abnormal ch 13
Approximately one of every _____ people in the world suffers from schizophrenia during his or her lifetime
100
The average age of onset of schizophrenia in males is:
23 years
In Tennessee's state hospitals, African Americans comprise approximately _____ percent of those diagnosed with schizophrenia, even though African Americans represent 16% of the state's population
45-50
Researchers have found more blood flow in _____ of the brain in patients experiencing auditory hallucinations.
Broca's area
Families that display high levels of expressed ambition do all EXCEPT:
approve of one another's actions
Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:
demonstrated good premorbid functioning
A person with schizophrenia says to you, "Insects make me itch. My brother collects them; he is 5 feet 10 inches tall. That's my favorite number. I dance and draw." This example illustrated which symptom of schizophrenia?
derailment
The _____ states that a person with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if he or she subsequently experiences significant life stressors or other negative events.
diathesis-stress model
Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from:
disturbances in volition
The ____ is the foundation for current biochemical explanations for schizophrenia.
dopamine hypothesis
The original theory to help explain the role of neurotransmitters as the cause of schizophrenia is known as the ________
dopamine hypothesis
The _____ theory suggests that schizophrenia causes victims to fall from a higher to a lower socioeconomic level or to remain poor because they are unable to function effectively.
downward drift
Kendall suffers from a mental illness and also abuses heroin and alcohol. Kendall is a ______ patient.
dual diagnosis
Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:
effective new drugs suggest abnormal neurotransmitter activity of serotonin, glutamate, and GABA, as well as dopamine
Which statement is true of the prevalence of schizophrenia in men and women?
equal numbers of men and women receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia
Stalkers sometimes have _____, which is/are defined as false belief that they are loved by and are in a relationship with the object of their attention.
erotomania delusions
Given that schizophrenia is associated with many gene sites, which of the following inferences is the MOST illogical/
eventually, research will narrow down the number of gene sites that are associated with schizophrenia to only a few
Which of the following would provide the strongest evidence to support the theory that schizophrenia is due to socioeconomic factors?
evidence showing that the rate of schizophrenia changes after people have moved from a higher to a lower, or from a lower to a higher, socioeconomic stattus
If a person receives the chemical L-dopa, a precursor of dopamine, it reduces the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. However, L-dopa may increase symptoms of schizophrenia. What can reasonably be concluded from this?
excessive dopamine produces schizophrenia-like symptoms
Evidence suggests that restricted affect among those with schizophrenia may reflect the inability to _____ emotions, not the inability to _____ them.
express; feel
Individuals who are trying to recover from schizophrenia are almost four times more likely to relapse if they live with a family that has high levels of:
expressed emotion
Sociocultural perspectives differ from other perspectives of schizophrenia because they focus exclusively on factors that are:
external to the individual
Somatic hallucinations are:
feelings that something is happening inside the body
Based on family pedigree studies, which relative of an individual with a diagnosis of schizophrenia would be MOST at risk for developing the disorder?
fraternal twin
If you think you are the majority leader of the Senate, but you're not, this can be considered a delusion of ______
grandeur
When Janice drinks her milk, she is sure from the taste that someone put salt in it. Janice is most likely experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination.
gustatory
_____ are perceptions that occur in the absence of external stimuli.
hallucinations
Which statement about hallucinations is FALSE?
hallucinations have historically been a sign of psychological disorder
A particular country has a nearly 3% prevalence for schizophrenia. That country:
has a higher-than-average schizophrenia prevalence
One of the main risk factors associated with developing postpartum psychosis is:
having a history of schizophrenia or a mood disorder
Which symptom is NOT associated with schizophrenia?
having an increased energy level
Anna shows no emotions when people tell her happy or sad stories and complains of hearing voices in her head telling her that the TV is spying on her. At times, she remains motionless in her chair for hours. When she does get out of her chair, she poses like the statue in the town square. Which of these represents a positive symptom of schizophrenia?
