PSY220 Test 3
Which statement illustrates discrimination? "White people make me so angry I could scream." "The government should do more to help the Native Americans." "I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified." "Whites can't dance as well as African Americans can."
"I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified."
Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings? "Familiarity breeds fondness" "Out of sight, out of mind" "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body" "Opposites attract"
"Opposites attract"
Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash." "Women have a superior moral sensibility." "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men." "On the whole, women make worse political leaders than men."
"Women have a superior moral sensibility."
Outgroup
"them" - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup
Ingroup
"us" - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity
Racism
(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
Sexism
(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race
Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression? A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he attempts a long pass A wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both A man smashes his TV set after he cannot get it to work
A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him
Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that _____. abused children later abuse their own children at four times the national rate higher rates of violence occur when fathers care for the children an only child tends to be aggressive in social situations outside the family physical punishment suppresses aggression in children
Abused children later abuse their own children at 4x the national rate
Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in _____. schools government the media all of the above
All of the above
At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like _____. Blake better Rob better Rob and Blake equally neither Rob nor Blake
Blake better
John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior? chauvinism displaced aggression just-world action xenophobia
Displaced aggression
_____ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes. Egoism Empathy Reciprocity Narcissism
Empathy
A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called _____. misogyny egalitarianism groupthink ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism
_____ aggression springs from anger, and its only goal is to injure. Hostile Manipulative Duplicitous Instrumental
Hostile
_____ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor. Social elicitation Ingratiation Deindividuation Social penetration
Ingratiation
_____ aggression hurts others, but only as a means to some other end. Instrumental Manipulative Duplicitous Hostile
Instrumental
Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers? Kristy Beth Heidi Joni
Joni
The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____ phenomenon. retribution looking-glass self just-world stereotype invulnerability
Just-world
The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is _____. lazy and lacks virtue the victim of discrimination overqualified and deprived of better opportunities in need of a retraining program
Lazy and lacks virtue
Which of the following is an example of aggression? Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's tooth Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.
Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call _____. overt discrimination modern racism homophobia jingoism
Modern racism
A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n) _____. outgroup ingroup intragroup personal group
Outgroup
Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by _____. psychosis feelings of love panic attacks physical pain
Physical pain
The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as _____. adaptation level phenomenon social ostracism relative deprivation unjust-world principle
Relative deprivation
Which of the following statements about aggression is FALSE? Aversive experiences, including frustrations, discomfort, and pain can influence aggression Arousal from any source, including physical exercise or sexual stimulation, can be transformed into anger Aggression cues, such as a gun, increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior Repeatedly playing violent video games does not increase aggressive thinking
Repeatedly playing violent video games does not increase aggressive thinking
From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why _____. John paid his son's hospital bill Phyllis helped her mother clean the house Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered William helped his cousin paint his house
Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered
Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of _____ attachment. insecure avoidant secure anxious
Secure
An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called _____. sadism racism sexism linguicism
Sexism
Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE? A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice
Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice
A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) _____. stereotype affect behavioral tendency illusion
Stereotype
Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype? What is beautiful is good What is beautiful is unpredictable What is beautiful is superficial What is beautiful is untouchable
What is beautiful is good
A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latane, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency? You must check if the stranger is related to you or your family You must assume responsibility for helping You must notice the stranger You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help
You must notice the stranger
Stereotypes
a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)
Social dominance orientation
a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups
Authoritarian personality
a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status
Prejudice
a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members. An attitude
When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to _____. subtyping intragroup bias the backfire effect a stereotype threat
a stereotype threat
The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that _____. one specific region of the brain controls aggression activating the occipital lobe can cause a tyrant monkey to be more docile activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans activating the frontal lobe can trigger aggressive behavior
activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans
Latane and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _____ tended to notice the smoke in _____. alone; less than five seconds in groups; less than five seconds on a challenging task; about 20 seconds on a rote task; less than five seconds
alone; less than five seconds
The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines ______. altruism narcissism egoism hedonism
altruism
You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by _____. the reciprocity norm altruism egoism the social-exchange theory
altruism
Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate _____. the just-world phenomenon the fundamental attribution error an ingroup bias an outgroup bias
an ingroup bias
Darley and Latane described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps? noticing the incident interpreting the incident as an emergency assessing the victim's desire for help assuming personal responsibility for intervening
assessing the victim's desire for help
Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all of the following EXCEPT _____. passion commitment intimacy attachment
attachment
Prejudice is different from discrimination in that prejudice is a negative _____ and discrimination is a negative _____. attitude; behavior conduct; demeanor behavior; attitude affect; cognition
attitude; behavior
Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands? secure anxious avoidant preoccupied
avoidant
Ethnocentric
believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups
When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to _____. a lack of motivation poor planning or foresight circumstances beyond their control their mood or disposition
circumstances beyond their control
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called _____. companionate love romantic love secure attachment committed friendship
companionate love
In the context of influences on aggression, groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by _____. diffusing responsibility inhibiting impulses implementing the cathartic effect providing role models
diffusing responsibility
The tendency for one person's intimacy of revealing his or her true self to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as _____. the matching phenomenon reciprocal exchange disclosure reciprocity mutual self-revelation
disclosure reciprocity
