PSY220 Test 3

Which statement illustrates discrimination? "White people make me so angry I could scream." "The government should do more to help the Native Americans." "I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified." "Whites can't dance as well as African Americans can."

"I wouldn't hire a woman, even if she was qualified."

Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings? "Familiarity breeds fondness" "Out of sight, out of mind" "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body" "Opposites attract"

"Opposites attract"

Which of the following is an example of benevolent sexism? "Once a man commits, she puts him on a tight leash." "Women have a superior moral sensibility." "Women are less skilled in mathematics than men." "On the whole, women make worse political leaders than men."

"Women have a superior moral sensibility."

Outgroup

"them" - a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup

Ingroup

"us" - a group of people who share a sense of belonging, a feeling of common identity

Racism

(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given race, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

Sexism

(1) an individual's prejudicial attitudes and discriminatory behavior toward people of a given sex, or (2) institutional practices (even if not motivated by prejudice) that subordinate people of a given race

Which of the following is the best example of instrumental aggression? A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him An angry football player tackles a quarterback after he attempts a long pass A wife finds her husband with another woman and shoots them both A man smashes his TV set after he cannot get it to work

A group of mercenaries, hired to kill the dictator of a small country, arrange to poison him

Research on the role of family influences on aggression indicates that _____. abused children later abuse their own children at four times the national rate higher rates of violence occur when fathers care for the children an only child tends to be aggressive in social situations outside the family physical punishment suppresses aggression in children

Abused children later abuse their own children at 4x the national rate

Cultural attitudes, including prejudice, are embodied and reinforced in _____. schools government the media all of the above

All of the above

At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like _____. Blake better Rob better Rob and Blake equally neither Rob nor Blake

Blake better

John has just failed a chemistry test. He goes back to his apartment and criticizes his roommate's choice of music. What term best describes John's behavior? chauvinism displaced aggression just-world action xenophobia

Displaced aggression

_____ is the vicarious experience of another's feelings and putting oneself in another's shoes. Egoism Empathy Reciprocity Narcissism

Empathy

A belief in the superiority of one's own cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups is called _____. misogyny egalitarianism groupthink ethnocentrism

Ethnocentrism

_____ aggression springs from anger, and its only goal is to injure. Hostile Manipulative Duplicitous Instrumental

Hostile

_____ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor. Social elicitation Ingratiation Deindividuation Social penetration

Ingratiation

_____ aggression hurts others, but only as a means to some other end. Instrumental Manipulative Duplicitous Hostile

Instrumental

Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers? Kristy Beth Heidi Joni

Joni

The tendency for people to believe that individuals get what they deserve and deserve what they get is called the _____ phenomenon. retribution looking-glass self just-world stereotype invulnerability

Just-world

The just-world phenomenon may lead us to believe that an unemployed person is _____. lazy and lacks virtue the victim of discrimination overqualified and deprived of better opportunities in need of a retraining program

Lazy and lacks virtue

Which of the following is an example of aggression? Sam accidentally slams the car door too quickly, and it hits Tim's knee Carla, a dentist, delivers a shot of Novocain before pulling her patient's tooth Joe's eagerness and enthusiasm resulted in his being promoted to sales manager in a very short time Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.

Luisa urges her classmates not to vote for Marcy for dormitory senator, citing some rumors about Marcy's social life.

Although Marcia says she is not prejudiced against Blacks, she votes against interviewing a job applicant with an African name for a flimsy reason. She is exhibiting what some social science researchers call _____. overt discrimination modern racism homophobia jingoism

Modern racism

A group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their own group is called a(n) _____. outgroup ingroup intragroup personal group

Outgroup

Social ostracism evokes a brain response similar to that triggered by _____. psychosis feelings of love panic attacks physical pain

Physical pain

The perception that one is less well off than others with whom one compares oneself is referred to as _____. adaptation level phenomenon social ostracism relative deprivation unjust-world principle

