A&P2 Final Ultimate Prep AND Past Exams- AP2

4) Together, leukocytes and platelets comprise approximately ________ percent of total blood volume. A) 1 B) 75 C) 45 D) 10

a; A) 1

31) Which sequence is correct for the following events? 1. fibrinogen → fibrin 2. clot retraction 3. formation of thromboplastin 4. prothrombin → thrombin A) 3, 4, 1, 2 B) 1, 2, 3, 4 C) 4, 3, 1, 2 D) 3, 2, 1, 4

a; A) 3, 4, 1, 2

73) Select the correct statement about cardiac output. A) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction. B) Decreased venous return will result in increased end diastolic volume. C) If a semilunar valve were partially obstructed, the end systolic volume in the affected ventricle would be decreased. D) Stroke volume increases if end diastolic volume decreases.

a; A) A slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction.

21) Which of the following are not currently known red blood cell antigens? A) Carson B) Lewis C) Kell D) Duffy

a; A) Carson

39) What organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production? A) Kidney B) Brain C) Liver D) Pancreas

a; A) Kidney

66) Select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells. A) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all. B) Each cardiac muscle cell is innervated by a sympathetic nerve ending so that the nervous system can increase heart rate. C) The refractory period in skeletal muscle is much longer than that in cardiac muscle. D) The influx of potassium ions from extracellular sources is the initiating event in cardiac muscle contraction.

a; A) The entire heart contracts as a unit or it does not contract at all.

32) Fredʹs blood was determined to be AB positive. What does this mean? A) There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma. B) Antibodies to A and B are present in the red cells. C) His blood lacks Rh factor. D) He can only receive blood from a donor who is AB positive.

a; A) There are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma.

27) Which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes? A) They are nucleated. B) They have cytoplasmic granules. C) They are phagocytic. D) They are the most numerous of the formed elements in blood

a; A) They are nucleated.

30) Select the correct statement regarding age-related blood disorders. A) They include anemias and thromboembolic disorders. B) They are usually the result of the red blood cells wearing out. C) Increased incidence of leukemia is not usually associated with aging. D) They are caused by abnormal forms of hemoglobin F.

a; A) They include anemias and thromboembolic disorders.

42) Which of the events below does not occur when the semilunar valves are open? A) Ventricles are in diastole. B) Blood enters pulmonary arteries and the aorta. C) AV valves are closed. D) Ventricles are in systole.

a; A) Ventricles are in diastole.

43) Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ________. A) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output B) a rise in blood pressure due to change in cardiac output C) no change in blood pressure but a slower heart rate D) no change in blood pressure but a change in respiration

a; A) a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output

11) An individual who is blood type AB negative ________. A) can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen B) can donate to all blood types in moderate amounts C) can receive types A, B, and AB, but not type O D) can donate to types A, B, and AB, but not to type O

a; A) can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen

59) Foramen ovale ________. A) connects the two atria in the fetal heart B) is a condition in which the heart valves do not completely close C) is a shallow depression in the interventricular septum D) is a connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta in the fetus

a; A) connects the two atria in the fetal heart

55) If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from ________. A) decreased delivery of oxygen B) a decrease in the number of available mitochondria for energy production C) a lack of nutrients to feed into metabolic pathways D) an inadequate supply of lactic acid

a; A) decreased delivery of oxygen

24) The slowest step in the clotting process is ________. A) formation of prothrombin activator B) production of fibrin strands C) binding fibrin strands D) release of PF3

a; A) formation of prothrombin activator

68) Compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle ________. A) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium B) lacks striations C) has more nuclei per cell D) cells are larger than skeletal muscle cells

a; A) has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium

76) The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________. A) hepatic portal circulation B) pulmonary circulation C) coronary circulation D) cerebral circulation

a; A) hepatic portal circulation

88) Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure B) hydrostatic pressure only C) blood volume and viscosity D) plasma and formed element concentration

a; A) hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

9) Which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis? A) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells B) decreased tissue demand for oxygen C) an increased number of RBCs D) moving to a lower altitude

a; A) hypoxia of EPO-producing cells

37) Complications of aplastic anemia generally do not include ________. A) increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss B) suppressed immunity C) impaired formation of all formed elements D) bleeding disorders