hearing voices in her head
Which statement BEST reflects the findings of twin studies evaluating genetic factors associated with schizophrenia?
if one twin has schizophrenia, there is an increased risk of schizophrenia developing in the other twin, with a substantially higher risk for identical twins
A person with schizophrenia who laughs when told sad news and screams insinuations that most people see as warm and tender is experiencing:
inappropriate affect
Displaying emotions that are unsuited to the situation is called:
inappropriate affect
In the middle of a calm conversation, a person with Tourette's syndrome might suddenly begin shouting and follow that with a string of obscenities. This is similar to the symptom of schizophrenia called:
inappropriate affect
Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a:
lower socioeconomic level
The link between dopamine and schizophrenia is supported by the finding that;
lowering dopamine activity helps remove schizophrenic symptoms
Why are people who take medication for schizophrenia often given medication that helps control shaking and tremors?
medication used to treat schizophrenia leads to Parkinson-like symptoms
According to the family stress model, parents of those diagnosed with schizophrenia display all of the following EXCEPT:
more empathy
Researchers have found that the biological relatives of adoptees with schizophrenia are ____ than their adoptive relatives to develop schizophrenia.
more likely
Schizophrenia researchers have been:
more successful in identifying biological origins than psychological origins of schizophrenia
In general, the problems that mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs) face in terms of diagnosis and treatment are:
more than those faced by either people with severe mental disorders or chemical abuse disorders
Research with those experiencing auditory hallucinations has NOT demonstrated:
movement of the oval window of the cochlea
A client is taking a first-generation antipsychotic medication to treat his schizophrenia. Which side effect is MORE likely with his drug than with a second-generation antipsychotic?
muscle tremors
Inappropriate affect, the experiencing of emotions that are unsuited to a situation, is classified as a(n) _____ symptom of schizophrenia.
positive
Karin, who has a diagnosis of schizophrenia, frequently sees hundreds of beautiful hummingbirds swarming around her. This symptom is an example of a(n) _____ symptom.
positive
Millie sees pretty colored butterflies on all the walls. She also hears gentle music, which is not actually there. The presence of these behaviors illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
positive
Type I schizophrenia is to _____, and Type II schizophrenia is to _____.
positive symptoms; negative symptoms
Andrea Yates suffered from _____ psychosis.
postpartum
A person with schizophrenia who is experiencing logia is displaying:
poverty of speech
Bryce does not exhibit any signs of schizophrenia, but his level of functioning has begun to deteriorate. If Bryce develops schizophrenia, this earlier period will be referred to as the ______ phase.
prodromal
Many individuals with schizophrenia go through three phases, the first of which is the:
prodromal stage
The cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia:
provides a partial explanation for the origins and symptoms of schizophrenia
The inability to move limbs in catatonic schizophrenia illustrates _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
psychodynamic
A loss of contact with reality is called a:
psychosis
Which statement about schizophrenia is true?
psychosis is a key feature of schizophrenia, but it can also occur in other disorders
If you think the radio announcer is talking directly and personally to you and to you alone, this is a delusion of _____
reference
If a study showed that reinforced behavior produces a significant increase in dopamine activation compared to nonreinforced behavior, then this would lend some support for which claim?
reinforcement is a potential cause of schizophrenic symptoms
Dominic, who has schizophrenia, was experiencing hallucinations and disorganized speech for the past six weeks. His psychosis has subsided but he has become very quiet, socially withdrawn, and has a flat affect. Dominic is in the ____ phase of schizophrenia.
residual
A middle-aged individual shows many of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia and at the same time often appears profoundly depressed. The symptoms have lasted almost a year. This is an example of:
schizoaffective disorder
Which disorder is characterized by marked symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder?
schizoaffective disorder
Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement?
schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption
Which is NOT related to a fuller recovery from schizophrenia?
schizophrenia developing during late adolescence
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between brain circuits and schizophrenia?