Relative deprivation

Which of the following statements about aggression is FALSE? Aversive experiences, including frustrations, discomfort, and pain can influence aggression Arousal from any source, including physical exercise or sexual stimulation, can be transformed into anger Aggression cues, such as a gun, increase the likelihood of aggressive behavior Repeatedly playing violent video games does not increase aggressive thinking

Repeatedly playing violent video games does not increase aggressive thinking

From an evolutionary perspective, it would be most difficult to explain why _____. John paid his son's hospital bill Phyllis helped her mother clean the house Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered William helped his cousin paint his house

Ruth risked her life to save a stranger from being murdered

Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of _____ attachment. insecure avoidant secure anxious

Secure

An institutional practice that subordinates people of a given gender is called _____. sadism racism sexism linguicism

Sexism

Which of the following statements about the social sources of prejudice is FALSE? A group that enjoys social and economic superiority often uses prejudicial beliefs to justify its privileged position Children are brought up in ways that foster or reduce prejudice Religious communities can sustain or reduce prejudice Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice

Social institutions and policies don't support prejudice

A belief about the personal attributes of a group of people is called a(n) _____. stereotype affect behavioral tendency illusion

Stereotype

Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype? What is beautiful is good What is beautiful is unpredictable What is beautiful is superficial What is beautiful is untouchable

What is beautiful is good

A stranger has collapsed on a city sidewalk due to a heart attack. According to Darley and Latane, what is the first thing that must happen before you will help in this emergency? You must check if the stranger is related to you or your family You must assume responsibility for helping You must notice the stranger You must make sure the victim is alone and truly in need of help

You must notice the stranger

Stereotypes

a belief about the personal attributes of a group of people. Sometimes overgeneralized, inaccurate, and resistant to new information (and sometimes accurate)

Social dominance orientation

a motivation to have one's group dominate other social groups

Authoritarian personality

a personality that is disposed to favor obedience to authority and intolerance of outgroups and those lower in status

Prejudice

a preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members. An attitude

When others expect us to perform poorly and our anxiety causes us to confirm their belief, we have reacted to _____. subtyping intragroup bias the backfire effect a stereotype threat

a stereotype threat

The study of neural influences on aggression has indicated that _____. one specific region of the brain controls aggression activating the occipital lobe can cause a tyrant monkey to be more docile activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans activating the frontal lobe can trigger aggressive behavior

activating the amygdala can facilitate aggressive outbursts in humans

Latane and Darley (1968) had university students complete questionnaires in a small room, and then had smoke pour into the room from a wall vent. Students who were working _____ tended to notice the smoke in _____. alone; less than five seconds in groups; less than five seconds on a challenging task; about 20 seconds on a rote task; less than five seconds

alone; less than five seconds

The motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests defines ______. altruism narcissism egoism hedonism

altruism

You were walking down the street with your friend Sabrina when she stopped to ask a child why he was crying. The boy said that he was lost, so Sabrina took time out of her busy day to help the child find his way home. Sabrina's behavior can be characterized by _____. the reciprocity norm altruism egoism the social-exchange theory

altruism

Betty and Tina, both third-graders in the same classroom, are assigned by their teacher to different groups that will compete in a spelling bee. Betty and Tina each believe that their own group is composed of the better spellers. The girls' beliefs best illustrate _____. the just-world phenomenon the fundamental attribution error an ingroup bias an outgroup bias

an ingroup bias

Darley and Latane described a sequence of decisions a bystander must make before he or she will intervene in an emergency. Which of the following is NOT one of the specific steps? noticing the incident interpreting the incident as an emergency assessing the victim's desire for help assuming personal responsibility for intervening

assessing the victim's desire for help

Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all of the following EXCEPT _____. passion commitment intimacy attachment

attachment

Prejudice is different from discrimination in that prejudice is a negative _____ and discrimination is a negative _____. attitude; behavior conduct; demeanor behavior; attitude affect; cognition

attitude; behavior

Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands? secure anxious avoidant preoccupied

avoidant

Ethnocentric

believing in the superiority of one's own ethnic and cultural group, and having a corresponding disdain for all other groups