a; A) increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss

70) The second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? A) isovolumetric relaxation B) isovolumetric contraction C) ventricular ejection D) ventricular filling

a; A) isovolumetric relaxation

19) No visible cytoplasmic granules are present in ________. A) monocytes B) basophils C) eosinophils D) neutrophils

a; A) monocytes

71) The time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is ________. A) morning B) noontime C) evening D) during sleep

a; A) morning

8) Which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis? A) production of ribosomes B) synthesis of hemoglobin C) ejection of the erythrocyte nucleus D) production of vacuoles

a; A) production of ribosomes

78) Aldosterone will ________. A) promote an increase in blood pressure B) promote a decrease in blood volume C) result in a larger output of urine D) decrease sodium reabsorption

a; A) promote an increase in blood pressure

75) Isovolumetric contraction ________. A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers B) occurs while the AV valves are open C) occurs immediately after the aortic and pulmonary valves close D) occurs only in people with heart valve defects

a; A) refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers

50) To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope in the ________. A) second intercostal space to the right of the sternum B) second intercostal space to the left of the sternum C) fifth intercostal space inferior to the left nipple D) fifth right intercostal space

a; A) second intercostal space to the right of the sternum

53) Which of the following factors does not influence heart rate? A) skin color B) age C) gender D) body temperature

a; A) skin color

29) Platelets ________. A) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break B) have a life span of about 120 days C) are the precursors of leukocytes D) have multiple nuclei

a; A) stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break

72) If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ________. A) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase B) potassium channels compensate and no change in heart rate would occur C) heart rate would decrease, but blood pressure would rise due to the excess sodium present D) tetanic contraction would occur due to the short absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle

a; A) threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase

4) Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) basement membrane

a; A) tunica intima

35) All of the following conditions impair coagulation except ________. A) vascular spasm B) vitamin K deficiency C) severe hypocalcemia D) liver disease

a; A) vascular spasm

3) Which statement best describes arteries? A) All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. B) All carry blood away from the heart. C) All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. D) Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

b; B) All carry blood away from the heart.

1) ________ is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting. A) PGI2 B) PF3 C) Thrombin D) Thromboplastin (prothrombin activator)

b; B) PF3

82) Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? A) Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. C) They distribute blood to various parts of the body. D) They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

b; B) The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

69) During the period of ventricular filling ________. A) pressure in the heart is at its peak B) blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles C) the atria remain in diastole D) it is represented by the P wave on the ECG

b; B) blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves into the ventricles

94) The hepatic portal vein ________. A) is actually an artery B) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver C) carries oxygen-rich blood from the liver to the viscera D) carries blood from the liver to the inferior vena cava

b; B) carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver

41) Normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events? A) excitation of the SA node B) closure of the heart valves C) friction of blood against the chamber walls D) opening and closing of the heart valves

b; B) closure of the heart valves

26) Which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders? A) thrombocytopenia, a condition of decreased circulating platelets B) excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) C) a defect in the clotting cascade D) vitamin K deficiency

b; B) excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

20) Which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis? A) vascular spasm B) fibrinolysis C) platelet plug formation D) coagulation

b; B) fibrinolysis

87) Blood flow to the skin ________. A) is controlled mainly by decreasing pH B) increases when environmental temperature rises C) increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze D) is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells

b; B) increases when environmental temperature rises

93) In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. A) and osmotic pressure are the same B) is the same as capillary blood pressure C) generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries D) is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure

b; B) is the same as capillary blood pressure

47) Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the ________. A) right atrium B) left atrium C) right ventricle D) left ventricle

b; B) left atrium

18) All of the following can be expected with polycythemia except ________. A) high hematocrit B) low blood viscosity C) increased blood volume D) high blood pressure

b; B) low blood viscosity

10) As red blood cells age ________. A) ATP production increases B) membranes ʺwear outʺ and the cells become damaged C) they will eventually be excreted by the digestive system D) iron will be excreted by the kidneys

b; B) membranes ʺwear outʺ and the cells become damaged

77) The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. A) elastic arteries B) muscular arteries C) arterioles D) capillaries

b; B) muscular arteries

33) Which of the following is a precursor of a basophil? A) megakaryoblast B) myeloblast C) lymphoblast D) monoblast