schizophrenia has been linked to overactivity of some brain structures and underactivity of other brain structures
Researchers found that phenothiazines reduced psychotic symptoms but also caused Parkinsonian symptoms, like tremors.
schizophrenia is tied to excessive dopamine
A developmental psychopathology theorist would be MOST likely to claim that:
schizophrenia is triggered by many factors that operate together in a developmental sequence
The phrase split minds is to ______ as the phrase split personality is to ______.
schizophrenia; dissociative identity disorder
According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann's (1948) view of the development of schizophrenia, an apparently self-sacrificing mother who is actually cold and domineering and uses her children for her own needs is called a(n) _______ mother
schizophrenogenic
Most contemporary psychodynamic theorists would agree with which statement/
schizophrenogenic mothers, if they do exist, if they do exist, don't create children with schizophrenia
Which of the following would provide the strongest evidence supporting a genetic link to schizophrenia?
similar concordance rates for identical twins raised in different environments and identical twins raised in the same environment
The DSM-5 requires that continuous signs of schizophrenia be present for at least _____ month(s) for a diagnosis of schizophrenia be warranted
six
To be diagnosed with schizophrenia, symptoms must be present for _____, during which a person must have been _____ for at least one month.
six months; ini the active phase
People around those who have been diagnosed with schizophrenia begin to treat them as if they are "crazy," expecting and overreacting to odd behaviors that they might not even notice in others. This observation is MOST consistent with the _____ understanding of schizophrenia.
sociocultural
If people with schizophrenia make at least modest gains when they receive behavioral therapy, this would indicate that:
some symptoms of schizophrenia may be learned
The term schizophrenia is a combination of the Greek words that mean "_____ mind"
split
The term schizophrenia is derived from the Greek for:
split mind
The HPA pathway becomes activated when people experience:
stressful events
Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia, the _____ tends to be overactive, and the _____ tends to be underactive.
substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex
According to the cognitive-behavioral view of schizophrenia, an early step in the "rational path to madness" is:
telling others about the unusual sensations and being told that the experiences aren't real
The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:
the duration of symptoms
A person diagnosed with schizophrenia is not hospitalized, yet eventually shows complete remission of symptoms. This pattern is:
typical of what happens in developing countries
Approximately _____ percent of the world population suffers from schizophrenia at some point in their life.
1
The chances that a woman who has recently given birth will develop postpartum psychosis is:
1 to 2 out of 1,000
The concepts of the schizophrenogenic mother, which suggests that schizophrenia is caused is cold, domineering, and uninteresting mothers, was suggested by:
Frieda Fromm-Reichmann
Which statement accurately represents the "rational path to madness"?
I experience disturbing symptoms. I talk them over with others. Others say I am imagining things. I decide others are lying to me
which statement is NOT true of mentally ill chemical abusers (MICAs)?
MICA is over diagnosed because the drug abuse is often overemphasized
A patient with schizophrenia who is mute, statue-like, and fails to participate in the hospital routine is MOST likely experiencing:
Type II schizophrenia
Regarding likelihood of recovery and types of symptoms exhibited, which would be the WORST disorder to have?
Type II schizophrenia
Studies relating rates of diagnosis of schizophrenia to poverty and race show:
a connection between diagnosis of schizophrenia and both race and poverty
A new medication for schizophrenia appears to work because it blocks dopamine from binding to a receptor. The new medication functions as:
a dopamine antagonist
Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:
a large shift in hormones occurring just after childbirth
A person with schizophrenia demonstrates poverty of speech and experiences auditory hallucinations. According to the "Type I-Type II" evaluation categorization, this person would be;
a mix of type I and type II
In general, the closer that people are genetically related to someone with schizophrenia, the more likely they are to be diagnosed with schizophrenia as well. This is evidence of _____ between a schizophrenia diagnosis and the degree of closeness of relationship.
a positive correlation
According to Frieda Fromm-Reichmann (1948), schizophrenia is caused by:
a schizophrenogenic mother
Which piece of evidence, if found, would weaken the dopamine hypothesis the most?