When people need our help, we are most likely to provide assistance if we attribute their need to _____. a lack of motivation poor planning or foresight circumstances beyond their control their mood or disposition

circumstances beyond their control

The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called _____. companionate love romantic love secure attachment committed friendship

companionate love

In the context of influences on aggression, groups can amplify aggressive reactions partly by _____. diffusing responsibility inhibiting impulses implementing the cathartic effect providing role models

diffusing responsibility

The tendency for one person's intimacy of revealing his or her true self to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as _____. the matching phenomenon reciprocal exchange disclosure reciprocity mutual self-revelation

disclosure reciprocity

The redirection of aggression to a target other than the source of the frustration is referred to as _____. substitution deprivation projection displacement

displacement

Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks _____. attachment equity disclosure reciprocity loyalty

equity

When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship _____. acceptance exists equity exists mutuality exists companionate love exists

equity exists

In the context of effects of media on aggression, one reason that TV viewing affects behavior is that is _____. lowers arousal evokes imitation has a catharsis effect distracts from other activities

evokes imitation

The blocking of goal-directed behavior is called _____. instrumental aggression frustration hostile aggression displacement

frustration

According to survey research conducted in the U.S., explicit racial prejudice toward African Americans _____. is worse than ever today has actually increased since the early 1980s decreased from 1940 to 1960, then stabilized until 1980, and has since increased rapidly has decreased since the early 1940s

has decreased since the early 1940s

Individualistic cultures have _____. higher divorce rates than communal cultures slightly lower divorce rates than communal cultures the same amount of divorce rates as communal cultures significantly lower divorce rates than communal cultures

higher divorce rates than communal cultures

One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is _____. behavioral confirmation how often their paths cross avoiding repetitious exposure gender

how often their paths cross

In the context of social identity, a group of people who share a sense of belonging or a feeling of common identity is called a(n) _____. outgroup control group ingroup intragroup

ingroup

Instinctive behavior is behavior that is _____. survival-oriented and common to most members of a species reflexive and automatic but easily overcome by learning taught to members of a species innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species

innate, unlearned, and shown by all members of a species

Most acts of terrorism could be considered _____ aggression manipulative instrumental duplicitous hostile

instrumental

In one experiment on the reciprocity norm, university students were more willing to make a charity pledge when ______. it was for someone who had bought them candy they were promised a pledge in return the pledge was unsolicited it was anonymous

it was for someone who had bought them candy

In the context of evolutionary psychology, the _____ principle implies that nature programs us to care about close relatives. reciprocity social justice deindividuation kin selection

kin selection

The pain-attack response has been observed in _____. rats monkeys snakes many varied species

many varied species

When faced with potentially dangerous situations where strangers need help ____. women help most men and women help equally older people help most men help most

men help most

The perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness is called _____. moral inclusion the outgroup bias outgroup homogeneity moral exclusion

moral exclusion

You trip over a fallen branch and sprain your ankle. According to research on the bystander effect, a stranger who sees your plight will be most likely to offer aid if there are _____ others present. no two four ten

no

Terror management theory

people's self-protective emotional cognitive responses (including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldviews and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality

Studies on computer composites of faces show that _____. perfectly average is quite unattractive modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive symmetry is unimportant perfectly average is quite attractive

perfectly average is quite attractive

A preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members is called _____. speculation disposition prejudice stigma

prejudice

Research suggests that the sight of a weapon can _____. elicit frustration prime aggressive thoughts sensitize one to the dangers of violence produce catharsis

prime aggressive thoughts

In comparison to women, men fall in love more _____ and out of love more _____. readily; slowly readily; readily slowly; slowly slowly; readily

readily; slowly

In a mailing that you received, a request to donate to the American Heart Association was accompanied with some free, personalized address labels. The labels were likely there as a way to induce the _____ of helping. social exchange theory reciprocity norm misinformation effect social capital theory

reciprocity norm

Self-disclosure involves _____. protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others closing down emotionally

revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others

We like people whose behavior is gratifying to us or whom we associate with gratifying events. This fact is consistent with the _____ theory of attraction. cognitive dissonance reward two-factor James-Lange

reward

A motivation to have one's group be high in status and on the top over other social groups is what social psychologists call _____. egalitarianism social dominance orientation social comparison groupthink

social dominance orientation

The notion that humans interact in such a way as to minimize costs and maximize rewards to the self is referred to as the _____. drive theory triangular theory social-exchange theory motivation crowding theory

social-exchange theory

Which hormone is most closely linked to aggression? estrogen adrenaline gonadotrophin testosterone

testosterone

Social identity

the "we" aspect of our self-concept; the part of our answer to "who am I?" that comes from our group memberships

