shape with obvious striations - Long, branching with no striations
Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells
Smooth muscle tissue
C - Small spindle shaped fibers - Not striated - Uninucleate
The inorganic portion of bone matrix is composed of
Calcium phosphate crystals
A connective tissue that is composed of cells called chondrocytes, tough but flexible, and resistant to tension would be
Cartilage
The structure labeled B is located within the ______ canal.
Central A is LACUNAE
What type of cells are found within cartilage?
Chondrocytes (image is hyaline cartilage connective tissue)
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)
Cilia
What fibers are found in connective tissue?
Collagen, reticular, elastic (thickest ----> thinnest)
Identify the type and tissues where you would find osteocytes?
Compact bone connective tissue
What general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body?
Connective
Which body tissue consists largely of material outside of the cell?
Connective
What type of tissue connects?
Connective tissue
What type of tissue is made of cells, fiber and ground substance?
Connective tissue
Basement membrane
D Layer which marks the deepest part of the epithelium
The connective tissue subtype that is found in the dermis is ___________.
Dense irregular connective tissue proper
This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones.
Dense regular
Tendons and ligaments are composed of:
Dense regular connective tissue.
Which of the following characteristics is not associated with loose areolar connective tissue? - Found in layers of hollow organs - Densely packed protein fibers - Primarily composed of ground substance - Fibroblasts are the predominate cell.
Densely packed protein fibers
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the
Epidermis
What type of tissue is covering/lining?
Epithelial tissue
What type of tissue is made of cells with only one nucleus?
Epithelial tissue
________ is the type of tissue that are only cells and are found lining a hollow organ.
Epithelial tissue
Which of the following structures is composed of elastic cartilage? Intervertebral discs Nose Fetal skeleton External ear
External ear
Collagen
Fiber found within connective tissue
Which cell type is commonly found in connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts (image is dense regular connective tissue)
The two most common types of cells found in connective tissue proper are ___________.
Fibroblasts and macrophages
What characteristics are associated with simple squamous epithelium?
Filtration and diffusion
All of the following functions are associated with epithelial tissue except: - mechanical and thermal protection - secretion of substances - transporting substances to other tissues - generating electrical signals
Generating electrical signals
Which of the following subdivisions is not a type of connective tissue proper? Adipose tissue Hyaline cartilage Dense regular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue
Hyaline cartilage
Where is fibrocartilage found?
Intervertebral discs
Stratified squamous epithelium would not be found in the: - vagina - anus - intestines - mouth
Intestines Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in organs that require protection from mechanical abrasion but that need to retain the moist surface not found with keratinized epithelium; such epithelium lines the mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina.
All of the following characteristics are associated with epithelium except - it contains blood vessels. - it has many tight junctions. - it is highly regenerative. - it may form exocrine glands.
It contains blood vessels
All of the following characteristics are associated with epithelium except - it is highly regenerative - it may form exocrine glands - it contains blood vessels - it has many tight junctions
It contains blood vessels
Intercalated disc
Junction between cardiac cells that allows them to contract as a unit
An open space within an organ structure is called:
Lumen
Stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Many layers of squamous cells (thin and flattened)
What is a basement membrane?
Membrane cells are attached to
Paracellular transport
Movement of substances through narrow space between epithelial cells
What type of tissue contracts?
Muscle tissue
What type of tissue communicates?
Nervous tissue
What are the smallest cells in nervous tissue called?
Neuroglia
________ are the supporting cells found in nervous tissue.
Neuroglial cells
Does dense connective tissue function as a barrier?
No
Identify structure at the tip of the arrow
Nucleus
Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue
Only one layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane
_____ are responsible for bone deposition, whereas _____ are responsible for bone resorption.
Osteoblasts; osteoclasts
The ____ is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the external surface of cartilage providing oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes.
Perichondrium
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of blood is known as __________.
Plasma
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue consists of:
Protein fibers and ground substance
If an epithelium has all cells touching the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface, that epithelium would be called a ________ epithelium.
Pseudostratified
What type of tissue is specific to the respiratory system?
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium
Which of the following types of epithelial tissues has ciliated cells that line the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory passageways?
Pseudostratified columnar
You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. This tissue is most likely to be __________.
Simple columnar epithelium
What muscle tissues are under voluntary control?
Skeletal muscle
Which tissue would be well-suited for muscle contractions?
Skeletal muscle tissue
This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is __________.
Smooth muscle tissue
Which description matches smooth muscle? - Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells - Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells - Spindled shaped with central nuclei - Spindled shape with obvious striations - Long, branching with no striations
Spindled shaped with central nuclei
Keratinized, dead cells are associated with __________.
Stratified squamous epithelium
What are the parallel stripes in muscle tissue called?
Striations
Reticular tissue is not found in which of the following locations? Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Tendons
Tendons
Hyaline cartilage is not found in ______________.
The menisci of the knee (Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they form joints)
Smooth muscle tissue is found in:
The walls of the intestines.
What type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between our cells?
Tight junctions
Organs are made up of several different types of ____ that function together.
Tissues
The structure and function of _______ directly determine the structure and function of organs and organ systems.
Tissues
_________ is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells that can contract and expand.
Transitional epithelia
What type of tissue is specific to the urinary system?
Transitional epithelium (remember: dome shaped cells on apical layer)
Canaliculus
Very small tube or channel, such as is found between lacunae (connecting them together) in compact bone.
What is ground substance?
Whatever is filling the space around the cells between fibers
What is the rule for naming epithelial tissue?
[LAYER] + [SHAPE] + EPITHELIUM - 1 layer = simple - More than one layer = stratified - Apical cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar?
