A&P1 Chapter 4

Simple squamous epithelium

- 1 cell layer thick - Flattened (squamous) cells

Cardiac muscle cell

- Branching - Striated - Uninucleate - Intercalated disc

Features and location of cardiac muscle

- Branching muscle fibers - Striated - Uninucleate - Intercalated discs - Location: only in the heart

Lacunae

- Cell shaped empty space where osteocytes are found in bone connective tissue -Highlighted in blue

Loose connective tissue

- Cells are fibroblasts - All 3 types of fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular) - Most common CPT

Hyaline cartilage

- Chondrocyte - ECM - No fibers (fibrocartilage and elastic have them)

Hyaline cartilage connective tissue

- Chondrocyte - ECM - No fibers (fibrocartilage and elastic have them)

Transitional epithelial tissue

- Dome shaped top cells - Multiple layers and shapes of cells - Found only in urinary system

What types of cells are found in blood connective tissue?

- Erythrocytes (red blood cells) - Leukocytes (white blood cells)

Spongy bone connective tissue

- Less dense than compact bone - Spaces filled by red bone marrow

Striations

- Light and dark banding pattern caused by the arrangement of the contractile proteins. - Found in Skeletal and cardiac muscle.

Features and location of skeletal muscle

- Long parallel muscle fibers - Striated - Multinucleate - Any muscle you can control (remember: if you can work it out in the gym, it is a skeletal muscle)

Dense regular connective vs. smooth muscle

- Look at shape and location of nuclei - Smooth muscle: rounder and more centralized within the cell AND cells have membranes - Dense regular connective will have less nuclei and a mix of fibers and ground substance

What are the categories of connective tissue?

- Loose - Dense (fibrous) - Fluid (blood) - Special (bone, cartiledge)

Stratified columnar epithelium

- Multiple layers of rectangular epithelial cells - Rare and highly specialized - Found in the ducts of large glands

Simple columnar epithelial tissue

- Single layer of rectangular cells - Nuclei all in a line

Simple columnar epithelium

- Single layer of rectangular cells - Nuclei all in a line

Functions and location of smooth muscle

- Small spindle-shaped fibers - Not striated - Uninucleate - Location: walls of organs and involuntary muscle

Defining features of cardiac muscle tissue

- Striations - Branching - Uni- nucleated

Type vs. tissue

- Type is one of the 4 tissues: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue or nervous tissue - Subtype is more specific (ex. hyaline cartilage or dense regular connective)

Transcellular transport

1. Substance enters the cell via active or passive means 2. Substance diffuses through the cytosol 3. Substance exits the other side of the cell

This connective tissue consists of large round densely packed cells with the nucleus pushed to one side.

Adipose connective tissue

Identify the tissue where you would find abundant adipocytes.

Adipose tissue

The major energy reserve in the body is found stored as fat in __________.

Adipose tissue

Simple squamous epithelium is found lining the __________.

Air sacs of the lungs

To determine the cell shape of epithelial tissue, where do you look?

Apical layer

What part of a neuron conducts electrical signals away from the cell body?

Axon

The only connective tissue that has a fluid matrix is ____.

Blood

Which one of the following structures is not found within both cartilage and bone? - Lacunae - Collagen fibers - Blood vessels - Matrix

Blood vessels

Which one of the following structures is not found within both cartilage and bone? Lacunae Blood vessels Matrix Collagen fibers

Blood vessels - only found in bone tissue

Spongy bone connective tissue

Boney bridges with spaces for marrow

Where is nervous tissue found?

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Which description matches cardiac muscle? - Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells - Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells - Spindle shaped with central nuclei - Spindled shape with obvious striations - Long, branching with no striations

Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells

Smooth muscle tissue

C - Small spindle shaped fibers - Not striated - Uninucleate

The inorganic portion of bone matrix is composed of

Calcium phosphate crystals

A connective tissue that is composed of cells called chondrocytes, tough but flexible, and resistant to tension would be

Cartilage

The structure labeled B is located within the ______ canal.

Central A is LACUNAE

What type of cells are found within cartilage?

Chondrocytes (image is hyaline cartilage connective tissue)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (PCCE)

Cilia

What fibers are found in connective tissue?

Collagen, reticular, elastic (thickest ----> thinnest)

Identify the type and tissues where you would find osteocytes?

Compact bone connective tissue

What general tissue type binds, supports, and protects the body?

Connective

Which body tissue consists largely of material outside of the cell?

Connective

What type of tissue connects?

Connective tissue

What type of tissue is made of cells, fiber and ground substance?

Connective tissue

Basement membrane

D Layer which marks the deepest part of the epithelium

The connective tissue subtype that is found in the dermis is ___________.

Dense irregular connective tissue proper

This connective tissue looks like strands of wavy hair. It is very strong and attaches muscles to bones.

Dense regular

Tendons and ligaments are composed of:

Dense regular connective tissue.

Which of the following characteristics is not associated with loose areolar connective tissue? - Found in layers of hollow organs - Densely packed protein fibers - Primarily composed of ground substance - Fibroblasts are the predominate cell.