The fact that a person is less likely to help in an emergency when other people are present is called _____. pluralistic ignorance the self-interest effect the bystander effect the suppression of responsibility effect

the bystander effect

As part of therapy, a clinical psychologist encourages her patients to install a punching bag in their homes to release hostility. The therapist apparently believes in _____. the catharsis hypothesis the social learning theory Parkinson's second law the adaptation-level phenomenon

the catharsis hypothesis

According to Sivarajasignam, et al. (2005), why might fans of winning teams be more likely to commit postgame assaults than fans of losing teams? the interaction between temperament and testosterone a decrease in frustration the interaction between increased testosterone and celebration-related drinking displacement of excitement and celebration-related drinking

the interaction between increased testosterone and celebration-related drinking

The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as _____. the novelty phenomenon the mere exposure effect display liking the effect of repetition

the mere exposure effect

A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of _____. association anxiety the need for attachment the need to belong affiliative predisposition

the need to belong

You ate the last of your roommate's cereal. When she asks "did you finish the cereal or did I?" you lie and say you didn't eat it. When she then asks you to stop by the store to pick up some more you agree. Your behavior is best explained by ______. the feel good-do good effect the social exchange theory the reciprocity norm the need to reduce private guilt

the need to reduce private guilt

Albert sees a great deal of difference between all of his fraternity brothers but thinks that all sorority girls are the same. Albert's beliefs are best explained by _____. his authoritarian personality his social dominance orientation the own-race bias the outgroup homogeneity effect

the outgroup homogeneity effect

In observing people's responses to staged emergencies, Darley and Latane (1970) found that _____ greatly decreased intervention social alienation the presence of other bystanders a lack of empathy self-concern

the presence of other bystanders

Your boss told you that she is giving you a 5 percent raise starting with your next paycheck. You are very pleased to hear this good news until you learn that some of your coworkers earned a 10 percent raise. Now you are unhappy and angry about your raise. Your experience is best explained in terms of _____. the adaptation-level phenomenon the relative deprivation principle the displacement theory Parkinson's second law

the relative deprivation principle

Ingroup bias

the tendency to favor one's own group

Realistic group conflict theory

the theory that prejudice arises from competition between groups for scarce resources

People are more likely to help another person if _____. they are anonymous they don't expect to see them again they are deindividuated they expect to meet them again

they expect to meet them again

In an enactment of the Good Samaritan situation, Darley and Batson (1973) studied the helpfulness of Princeton seminarians in order to assess whether helping behavior was influenced by _____. time pressures religious education age differences gender differences

time pressures

The frustration-aggression theory suggests that frustration _____. doesn't lead to aggression after all triggers a readiness to aggress reduces aggression more than it stimulates it works by triggering the fight-or-flight regions of the brain

triggers a readiness to aggress

Discrimination

unjustified negative behavior toward a group or its members

Which item is NOT one of the aspects of love in Sternberg's theory of love? intimacy passion warmth commitment

warmth

Frustration grows when _____. our motivation to achieve a goal is weakened we are completely blocked in attaining our goal we do not expect gratification we are surprised by a consequence

we are completely blocked in attaining our goal

The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises _____. when groups share a common goal when groups compete for scarce resources when people believe that they get what they deserve and deserve what they get between groups who fail to communicate clearly with each other

when groups compete for scarce resources

In the context of influences on aggression, violent crimes are more likely committed _____. in the winter rather than the summer on nights with a full moon when the weather is hot during rainy periods

when the weather is hot