a study showing that drugs that bind to receptors other than dopamine reduce or eliminate the symptoms of schizophrenia
Elise has schizophrenia and has been exceptionally quiet for the past few days. Even when directly spoken to, she gives only very short answers or sometimes refuses to speak at all. Which symptom of schizophrenia is Elise displaying?
alogia
The decrease in the fluency and productivity of speech that is seen in schizophrenia is specifically termed:
alogia
Which piece of evidence, if found, would MOST strongly support the notion that hallucinations produce delusions?
an experiment showing that people who were induced to produce hallucinations were more likely to develop delusions afterward
Psychosis means:
loss of contact with reality
In 2001, Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:
atypical, less than 5% of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring
The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:
auditory
______ hallucinations are by far the most common type of schizophrenia.
auditory
A person which schizophrenia who hears all the animals around her making plans to get her ready for the ball, and come to think of herself as Cinderella, is experiencing a(n) _____ hallucination and a delusion of _____.
auditory; grandeur
A person with schizophrenia cannot complete even the simplest of tasks, is extremely listless, and has no short- or long-term goals. This person is exhibiting ____, or apathy.
avolition
I sit staring at a blank page, unable two make myself write a new multiple choice test item; II just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:
avolition
______ is defined as apathy, coupled with an inability to start or complete a course of action.
avolition
The viral explanation for schizophrenia suggests that brain abnormalities, and therefore schizophrenia, result from viral exposure:
before birth
According to early psychodynamic approaches, schizophrenia stems from:
being raised by a mother who was cold, domineering, and uninterested ini the needs of her child
The earliest antipsychotic drugs were discovered accidentally by researchers who were looking for;
better antihistamines to treat allergies
Studies investigating how genetic factors can lead to schizophrenia had identified two kinds of biological abnormalities that could conceivably be inherited: _____ abnormalities and dysfunctional brain circuitry.
biochemical
Catatonic rigidity and catatonic posturing share all of the following characteristics EXCEPT:
both are common among those diagnosed with schizophrenia
The viral explanation suggests that prenatal viral exposure produces ____ that are associated with the development of schizophrenia.
brain abnormalities
Which disorder is associated with the presence of schizophrenia symptoms that last less than one month?
brief psychotic disorder
The psychomotor symptoms for schizophrenia may take certain extreme forms, collectively called:
catatonia
People with schizophrenia who wave their arms around in wild motions and make kicking motions with their legs are experiencing:
catatonic excitement
Which two pairs MOST closely represent opposites in terms of the behavior you would observe in people with schizophrenia?
catatonic stupor and catatonic excitement
Which statement about genetic factors in schizophrenia is accurate?
close relatives of those with schizophrenia are more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia than distant relatives of those with schizophrenia
"If one receives a good deal of attention for unusual behaviors, is it any surprise those behaviors are strengthened?" This question would MOST likely be asked by what type of theorist?
cognitive-behavioral
The "rational path to madness" is MOST consistent with a(n):
cognitive-behavioral orientation
Sigmund Freud believed that schizophrenia could result from:
cold and unnurturing parents
If psychological and sociocultural explanations are to make the same kind of progress in understanding schizophrenia that biological explanations have, then they must:
come up with more precise theories that explain how psychological and sociocultural factors contribute to schizophrenia
A person is labeled by the community as having schizophrenia. Based on available evidence, it is MOST likely that:
community members and the person, will have a more negative view of the person
If both members of a pair of twins have a particular trait, they are said to be____ for that trait
concordatnt
If you think you are being manipulated by aliens, this can be considered a delusion of _____
control
Since 1950, interest in psychological explanations for schizophrenia, as opposed to genetic and biological explanations, have:
decreased, then increased
A strange false belief that is firmly held despite evidence to the contrary is called a:
delusion
A person acts extremely jealous all the time and complains bitterly whenever other people appear to be getting more attention. This has been going on for a couple of months, and the person shows no other substantial symptoms. The BEST diagnosis, assuming the extreme jealousy has no basis in fact, is:
delusional disorder
Preston watches the woman from the cable company enter his neighbor's house. He is convinced that they are plotting together to install surveillance equipment and track Preston's every move. Which symptom of schizophrenia is Preston displaying?