b; B) myeloblast

64) When viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by ________. A) tracing out where the auricles connect B) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls C) locating the apex D) finding the papillary muscles

b; B) noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls

60) Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole? A) venae cavae B) pulmonary trunk C) aorta D) pulmonary veins

b; B) pulmonary trunk

52) The fact that the left ventricle of the heart is thicker than the right ventricle reveals that it ________. A) pumps a greater volume of blood B) pumps blood against a greater resistance C) expands the thoracic cage D) sends blood through a smaller valve

b; B) pumps blood against a greater resistance

91) The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. A) the only factor that influences resistance B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius C) significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter D) insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary

b; B) significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

74) During contraction of heart muscle cells ________. A) the action potential is initiated by voltage-gated slow calcium channels B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores C) the action potential is prevented from spreading from cell to cell by gap junctions D) calcium is prevented from entering cardiac fibers that have been stimulated

b; B) some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores

79) The pulse pressure is ________. A) systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure C) systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure D) diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure)

b; B) systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

58) If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that ________. A) the heart would stop, since the vagal nerves trigger the heart to contract B) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute C) the AV node would become the pacemaker of the heart D) parasympathetic stimulation would increase, causing a decrease in heart rate

b; B) the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute

90) Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? A) tunica intima B) tunica media C) tunica externa D) basement membrane

b; B) tunica media

63) The tricuspid valve is closed ________. A) while the ventricle is in diastole B) when the ventricle is in systole C) while the atrium is contracting D) by the movement of blood from atrium to ventricle

b; B) when the ventricle is in systole

2) What is the average normal pH of blood? A) 8.4 B) 7.8 C) 7.4 D) 4.7

c; C) 7.4

62) Which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart? A) AV node B) bundle of His C) AV valve D) SA node

c; C) AV valve

81) Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? A) Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs. B) The skin will be cold and clammy. C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. D) Blood flow to the kidneys increase.

c; C) Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

28) Which of the following is true about blood plasma? A) It is the same as serum but without the clotting proteins. B) The main protein component is hemoglobin. C) It is about 90% water. D) It contains about 20 dissolved components.

c; C) It is about 90% water.

14) Select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation. A) The main sites of blood cell production in adults are the spleen and the liver. B) Before the seventh month of fetal development, yellow marrow is the main site of blood cell formation. C) Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life. D) Yellow marrow is the main site of leukocyte formation.

c; C) Red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life.

12) The most abundant plasma protein is ________. A) globulin B) clotting protein C) albumin D) bile

c; C) albumin

51) The source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the ________. A) coronary sinus B) fossa ovalis C) coronary arteries D) coronary veins

c; C) coronary arteries

1) Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? A) cardiac output B) peripheral resistance C) emotional state D) blood volume

c; C) emotional state

3) The special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is ________. A) hemoglobin A B) hemoglobin B C) hemoglobin F D) hemoglobin S

c; C) hemoglobin F

25) Thromboembolic disorders ________. A) result in uncontrolled bleeding B) include thrombus formation, a clot in a broken blood vessel C) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system D) are caused by vitamin K deficiency

c; C) include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system

85) Peripheral resistance ________. A) decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel B) increases as blood vessel diameter increases C) increases as blood viscosity increases D) is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals

c; C) increases as blood viscosity increases

86) Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. A) is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level B) causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist D) is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons

c; C) is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

15) Blood volume restorers include all of the following except ________. A) dextran B) albumin C) packed cells D) saline solutions

c; C) packed cells

48) Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the ________. A) trabeculae carneae B) pectinate muscles C) papillary muscles D) venae cavae

c; C) papillary muscles

23) A lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of ________. A) aplastic anemia B) polycythemia C) pernicious anemia D) sickle-cell anemia

c; C) pernicious anemia

44) The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ________. A) accommodate a greater volume of blood B) expand the thoracic cage during diastole C) pump blood with greater pressure D) pump blood through a smaller valve

c; C) pump blood with greater pressure

36) Commotio cordis is heart failure due to a ________. A) mild electrical shock to the heart itself B) severe electrical shock to the body C) relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing D) loss of blood from an artery

c; C) relatively mild blow to the chest that occurs during a vulnerable interval (2 ms) when the heart is repolarizing

