A&P2 BIO142 LAB 3: Blood
A
1. Determine the blood type for 1 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
centrifuge
1. Name the device identified by the blue arrow. [Ex 1, components of blood]
neutrophil
1. Name the type of WBC labeled A. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
A+
1. Name the type of blood indicated by 1 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
platelet
1. Name the type of formed element indicated by the yellow arrows. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
a
1. Sample 1 is from a 22-year-old female patient who lives in Virginia Beach, but just returned from a 4 week trip to Denver, Colorado. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. living at high altitude b. dehydration c. menstrual bleeding. d. iron deficiency [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
AB
1. Type A can be transfused into a patient with type A and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibility]
yes
1. an Rh negative blood be transfused into an Rh - patient? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
no
2. Can Rh positive blood be transfused into an Rh- patient? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
B
2. Determine the blood type for 2 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
plasma
2. Name the portion of blood indicated by the black bracket. [Ex 1, components of blood]
eosinophil
2. Name the type of WBC labeled B. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
A-
2. Name the type of blood indicated by 2 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
RBCs
2. Name the type of formed element indicated by the red arrows. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
b
2. Sample 2 is from a 50-year-old male patient who lives in Virginia Beach. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. pernicious anemia b. normal c. polycythemia vera d. dehydration [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
AB
2. Type B can be transfused into a patient with type B and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
Presently ther are how many anitgens that are categorized into how many different blood grouping systems?
284; 30
AB
3. Determine the blood type for 3 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
erythrocytes (RBCs)
3. Name the portion of blood indicated by the red bracket. [Ex 1, components of blood]
basophil
3. Name the type of WBC labeled C. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
O+
3. Name the type of blood indicated by 3 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
WBCs
3. Name the type of formed element indicated by the blue arrow. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
c
3. Sample 3 is from a 36-year-old male who just completed the Myrtle Beach marathon. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. polycythemia vera b. hemorrhage c. dehydration d. pernicious anemia [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
A, B, AB
3. Type O can be transfused into a patient with type O and? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
O-
3. Which blood type is the ultimate universal donor? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
O
4. Determine the blood type for 4 [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
buffy coat
4. Name the portion of blood indicated by the green arrow. [Ex 1, components of blood]
lymphocyte
4. Name the type of WBC labeled D. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
AB-
4. Name the type of blood indicated by 4 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
a
4. Sample 4 is from 46-year-old female who lives in Virginia Beach. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. polycythemia vera b. hemorrhage. c. normal d. iron deficiency [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
AB
4. Type AB can be transfused into only type__? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
AB+
4. Which blood type is the ultimate universal recipient (include the ABO system into your answer)? [Ex 6A, Image 2, transfusion compatibili]
RBCs
4. Which of the formed elements that you just named is the most numerous. [Ex 3, Image 1, blood cells on photomicrographs]
3.8/8 * 100% = 47.5%
5. Calculate the hematocrit of this blood sample. [Ex 1, components of blood]
positive
5. Determine the Rh blood type for 5 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
monocyte
5. Name the type of WBC labeled E. [Ex 3, Image 2, blood cells on photomicrographs]
B+
5. Name the type of blood indicated by 5 [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
b
5. Sample 5 is from a 75-year-old female who lives in Miami Beach. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. normal b. aplastic anemia c. polycythemia vera d. dehydration [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
O
5. which blood type can donate to all other types? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
negative
6. Determine the Rh blood type for 6 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
normal (42-52%)
6. For a male, this hematocrit...(is normal, indicates anemia, indicates polycythemia). [Ex 1, components of blood]
a
6. Sample 6 is from is an 80-year-old male who lives in Denver, Colorado. Which of the following scenarios best correlates with this patient? a. deficiency of vitamin B12. b. normal c. living at high altitude d. dehydration [Ex 2, hematocrit determination]
AB
6. Which blood type can receive blood from all other types? [Ex 6A, Image 1, transfusion compatibili]
4
6. which of the blood types below laks Rh antibodies because it was never exposed to the Rh antigen? [Ex 5A, Image 2, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
negative
7. Determine the Rh blood type for 7 (positive or negative) [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
if the Rh- has been exposed to Rh antigen, then they would develop antibodies
8. why in the Rh blood group is there a possibility that a person might have antibodies present or absent in the plasma? [Ex 5A, Image 1, antigens/antibodies in blood types]
Anti-A serum contains antibody A that bonds only to _______________; (agglutination = presence of_______________)
A antigen
Two blood group systems that are determined in routine blood typing are:
ABO and Rh
a clinical sign indicating that the number of circulating RBC's and/or the amount of circulating hemoglobin is below normal. This results in an inability to transport an adequate amount of oxygen to tissues.
Anemia
a serious disorder that results when the bone marrow no longer producing RBC's, so the number of RBC's and the amount of hemoglobin both decrease.
Aplastic anemia
Anti-B serum contains antibody B that bonds only to _______________; (agglutination = presence of_______________)
B antigen
granulocytes. are the least common of the WBC's in a normal blood smear making up only 0-1% of the total leukocytes. The cytoplasm contains many large purple to dark blue granules that visually obscure the view of the S-shaped nucleus.
