A&P1 Exam 3

each molecule of acetyl-coa that enters the Krebs cycle produces how many molecules of carbon dioxide: a. one b. 2 c. 4 d. 6

b. 2

when referring to a joint, a meniscus is: a. a sac of synovial fluid between bones and overlying tissue. b. a c-shaped fibrocartilage disc that extends into the joint cavity. c. connective tissue connecting one bone to another bone. d. The level of synovial fluid in the joint cavity.

b. a c-shaped fibrocartilage disc that extends into the joint cavity.

which of the following represents the correct sequence of events leading to muscle contraction: a. calcium diffuses into sarcoplasmic reticulum, cross Bridges break, cholinesterase released. b. acetylcholine released, calcium diffuses into sarcoplasm, troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape, cross Bridges form. c. calcium pumped into sarcolemma, protein receptors activated, pH changes, ATP produced. d. Cross Bridges form, calcium diffuses into sarcoplasm, troponin covers tropomyosin.

b. acetylcholine released, calcium diffuses into sarcoplasm, troponin-tropomyosin complex changes shape, cross Bridges form.

the enzyme acetylcholinesterase causes: a. ATP to break down to ADP. b. acetylcholine to break down. c. troponin to bind to tropomyosin. d. breakdown of pyruvic acid to lactic acid.

b. acetylcholine to break down

the function of satellite cells, in muscle tissue, is to: a. generate extra ATP during periods of high muscle activity. b. allow limited regeneration of muscle tissue. c. assist in contraction by pulling on the connective tissues surrounding the muscle fiber. d. store calcium ions that have diffused into the extracellular fluid.

b. allow limited regeneration of muscle tissue.

synthesis reactions, reactions that build up complex molecules from smaller molecules, are: a. catabolic reactions b. anabolic reactions c. exergonic reactions d. hydrolysis reactions

b. anabolic reactions

the sarcolemma is the: a. storage site for calcium ions in myofibers. b. cell membrane of a muscle fiber c. separation between sarcomeres in a myofiber d. structure that produces acetylcholine

b. cell membrane of a muscle fiber

making circles with your arms is best described as: a. hyperextension b. circumduction c. elevation d. flexion

b. circumduction

in which cellular compartment does glycolysis occur: a. nucleus b. cytoplasm c. mitochondrion d. endoplasmic reticulum

b. cytoplasm

glucose enters the cells via: a. simple diffusion b. facilitated diffusion c. active transport d. countercurrent exchange

b. facilitated diffusion

increase in the number of muscle fibers is called: a. hypertrophy b. hyperplasia c. atrophy d. regeneration

b. hyperplasia

smooth muscle tissue is found: a. Attached to bones b. in the walls of hollow organs and body tubes. c. in the wall of the heart d. lining long bones

b. in the walls of hollow organs and body tubes.

an anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid will be converted to: a. acetyl-coa b. lactic acid c. cytochromes d. NAD

b. lactic acid

the reactions of the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) occur in the: a. cytosol b. mitochondria c. nucleus d. ribosomes

b. mitochondria

increasing the number of active motor units is called: a. fused tetanus b. motor unit recruitment c. muscle tone d. flaccid

b. motor unit recruitment

in tetanus: a. muscles wither away b. muscles undergo sustained contractions. c. ca +2 levels drop too low to sustain contractions. D. muscles tire due to buildup of ATP.

b. muscles undergo sustained contractions.

specific regions on the surface of actin serve as active sites for the formation of cross-bridges with molecules of: a. ATP b. myosin c. troponin b. tropomyosin

b. myosin

antagonistic muscle groups: a. are usually located on the same side of a limb. b. perform opposite functions. c. are usually circular muscles. d. contract together to perform a coordinated movement.

b. perform opposite functions.

in the (transitional) step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle: a. glucose enters the mitochondria. b. pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl coa. c. lactic acid is produced. d. coenzyme Q adds electrons to glucose.

b. pyruvic acid is converted to acetyl-coa.

the sarcoplasmic reticulum: a. is the cell membrane around each muscle fiber. b. stores CA+2 when the fiber is at rest. c. produces acetylcholine. d. produces ATP for muscle contraction.

b. stores CA+2 when the fiber is at rest.

the sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction says that skeletal muscles shorten when: a. actin filaments become shorter when they combine with myosin heads. b. thin myofilaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by swiveling of the myosin heads. c. acetylcholine reduces the friction between thin and thick myofilaments so they slide over each other more easily. d. a neurotransmitter alters the arrangement of collagen fibers in the endomysium, causing it to shrink more tightly around the myofiber.

b. thin myofilaments are pulled toward the center of the sarcomere by swiveling of the myosin heads.