The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as _____. substitution deprivation projection displacement
displacement
Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks _____. attachment equity disclosure reciprocity loyalty
equity
When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship _____. acceptance exists equity exists mutuality exists companionate love exists
equity exists
In the context of effects of media on aggression, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that is _____. lowers arousal evokes imitation has a catharsis effect distracts from other activities
evokes imitation
The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called _____. instrumental aggression frustration hostile aggression displacement
frustration
According to survey research conducted in the U.S., explicit racial prejudice toward African Americans _____. is worse than ever today has actually increased since the early 1980s decreased from 1940 to 1960, then stabilized until 1980, and has since increased rapidly has decreased since the early 1940s
has decreased since the early 1940s
Individualistic cultures have _____. higher divorce rates than communal cultures slightly lower divorce rates than communal cultures the same amount of divorce rates as communal cultures significantly lower divorce rates than communal cultures
higher divorce rates than communal cultures
One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is _____. behavioral confirmation how often their paths cross avoiding repetitious exposure gender
how often their paths cross
In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n) _____. outgroup control group ingroup intragroup
ingroup
Instinctive behavior is behavior that is _____. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning taught to members of a species innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species
innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species
Most acts of terrorism could be considered _____ aggression manipulative instrumental duplicitous hostile
instrumental
In one experiment on the reciprocity norm, university students were more willing to make a charity pledge when ______. it was for someone who had bought them candy they were promised a pledge in return the pledge was unsolicited it was anonymous
it was for someone who had bought them candy
In the context of evolutionary psychology, the _____ principle implies that nature programs us to care about close relatives. reciprocity social justice deindividuation kin selection
kin selection
The pain-attack response has been observed in _____. rats monkeys snakes many varied species
many varied species
When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help ____. women help most men and women help equally older people help most men help most
men help most
The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness is called _____. moral inclusion the outgroup bias outgroup homogeneity moral exclusion
moral exclusion
You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _____ others present. no two four ten
no
Terror management theory
people's self-protective emotional cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality
Studies on computer composites of faces show that _____. perfectly average is quite unattractive modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive symmetry is unimportant perfectly average is quite attractive
perfectly average is quite attractive
A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called _____. speculation disposition prejudice stigma
prejudice
Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can _____. elicit frustration prime aggressive thoughts sensitize one to the dangers of violence produce catharsis
prime aggressive thoughts
In comparison to women, men fall in love more _____ and out of love more _____. readily; slowly readily; readily slowly; slowly slowly; readily
readily; slowly
In a mailing that you received, a request to donate to the American Heart Association was accompanied with some free, personalized address labels. The labels were likely there as a way to induce the _____ of helping. social exchange theory reciprocity norm misinformation effect social capital theory
reciprocity norm
Self-disclosure involves _____. protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others closing down emotionally
revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others
We like people whose behavior is gratifying to us or whom we associate with gratifying events. This fact is consistent with the _____ theory of attraction. cognitive dissonance reward two-factor James-Lange
reward
A motivation to have one's group be high in status and on the top over other social groups is what social psychologists call _____. egalitarianism social dominance orientation social comparison groupthink
social dominance orientation
The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as the _____. drive theory triangular theory social-exchange theory motivation crowding theory
social-exchange theory
Which hormone is most closely linked to aggression? estrogen adrenaline gonadotrophin testosterone
testosterone
Social identity
the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships
The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called _____. pluralistic ignorance the self-interest effect the bystander effect the suppression of responsibility effect
the bystander effect
As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in _____. the catharsis hypothesis the social learning theory Parkinson's second law the adaptation-level phenomenon
the catharsis hypothesis
According to Sivarajasignam, et al. (2005), why might fans of winning teams be more likely to commit postgame assaults than fans of losing teams? the interaction between temperament and testosterone a decrease in frustration the interaction between increased testosterone and celebration-related drinking displacement of excitement and celebration-related drinking
the interaction between increased testosterone and celebration-related drinking
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as _____. the novelty phenomenon the mere exposure effect display liking the effect of repetition
the mere exposure effect
A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of _____. association anxiety the need for attachment the need to belong affiliative predisposition
the need to belong
You ate the last of your roommate's cereal. When she asks "did you finish the cereal or did I?" you lie and say you didn't eat it. When she then asks you to stop by the store to pick up some more you agree. Your behavior is best explained by ______. the feel good-do good effect the social exchange theory the reciprocity norm the need to reduce private guilt
the need to reduce private guilt
Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Albert's beliefs are best explained by _____. his authoritarian personality his social dominance orientation the own-race bias the outgroup homogeneity effect
the outgroup homogeneity effect
In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latane (1970) found that _____ greatly decreased intervention social alienation the presence of other bystanders a lack of empathy self-concern
the presence of other bystanders
Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of _____. the adaptation-level phenomenon the relative deprivation principle the displacement theory Parkinson's second law
the relative deprivation principle
Ingroup bias
the tendency to favor one's own group
Realistic group conflict theory
the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources
People are more likely to help another person if _____. they are anonymous they don't expect to see them again they are deindividuated they expect to meet them again
they expect to meet them again
In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by _____. time pressures religious education age differences gender differences
time pressures
The frustration-aggression theory suggests that frustration _____. doesn't lead to aggression after all triggers a readiness to aggress reduces aggression more than it stimulates it works by triggering the fight-or-flight regions of the brain
triggers a readiness to aggress
Discrimination
unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members
Which item is NOT one of the aspects of love in Sternberg's theory of love? intimacy passion warmth commitment
warmth
Frustration grows when _____. our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened we are completely blocked in attaining our goal we do not expect gratification we are surprised by a consequence
we are completely blocked in attaining our goal
The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises _____. when groups share a common goal when groups compete for scarce resources when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other
when groups compete for scarce resources
In the context of influences on aggression, violent crimes are more likely committed _____. in the winter rather than the summer on nights with a full moon when the weather is hot during rainy periods
when the weather is hot