Densely packed protein fibers

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium forms the

Epidermis

What type of tissue is covering/lining?

Epithelial tissue

What type of tissue is made of cells with only one nucleus?

Epithelial tissue

________ is the type of tissue that are only cells and are found lining a hollow organ.

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following structures is composed of elastic cartilage? Intervertebral discs Nose Fetal skeleton External ear

External ear

Collagen

Fiber found within connective tissue

Which cell type is commonly found in connective tissue proper?

Fibroblasts (image is dense regular connective tissue)

The two most common types of cells found in connective tissue proper are ___________.

Fibroblasts and macrophages

What characteristics are associated with simple squamous epithelium?

Filtration and diffusion

All of the following functions are associated with epithelial tissue except: - mechanical and thermal protection - secretion of substances - transporting substances to other tissues - generating electrical signals

Generating electrical signals

Which of the following subdivisions is not a type of connective tissue proper? Adipose tissue Hyaline cartilage Dense regular connective tissue Areolar connective tissue

Hyaline cartilage

Where is fibrocartilage found?

Intervertebral discs

Stratified squamous epithelium would not be found in the: - vagina - anus - intestines - mouth

Intestines Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium is found in organs that require protection from mechanical abrasion but that need to retain the moist surface not found with keratinized epithelium; such epithelium lines the mouth, throat, esophagus, anus, and vagina.

All of the following characteristics are associated with epithelium except - it contains blood vessels. - it has many tight junctions. - it is highly regenerative. - it may form exocrine glands.

It contains blood vessels

All of the following characteristics are associated with epithelium except - it is highly regenerative - it may form exocrine glands - it contains blood vessels - it has many tight junctions

It contains blood vessels

Intercalated disc

Junction between cardiac cells that allows them to contract as a unit

An open space within an organ structure is called:

Lumen

Stratified squamous epithelial tissue

Many layers of squamous cells (thin and flattened)

What is a basement membrane?

Membrane cells are attached to

Paracellular transport

Movement of substances through narrow space between epithelial cells

What type of tissue contracts?

Muscle tissue

What type of tissue communicates?

Nervous tissue

What are the smallest cells in nervous tissue called?

Neuroglia

________ are the supporting cells found in nervous tissue.

Neuroglial cells

Does dense connective tissue function as a barrier?

No

Identify structure at the tip of the arrow

Nucleus

Simple Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

Only one layer of cuboidal cells on basement membrane

_____ are responsible for bone deposition, whereas _____ are responsible for bone resorption.

Osteoblasts; osteoclasts

The ____ is a fibrous connective tissue membrane that covers the external surface of cartilage providing oxygen and nutrients to the chondrocytes.

Perichondrium

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of blood is known as __________.

Plasma

The extracellular matrix (ECM) of connective tissue consists of:

Protein fibers and ground substance

If an epithelium has all cells touching the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the apical surface, that epithelium would be called a ________ epithelium.

Pseudostratified

What type of tissue is specific to the respiratory system?

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Which of the following types of epithelial tissues has ciliated cells that line the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory passageways?

Pseudostratified columnar

You examine a tissue slide through the microscope and recognize one layer of cells that are mostly tall and elongated. This tissue is most likely to be __________.

Simple columnar epithelium

What muscle tissues are under voluntary control?

Skeletal muscle

Which tissue would be well-suited for muscle contractions?

Skeletal muscle tissue

This type of muscle tissue is found in the walls of hollow organs. It has no striations, and its cells are spindle shaped. It is __________.

Smooth muscle tissue

Which description matches smooth muscle? - Branching, striated, and usually uninucleate cells - Long, cylindrical, and multinucleate cells - Spindled shaped with central nuclei - Spindled shape with obvious striations - Long, branching with no striations

Spindled shaped with central nuclei

Keratinized, dead cells are associated with __________.

Stratified squamous epithelium

What are the parallel stripes in muscle tissue called?

Striations

Reticular tissue is not found in which of the following locations? Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Tendons

Tendons

Hyaline cartilage is not found in ______________.

The menisci of the knee (Hyaline cartilage covers the ends of bones where they form joints)

Smooth muscle tissue is found in:

The walls of the intestines.

What type of cell junction would most likely prevent water from flowing between our cells?

Tight junctions

Organs are made up of several different types of ____ that function together.

Tissues

The structure and function of _______ directly determine the structure and function of organs and organ systems.

Tissues

_________ is a type of tissue consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells that can contract and expand.

Transitional epithelia

What type of tissue is specific to the urinary system?

Transitional epithelium (remember: dome shaped cells on apical layer)

Canaliculus

Very small tube or channel, such as is found between lacunae (connecting them together) in compact bone.

What is ground substance?

Whatever is filling the space around the cells between fibers

What is the rule for naming epithelial tissue?

[LAYER] + [SHAPE] + EPITHELIUM - 1 layer = simple - More than one layer = stratified - Apical cell shape: squamous, cuboidal, or columnar?