which of the following is not a structural protein in muscle fibers: a. Titin b. troponin c. myomesin d. a-actinin e. all of the above are structural proteins

b. troponin

during skeletal muscle cell contraction a myosin head will bind to: a. Titin b. troponin c. Actin d. The m line

c. Actin

fluid-filled sacs that help cushion certain joints are the: a. menisci b. vesicles c. Bursae d. trochoids

c. Bursae

which of the following is a unique high- energy molecule stored in muscle: a. lactic acid b. myoglobin c. Creatine phosphate d. acetylcholine

c. Creatine phosphate

most of the ATP generated by the complete oxidation of glucose results from the reactions of: a. glycolysis b. The Krebs cycle c. The electron transport chain (ETC) d. gluconeogenesis

c. The electron transport chain (ETC).

the movement that occurs when a bone moves away from the midline is: a. plantar flexion b. adduction c. abduction d. opposition

c. abduction

the role of tropomyosin in skeletal muscle is to: a. provide an additional source of ATP during periods of high intensity exercise. b. bind to myosin cross Bridges during the powerstroke. c. block the myosin binding sites on actin during periods of rest. d. connect the thick myofilaments to the z discs.

c. block the myosin binding sites on actin during periods of rest.

a type of muscle tissue that is both striated and involuntary is: a. skeletal muscle tissue b. smooth muscle tissue c. cardiac muscle tissue d. both cardiac and smooth muscle tissue

c. cardiac muscle tissue

a ligament is: a. a sac of synovial fluid between the bones and overlying tissues at a joint. b. a fibrocartilage disc extending into the joint cavity. c. dense regular connective tissue connecting one bone to another bone. d. dense regular connective tissue connecting a skeletal muscle to a bone.

c. dense regular connective tissue connecting one bone to another bone.

fast twitch muscle fibers (fast glycolytic fibers): a. contain more myoglobin than slow-twitch fibers. b. contain more mitochondria than slow-twitch fibers. c. depend mainly on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP. D. are the most fatigue resistant muscle fibers.

c. depend mainly on anaerobic respiration to produce ATP.

functionally, the knee joint is classified as a: a. amphiarthrosis b. synarthrosis c. diarthrosis d. suture

c. diarthrosis

this type of motion results from relatively flat bone surfaces moving back and forth and from side to side with respect to one another: a. flexion b. extension c. gliding d. hyperextension

c. gliding

the function of NAD+ and FAD in aerobic cell respiration is to: a. Carry acetyl units into the Krebs cycle. b. increase the rate of glycolysis. c. increase the rate of facilitated diffusion of glucose into cells. d. Carry electrons / hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

d. Carry electrons/ hydrogen atoms to the electron transport chain.

a gomphosis is a joint that connects: a. The cranial bones of the skull b. The bodies of vertebrae c. carpals to each other d. Roots of teeth to their alveoli

d. Roots of teeth to their alveoli

during the powerstroke of the contraction cycle, a. troponin detaches from actin. b. The thin filaments hydrolyze ATP to release energy. c. tropomyosin binds to titin. d. The myosin heads cause the thin filaments to slide toward the m line.

d. The myosin heads cause the thin filaments to slide toward the m line.

a motor unit is: a. all the muscles that act as prime movers for a particular action. b. The sarcomeres of an individual myofibril. c. all of the neurons that stimulate a particular muscle. d. a motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates. e. The quantity of neurotransmitter that is sufficient to stimulate muscle contraction.

d. a motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates.

thin myofilaments contain: a. actin only b. myosin only c. both actin and myosin d. Acton, troponin and tropomyosin, but not myosin.

d. actin, troponin and tropomyosin, but not myosin.

where can / do muscles obtain ATP: a. Creatine phosphate d. anaerobic cellular respiration c. aerobic cellular respiration d. all of the above e. none of the above

d. all of the above

the end-products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose are: a. fatty acids and glycerol b. ATP and oxygen c. Amino acids d. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP e. pyruvic acid and lactic acid

d. carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.

the purpose of t tubules is to: a. generate ATP b. store calcium ions c. produce additional myofilaments in response to exercise d. conduct the muscle action potential toward the sarcoplasmic reticulum

d. conduct the muscle action potential toward the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

which of these four series of reactions uses oxygen in the last reaction of the series: a. glycolysis b. formation of acetyl coenzyme a c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport chain

d. electron transport chain

the connective tissue layer surrounding individual muscle fibers is the: a. deep fascia b. epimysium c. perimysium d. Endomysium

d. endomysium

a movement that increases the angle between articulating bones is: a. abduction b. adduction c. flexion d. extension e. rotation

d. extension

which one of the following is not a component of a synovial joint: a. synovial fluid b. articular cartilage c. a joint cavity d. fascia