Basophils
Blood type = A+
Blood Sample 1 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: - Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = B+
Blood Sample 2 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = AB-
Blood Sample 3 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = O-
Blood Sample 4 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: - Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = AB+
Blood Sample 5 Anti-A Serum: + Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: + [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood type = B-
Blood Sample 6 Anti-A Serum: - Anti-B Serum: + Anti-Rh Serum: - [Ex 5B, blood typing]
Blood typing is performed to determine compatibility for blood transfusions. Severe adverse reactions, even death, can result if an incompatible blood transfusion is performed. It is important to understand that the donor's plasma is removed from the blood, so only the RBC's are transfused into the patient who is receiving the blood transfusion.
Blood Transfusion Compatibility
Normal range: 0-1 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Basophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 7.35 - 7.45 Units of measurement: no units
Blood variable: *Blood pH* Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 2-4 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Eosinophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 36 - 52 Gender Ranges: M: 42-52 F: 36-46 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Hematocrit* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 12 - 17 Gender Ranges: M: 14-17 F: 12-15 Units of measurement: gm Hb/dl blood
Blood variable: *Hemoglobin (Hb) content* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 20-30 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Lymphocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 3-8 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Monocytes* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 60-70 Units of measurement: percent
Blood variable: *Neutrophils* (Total WBC Count) Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 4 - 5.5 million Gender Ranges: M: 4.5-5.5; F: 4.0-5.0 Units of measurement: cells/mm3 blood
Blood variable: *RBC count* Normal range: ________________ Gender Ranges: M: ________________ F: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
Normal range: 4,000 - 11,000 Units of measurement: cells/mm3 blood
Blood variable: *Total WBC count* Normal range: ________________ Units of measurement: ________________ [Ex 8, Standard Normal Ranges]
reduces the amount of plasma relative to the number of RBC's.
Dehydration
1. Start here a. The cell's nucleus is multi-lobed. Go to 2. b. The cell's nucleus does not consist of lobes. Go to 3. c. The cell's nucleus is obscured by large dark blue granules, giving the cell the appearance of a blackberry: Basophil. 2. The cell's cytoplasm is pink in color. a. Cell's cytoplasm is peppered with small light pink granules; nucleus has 3-5 distinct lobes (polymorphonuclear): Neutrophil. b. Cell's cytoplasm is filled with large red granules; nucleus is bi- lobed: Eosinophil. 3. The cell's cytoplasm is a silvery-blue color. a. Cell contains a round nucleus that occupies almost the entire interior of the cell: Lymphocyte. b. Cell has a horse-shoe shaped nucleus and the cell is about twice the size of a RBC: Monocyte.
Dichotomous key for identifying leukocytes (WBCs).
granulocytes. account for only 2-4% of the total leukocytes. They contain a bi-lobed nucleus and large, orange to reddish colored granules fill the cytoplasm.
Eosinophils
are anucleate, biconcave discs containing hemoglobin, which reversibly binds oxygen, CO2 and H+, and therefore has the function of transporting of blood gases.
Erythrocytes or red blood cells
constitute the vast majority of formed elements (99.9%). They are pinkish, biconcave, anucleate cells that are about 7-8 micrometers in diameter.
Erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBC's)
make up about 45% of whole blood. Composed of Erythrocytes or red blood cells, Leukocytes or white blood cells, and Platelets or thrombocytes.
Formed elements
the percentage of a whole blood sample accounted for by erythrocytes or RBC's.
Hematocrit or the packed cell volume (PCV)
a reduced number of RBC's and reduced amount of hemoglobin due to bleeding.
Hemorrhagic anemia
a reduction in the number and size of RBC's and decreased hemoglobin due to a lack of iron.
Iron deficiency anemia
are nuclei-containing cells of the immune system. Five different types of these cells can be identified when blood is viewed microscopically.
Leukocytes or white blood cells
increases the production of the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates RBC production.
Living at high altitude
agranulocytes are the second most prevalent WBC's accounting for 20-30% of the total number, so you will see many of them in a blood smear. They can be large or small depending upon their state of maturation. The small ones are the most prevalent and are identified by a round nucleus that fills almost the entire cell; often only a small sliver of cytoplasm is present between the nucleus and membrane.
Lymphocytes
agranulocytes are the largest of the WBC's and compose 3-8% of the circulating leukocytes. They are about double the size of a RBC. The classic one of these consists of a nucleus that has a large, deep indentation, which makes the nucleus have a horse-shoe shape. A large lymphocyte and one of these can be easily confused.
Monocytes
granulocytes. are the most numerous of the white blood cells accounting for 60-70% of the total number. They are identified by their nuclei consisting of 3-5 lobes connected by slender strands and small light-pink granules in the cytoplasm. The multi-lobed nucleus is the reason why this cell is also called the polymorphonuclear (poly=many and morpho=structure) leukocyte.