92) The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. A) the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis B) any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea D) always fatal

c; C) shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

56) If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells ________. A) it would be much longer before cardiac cells could respond to a second stimulation B) contractions would last as long as the refractory period C) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action D) it would be less than 1-2 ms

c; C) tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action

17) Which of these is not a normal plasma protein? A) fibrinogen B) gamma globulin C) thromboplastin D) albumin

c; C) thromboplastin

89) Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? A) hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume B) cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone D) circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

c; C) vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

22) Place the following in correct developmental sequence: 1. reticulocyte 2. proerythroblast 3. normoblast 4. late erythroblast A) 1, 2, 3, 4 B) 1, 3, 2, 4 C) 2, 1, 3, 4 D) 2, 4, 3, 1

d; D) 2, 4, 3, 1

40) The shelf life of whole collected blood at 4° C is about ________ days. A) 206 B) 120 C) 55 D) 35

d; D) 35

45) Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. A) SA node B) AV valves C) AV bundle D) AV node

d; D) AV node

13) When neither anti-A nor anti-B clots on a blood plate, the blood is type ________. A) A B) B C) AB D) O

d; D) O

5) Which blood type is called the universal donor? A) A B) B C) AB D) O

d; D) O

65) Select the correct statement about the heart valves. A) The mitral valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle. B) The tricuspid valve divides the left atrium from the left ventricle. C) Aortic and pulmonary valves control the flow of blood into the heart. D) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

d; D) The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that regurgitation of blood into the atria during ventricular contraction does not occur.

67) Select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall. A) The fibrous skeleton forms the bulk of the heart. B) Connective tissue in the heart wall aids in the conduction of the action potential. C) The heart chambers are lined by the endomysium. D) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

d; D) The myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts.

83) Which of the following is true about veins? A) Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. B) Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time. C) Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

d; D) Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

49) The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is ________. A) ischemia B) pericarditis C) myocardial infarct D) angina pectoris

d; D) angina pectoris

46) The P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates ________. A) ventricular repolarization B) ventricular depolarization C) atrial repolarization D) atrial depolarization

d; D) atrial depolarization

61) Which of these vessels receives blood during ventricular systole? A) aorta only B) pulmonary arteries only C) pulmonary veins only D) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

d; D) both the aorta and pulmonary trunk

5) Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. A) arterioles B) arteries C) veins D) capillaries

d; D) capillaries

57) Norepinephrine acts on the heart by ________. A) decreasing heart contractility B) causing a decrease in stroke volume C) blocking the action of calcium D) causing threshold to be reached more quickly

d; D) causing threshold to be reached more quickly

36) When can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother? A) if the child is type O positive B) if the child is Rh+ C) if the father is Rh+ D) if the father is Rh-

d; D) if the father is Rh-

7) Which of the following is a protective function of blood? A) prevention of blood loss B) maintenance of adequate fluid volume C) maintenance of normal pH in body tissue D) maintenance of body temperature

d; D) maintenance of body temperature

6) Which of the following is a regulatory function of blood? A) delivery of oxygen to body cells B) transport of metabolic wastes from cells C) prevention of blood loss D) maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

d; D) maintenance of normal pH in body tissues

2) Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? A) ADH B) atrial natriuretic peptide C) angiotensin II D) nitric acid

d; D) nitric acid

80) Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign? A) cold, clammy skin B) increased heart rate C) rapid, thready pulse D) rapidly falling blood pressure

d; D) rapidly falling blood pressure

84) Which of the following processes provides a long-term response to changes in blood pressure? A) neural controls B) baroreceptor-initiated reflexes C) chemoreceptor-initiated reflexes D) renal regulation

d; D) renal regulation

38) Blood is a ________. A) colloid B) homogeneous compound C) heterogenous compound D) suspension

d; D) suspension

54) Which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart? A) atherosclerosis B) decline in cardiac reserve C) fibrosis of cardiac muscle D) thinning of the valve flaps

d; D) thinning of the valve flaps

34) Sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by ________. A) travel at high altitude B) vigorous exercise C) malaria and travel at high altitude D) travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise

d; D) travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise

16) James has a hemoglobin measurement of 16 g/100 ml blood. This is ________. A) above normal B) normal only if James is an infant C) abnormally low D) within the normal range

d; D) within the normal range