d. fascia

muscles that stabilize the origin of a contracting muscle so that it can work more efficiently (e. g. muscles that hold the scapula firmly in place while the forearm moves) are called the: a. adductors b. prime movers c. antagonists d. fixators

d. fixators

a synovial, ball and socket joint of the lower extremity is the: a. toe joint b. ankle joint c. knee joint d. hip joint

d. hip joint

turning the soles of the feet inward such that they face each other is termed: a. dorsiflexion b. plantar flexion c. eversion d. inversion

d. inversion

a contraction in which tension is generated without a change in muscle length is called: a. eccentric contraction b. concentric contraction c. isotonic contraction d. isometric contraction

d. isometric contraction

all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism are its: a. catabolism b. anabolism c. reaction portfolio d. metabolism

d. metabolism

which of the following is not a factor in affecting range of motion: a. structure of articulating bones b. tension of the muscles c. disuse d. mineral homeostasis

d. mineral homeostasis

the muscle protein whose function is related to its golf club-like shape is: a. actin b. troponin c. tropomyosin d. myosin

d. myosin

excitability refers to the ability of a cell to: a. return to its original length after stretching. b. shorten. c. assume a desired shape regardless of how much it has been stretched. d. respond to a stimulus by producing an electrical signal.

d. respond to a stimulus by producing an electrical signal

elasticity refers to the ability of a muscle fiber to: a. shorten b. contract c. respond to a stimulus d. return to original size and shape after contracting or stretching.

d. return to original size and shape after contracting or stretching.

the type of movement associated with a pivot joint is: a. side to side and back and forth movement. b. sliding movement. c. many types, but no rotation d. rotation around its longitudinal axis

d. rotation around its longitudinal axis.

during the complete oxidation of one glucose molecule, the electron transport chain yields how many molecules of water: a. one b. two c. four d. six

d. six

which of the following is not a type of diarthrosis: a. gliding joint b. Hinge joint c. pivot joint d. symphysis

d. symphysis

sarcomeres are separated from each other by the: a. a band b. h zone c. m line d. z disc

d. z disc

Another term for a freely movable joint is: A. Diarthrosis B. Gomphosis C. Synarthrosis D. Amphiarthrosis

A. Diarthrosis

A slightly movable joint is referred to as a(n): A. Amphiarthrosis B. Synarthrosis C. Diarthrosis D. Synostosis

A. Amphiarthrosis

Which of the following types of joints is characterized by the absence of a joint cavity and the presence of fibrous/dense irregular connective tissue connecting articulating bones: A. synchondrosis B. symphysis C. fibrous D. synovial

C. fibrous

The point of contact between bones is a/an: A. angle B. tuberosity C. movement line D. articulation

D. Articulation

Which of the following is considered to be an immovable joint: A. Amphiarthrosis B. Diarthrosis C. Synovial D. Synarthrosis

D. Synarthrosis

what energizes the myosin head: a. The actin filaments b. calcium ions c. potassium ions d. ATP hydrolysis reaction

d. ATP hydrolysis reaction

the epiphyseal plate is an example of a: a. synchondrosis b. symphysis c. suture d. syndesmosis

a synchondrosis

as a result of glycolysis, there is a net gain of _____ ATP molecules: a. 2 b. 4 c. 20 d. 32

a. 2

during aerobic respiration, the number of ATP produced by the electron transport chain is: a. 26 to 28 b. 36 to 38 c. 38 to 40 d. 42 to 48

a. 26 to 28

the enzyme that is powered by the h+ ion gradient established by the ETC in order to synthesis ATP is called: a. ATP synthase b. ATP reductase c. ATP hydrolase d. ADP polymerase

a. ATP synthase

the elbow joint is a: a. Hinge joint b. Ball and socket joint c. sliding joint d. symphysis

a. Hinge joint

two molecules of pyruvic acid are the products of: a. The breakdown of glucose via glycolysis. b. aerobic cellular respiration. c. The binding of actin and myosin. d. removal of oxygen from myoglobin.

a. The breakdown of glucose via glycolysis.

when ATP attaches to the myosin head: a. The head detaches from actin. b. The head attaches to troponin. c. CA+2 reacts with the ATP. d. actin and myosin both shorten.

a. The head detaches from actin.