Neutrophils or polymorphonuclear leukocytes
******EXERCISE 6B
PLAY THIS GAME: http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/gamev2/index.html
a disorder in which there is a reduced number of RBC's in the circulation due to a lack of vitamin B12. The deficiency of B12 causes decreased DNA synthesis resulting in RBC's that are abnormally large. Because this anemia results in the production of large cells, it is classified as a megaloblastic anemia.
Pernicious anemia
a straw-colored clear solution that makes up about 55% of whole blood. It mostly consists of water, but also contains a variety of dissolved and suspended chemical substances, from small blood gas molecules like carbon dioxide and oxygen to larger molecules like complex proteins. is the liquid component of blood, which accumulates at the top of a glass tube after centrifugation.
Plasma
are cell fragments that appear as tiny purple bits scattered among the red and white blood cells. They are involved in hemostasis (stopping of blood flow).
Platelets or thrombocytes
are cellular fragments involved in blood platelet plug formation and hemostasis (blood clotting).
Platelets or thrombocytes
a general term that refers to an elevated amount of RBC's relative to the entire sample of blood (increased hematocrit).
Polycythemia
a disease of the bone marrow that results in an increased number of RBC's in circulation due to overproduction of cells by the bone marrow.
Polycythemia vera
If a person has the Rh antigen on the RBC membrane, he/she is Rh+. If a person lacks the Rh antigen on the RBC membranes, he/she is Rh-. In the Rh system, a person who is Rh- doesn't produce the Rh antibody until the person is exposed to the Rh antigen. This production of antibody after exposure to antigen makes the Rh system different from the ABO system.
Rh Blood Group
Anti-Rh serum contains antibody Rh that bonds only to _______________; (agglutination = presence of_______________)
Rh antigen
Rh antigen = present Antibody = None
Rh+
Rh antigen = absent Antibody = None until exposed to Rh antigen
Rh-
Used to measure the hemoglobin concentration of blood (grams of Hb per deciliter (dl) of blood); test card must be inserted into this prior to placing blood on the card
STATSite Hemoglobin Meter
dispose of lancets and hematocrit tubes into this
Sharps container
(height of packed RBC's/ height of blood sample) x 100.
The equation used to determine hematocrit is:
36-46%.
The normal hematocrit range for adult females (living at sea level) is
42-52%.
The normal hematocrit range for adult males (living at sea level) is
Antigen associated with RBC membrane = A Antibody in plasma = B
Type A blood
Antigens associated with RBC membrane = A and B Antibody in plasma = None
Type AB
Antigen associated with RBC membrane = B Antibody in plasma = A
Type B blood
Antigens associated with RBC membrane = None Antibody in plasma= A and B
Type O
0; 0%
WBC Type: *Basophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
2; 4%
WBC Type: *Eosinophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
14; 28%
WBC Type: *Lymphocyte* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
4; 8%
WBC Type: *Monocyte* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
30; 60%
WBC Type: *Neutrophil* Total: _________ Total X 2 = _________% [Ex 4, leukocyte differential]
White blood cells lacking visible granules when viewed with the light microscope
agranulocytes
proteins produced by immune cells that are dissolved in body fluids such as blood plasma. When an antibody encounters an antigen, the resulting immune reaction includes the attachment of ________________ to the cell's antigen, which "tags" the cell for destruction by macrophages. In addition, one _____________ can attach to more than one RBC resulting in the formation of a cluster of RBC's attached to each other by antibodies; this is known as clumping or agglutination.
antibody(ies)
A person's blood type is determined by the presence or absence of genetically inherited substances (proteins or sugars) on the surface of the red blood cell's membrane. These substances are called ______________ because they are capable of invoking an immune reaction when the ___________ is exposed to a protein called an antibody.
antigen(s)
An individual will only produce the antibody for the antigens that [are/are not] on the sufaces of his/her RBCs
are NOT
dispose of gloves (if stained with blood), alcohol swabs, blood typing slides and paper towels that have come into contact with blood into this
biohazard box
a mostly clear narrow region between the PCV and the plasma consisting of white blood cells and platelets.
buffy coat
a motorized device used to spin a horizontally positioned glass tube of blood at a high speed for 5 minutes. The centrifugal force produced by the spinning device causes the heavier formed elements of the blood to accumulate at the bottom of the glass tube and the lighter plasma to remain at the top.
centrifuge
during a blood type detrmination, often called ______________, a blood sample is mixed with solutions called ______________, which contain a specific antibody to one of the RBC Antigens: A, B or RH.
cross-matching; anti-sera
White blood cells that contain visible granules using the light microscope
granulocytes
tube used to draw blood by capillary action and will not coagulate with the tube because of a coating of the anti-coagulat heparin on the inside of the tube
heparinized capillary tube
used to determine blood type
plastic blood typing slide, blood from lanced finger, and anti-A sera, anti-B sera and anti-Rh sera.
A specific antibody will attach to a specific antigen and ________ it for destruction
tag
can be easily identified in a blood smear because they are the only cells that contain nuclei. The classic method of categorizing these is by the presence or absence of visible granules in the cell's cytoplasm when viewed with the light microscope.
white blood cells or leukocytes