A&PII Chapter 22 (Respiratory System)

When do fetal breathing movements begin? a) around week 20 b) around week 37 c) around week 16 d) after birth

a) around week 20

Gas flow decreases as __________ increases. a) resistance b) pressure c) airway diameter d) friction

a) resistance

Describe what is meant by the term "lung compliance."

lung compliance: the ability of the lung to stretch under pressure. determines how much the lungs can change in volume, which determines the pressure and air movement.

A low partial pressure of oxygen promotes hemoglobin binding to carbon dioxide. This is an example of the ________. a) Haldane effect b) Bohr effect c) Dalton's law d) Henry's law

a) Haldane effect

A section of the lung that receives its own tertiary bronchus is called the: a) bronchopulmonary segment b) pulmonary lobule c) interpulmoary segment d) respiratory segment

a) bronchopulmonary segment

Which of the following are structural features of the trachea? a) c-shaped cartilage b) smooth muscle fibers c) cilia d) all of the above

a) c-shaped cartilage

A full complement of mature alveoli are present by ________. a) early childhood, around 8 years of age b) birth c) 37 weeks d) 16 weeks

a) early childhood, around 8 years of age

Which of the following occurs during the chloride shift? a) chloride is removed from the erythrocyte b) chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate c) bicarbonate is removed from the erythrocyte d) bicarbonate is removed from the blood

b) chloride is exchanged for bicarbonate

Which of the following separates the lung into lobes? a) mediastinum b) fissure c) root d) pleura

b) fissure

The olfactory pits form from which of the following? a) mesoderm b) cartilage c) ectoderm d) endoderm

c) ectoderm

Why are the pleurae not damaged during normal breathing?

there is a cavity between the visceral and parietal layers that creates plueral fluid; the layers do not rub against each other.

Describe the three regions of the pharynx and their functions.

1) nasopharynx: connected to the posterior nasal cavity and functions as an airway. 2) oropharynx: continuous with the nasopharynx and is connected to the oral cavity and the fauces. (passageway for air, food, and drink) 3. laryngopharynx: connected to the oropharynx, esophagus, and trachea. (passageway for air, food, and drink)

Increased ventilation that results in an increase in blood pH is called ________. a) hyperventilation b) hyperpnea c) acclimatization d) apnea

a) hyperventilation

Which of the following is not part of the bronchiole tree? a) alveoli b) bronchi c) terminal bronchioles d) respiratory bronchioles

c) terminal bronchioles

What is the role of the alveolar macrophages? a) to secrete pulmonary surfactant b) to secrete antimicrobial proteins c) to remove pathogens and debris d) to facilitate gas exchange

c) to remove pathogens and debris

Contraction of the external intercostal muscles causes which of the following to occur? a) The diaphragm moves downward. b) The ribcage is compressed. c) The thoracic cavity volume decreases. d) The ribs and sternum move upward.

d) The ribs and sternum move upward.

What is the function of the conchae in the nasal cavity? a) increase surface area b) exchange gases c) maintain surface tension d) maintain air pressure

a) increase surface area

Which of the following processes does atmospheric pressure play a role in? a) pulmonary ventilation b) production of pulmonary surfactant c) resistance d) surface tension

a) pulmonary ventilation

Which of the following prevents the alveoli from collapsing? a) residual volume b) tidal volume c) expiratory reserve volume d) inspiratory reserve volume

a) residual volume

When ventilation is not sufficient, which of the following occurs? a) the capillary constricts b) the capillary dilates c) the partial pressure of oxygen in the affected alveolus increases d) the bronchioles dilate

a) the capillary constricts

The pleura the surrounds the lungs consists of two layers, the __________. a) visceral and parietal pleurae b) mediastinum and parietal pleurae c) visceral and mediastinum pleurae d) none of the above

a) visceral and parietal pleurae

If a person sustains an injury to the epiglottis, what would be the physiological result?

epiglottis prevents food or drink from entering the trachea that may later settle into the lungs and cause pneumonia.

Compare and contrast the right and left lungs.

right: 3 lobes, shorter and wider than left. left: 2 lobes, longer and narrower than right. has concave region (cardiac notch) that allows space for the heart.

Which of the following anatomical structures is not part of the conducting zone? a) pharynx b) nasal cavity c) alveoli d) bronchi

c) alveoli

A decrease in volume leads to a(n) __________ pressure. a) decrease in b) equalization in c) increase in d) zero

c) increase in

Which of the following factors play a role in the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation/dissociation curve? a) temperature b) pH c) BPG (2,3-bisphosphoglycerate) d) all of the above

d) all of the above

Compare and contrast conducting and respiratory zones.

the conducting zone involves all organs and structure that are not directly involved with gas exchange. the respiratory zone involves all organs and structures that are directly involved with gas exchange.

If a baby is born prematurely before type II cells produce sufficient pulmonary surfactant, which of the following might you expect? a) difficulty expressing fluid b) difficulty inflating the lungs c) difficulty with pulmonary capillary flow d) no difficulty as type I cells can provide enough surfactant for normal breathing

b) difficulty inflating the lungs

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide is 45 mm Hg in the blood and 40 mm Hg in the alveoli. What happens to the carbon dioxide? a) it diffuses into the blood b) it diffuses into the alveoli c) the gradient is too small for carbon dioxide to diffuse d) it decomposes into carbon and oxygen

b) it diffuses into the alveoli

What happens to the fluid that remains in the lungs after birth? a) t reduces the surface tension of the alveoli b) it is expelled shortly after birth c) it is absorbed shortly after birth d) it lubricates the pleurae

b) it is expelled shortly after birthc) it is absorbed shortly after birth

Oxyhemoglobin forms by a chemical reaction between which of the following? a) hemoglobin and carbon dioxide b) carbonic anhydrase and carbon dioxide c) hemoglobin and oxygen d) carbonic anhydrase and oxygen

c) hemoglobin and oxygen

Gas exchange that occurs at the level of tissues is called ____________. a) external respiration b) interpulmonary respiration c) internal respiration d) pulmonary ventilation

c) internal respiration

The ___________ circulation picks up oxygen for cellular use and drops off carbon dioxide for removal from the body. a) pulmonary b) interlobular c) respiratory d) bronchial

c) respiratory

Which of the following stimulates the production of erythrocytes? a) AMS b) high blood levels of carbon dioxide c) low atmospheric pressure d) erythropoietin

d) erythropoietin

Gas moves from an area of _________ partial pressure to an area of __________ partial pressure. a) low; high b) low; low c) high; high d) high; low

d) high; low

The fauces connects which of the following structures to the oropharynx? a) nasopharynx b) laryngopharynx c) nasal cavity d) oral cavity

d) oral cavity

Exercise can trigger symptoms of AMS due to which of the following? a) low partial pressure of oxygen b) low atmospheric pressure c) abnormal neural signals d) small venous reserve of oxygen

d) small venous reserve oxygen

The pressure difference between the intra-alveolar and intrapleural pressures is called: a) atmospheric pressure b) pulmonary pressure c) negative pressure d) transpulmonary pressure

d) transpulmonary pressure