The synaptic vesicles seen in an axon terminal at a neuromuscular junction contain: a. acetylcholine b. calcium ions c. myoglobin d. glycogen

a. acetylcholine

the fate of pyruvic acid formed during muscle activity depends on the: a. amount of oxygen available. b. relative proportions of actin and myosin present. c. number of nuclei per cell. d. surface area of the sarcolemma.

a. amount of oxygen available.

the mouth is opened when: a. depression occurs at the temporomandibular joint. b. elevation occurs at the temporomandibular joint. c. retraction occurs at the temporomandibular joint. d. rotation occurs at the temporomandibular joint.

a. depression occurs at the temporomandibular joint.

an accessory ligament is associated with which type of joint: a. diarthrosis b. synostosis c. synarthrosis d. gomphosis

a. diarthrosis

chemical reactions that store energy are called: a. endergonic reactions b. exergonic reactions c. catabolic reactions d. degradation reactions

a. endergonic reactions

the outermost layer of connective tissue surrounding a skeletal muscle is the: a. epimysium b. perimysium c. Endomysium d. sacromysium

a. epimysium

which of the four processes of cell respiration will occur under anaerobic conditions: a. glycolysis b. formation of acetyl coenzyme a c. Krebs cycle d. electron transport chain

a. glycolysis

the articular cartilage covering the ends of long bones at synovial joints is: a. hyaline cartilage b. elastic cartilage c. fibrocartilage d. dense fibrous connective tissue

a. hyaline cartilage

increase in the size of muscle fibers is called: a. hypertrophy b. hyperplasia c. atrophy d. regeneration

a. hypertrophy

one factor that is thought to cause muscle fatigue is: a. inadequate release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. b. depletion of lactic acid c. excessive secretion of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. d. accumulation of creatine phosphate.

a. inadequate release of calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

even at rest, skeletal muscles maintain a small amount of tension due to weak, involuntary contractions of its motor units. this is called: a. muscle tone b. muscle cramp c. myalgia d. muscular dystrophy

a. muscle tone

the time following a stimulus during which a muscle cell is unable to respond to another stimulus is called the: a. refractory period. b. relaxation period c. tetanus period d. latent period

a. refractory period

postural muscles contain a relatively high proportion of: a. slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. b. fast oxidative skeletal muscle fibers. c. fast glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers. d. single unit smooth muscle fibers.

a. slow oxidative skeletal muscle fibers.

The joint between the two parietal bones is an example of a: a. suture b. synchondrosis c. symphysis d. gomphosis

a. suture

the fibrous connective tissue that connects muscles to bones is a: a. tendon b. ligament c. perimysium d. endomysium

a. tendon

the primary significance of the krebs cycle in terms of ATP production is: a. transfer of energy into NADH and FADH2. b. generation of carbon dioxide for use in the electron transport chain. c. transfer of energy into ATP between each step of the cycle. d. production of acetyl units.

a. transfer of energy into NADH and FADH2.

in skeletal muscle fibers, contraction is triggered by The binding of calcium ions to: a. troponin b. actin c. myosin d. ATP

a. troponin

which of the following is the correct sequence for the oxidation of glucose to produce ATP: a. electron transport chain, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A. b. Krebs cycle, formation of acetyl Co A, electron transport chain, glycolysis. c. glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain. d. formation of acetyl Co A, Krebs cycle, glycolysis, electron transport chain.

c. glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, Krebs cycle, electron transport chain.

muscle contraction is triggered by impulses carried over: a. sensory neurons b. afferent neurons c. motor neurons d. myofibrils

c. motor neurons

the oxygen-binding protein found in skeletal muscle fibers is: a. hemoglobin b. Creatine phosphate c. myoglobin d. adenosine triphosphate

c. myoglobin

thick myofilaments are made mostly of: a. actin b. troponin c. myosin d. tropomyosin

c. myosin

the role of acetylcholine in skeletal muscle contraction is to directly: a. bind to thick myofilaments when the muscle is at rest. b. provide an additional energy source during periods of high activity. c. open sodium ion channels in the sarcolemma. d. open calcium ion channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

c. open sodium ion channels in the sarcolemma.

the immovable point of attachment of a muscle's tendon is called the ____; the movable point of attachment of the muscle's other tendon is called the____. a. origin, action b. insertion, action c. origin, insertion d. insertion, origin

c. origin, insertion

standing on the toes, such as ballet dancers do, is an example of: a. inversion b. eversion c. plantar flexion d. dorsiflexion

c. plantar flexion

this refers to the range through which the bones of a joint can be moved: a. Axial b. biaxial c. range of motion d. disuse

c. range of motion

turning of the Palm anteriorly or Superiorly (i. e. turning the palm up) is referred to as: a. abduction of the hand b. adduction of the hand c. supination of the forearm d. pronation of the forearm

c. supination of the forearm

muscles that stabilize intermediate joints in order to prevent unwanted movements (e. g. muscles that stabilize the wrist when flexing the fingers) are called: a. prime movers b. fixators c. synergists d. agonists

c. synergists

the inner lining of the synovial cavity is called the: a. fibrous capsule b. articular capsule c. synovial membrane d. periosteum

c. synovial membrane

which of the following is not one of the key functions of muscle tissue: a. stabilizing body positions b. producing body movements c. generating heat d. moving substances within the body e. production of vitamin d

e. production of vitamin d