delusions
People with _____ believe their feelings, thoughts, and actions are being controlled by other people.
delusions of control
"The TV is making me think of the number 7' is to _______, as "Nobody believes me that I am Saint Michael" is to ______.
delusions of control; delusions of grandeur
A woman proclaims, "I am he Virgin Mary, and I've come to give birth to a new savior." This person is MOST likely experiencing:
delusions of grandeur
Rosa is sure that her family is planning to kidnap her and take her inheritance. She has found her husband talking on the phone in whispers and seen her children looking at her strangely. Rosa is MOST likely suffering from:
delusions of persecution
Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He then decides to go to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:
delusions of reference
Which socioeconomic class has the highest annual prevalence of schizophrenia?
lower
A person exhibiting early symptoms of schizophrenia -- for example, hearing voices. Family members decided to discuss the voices with the person to try to understand what is going on. This action by family members should:
increase the likelihood of future symptoms
Schizophrenia is to ______, and Parkinson's disease is too _____.
increased dopamine activation; decreased dopamine activation
In individuals with schizophrenia, the flow of communication, or _______, between particular structures in the brain circuit is typically excessive or diminished.
interconnectivity
The main difference between hallucinations and delusions is that hallucinations:
involve perception and delusions involve belief
Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?
it is likely that hallucinations and delusions occur together and feed one another
Rosenham (1973) did a study of schizophrenia that demonstrated the power of diagnostic _____ in determining how patients with schizophrenia are evaluated and treated.
labeling
Compared with African Americans, non-hispanic white Americans are:
less likely to receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia and less likely to be institutionalized
Compared with those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developing countries, those diagnosed with schizophrenia who live in developed countries are:
less likely to recover and more likely to be hospitalized
In the middle of a conversation with your friend about ice hockey, she says, "It's so cold during hockey season. All the movement -- gliding and flying high in various patterns. Animals have their own approach, but not in the streets. Smells of blue are everywhere!" Which formal thought disorder does this represent?
loose associations
A woman has just been diagnosed with postpartum depression. MOST likely, she will:
neither progress to postpartum psychosis nor physically harm her child
A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis; because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing:
neologisms
Individuals with schizophrenia sometimes make up words that have meaning only for themselves. These words are called:
neologisms
Does research support the assumption that there is a "schizophrenia gene"?
no, schizophrenia is probably a polygenetic disorder, and researchers have not pinpointed the exact gene yet
A therapist is evaluating a person who experienced catatonia, disorganized speech, restricted affect, abolition, and social withdrawal for the past two months. This has led to impairment in the person's personal life and at work. Does this patient meet the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia?
no, the person must experience symptoms for at least 6 months or more
James is sitting on the couch with his husband and children when suddenly he smells smoke. However, no one else can smell the smoke and there is not fire. What is James experiencing?
olfactory hallucinations
If the schizophrenia-related brain circuit contains distinctive sub circuits, then one would expect to observe:
one circuit that is more active when positive symptoms are present, and other more active when negative symptoms are present
Which statement is the WEAKEST in explaining the relationship between mental illness and substance abuse?
one's personality leads to both mental illness and substance abuse
Which statement is the LEAST supported based on what is known about the course of schizophrenia?
people sometimes enter the active phase before entering the prodromal phase
Which statement provides the WEAKEST evidence linking schizophrenia to early viral exposure?
people who were born in the late winter months have higher rates of schizophrenia than people born during other times of the year
According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
people with a biological predisposition for schizophrenia will develop it if certain psychosocial stressors are also present
Tactile hallucinations are:
perceptions of tingling, burning, or electric-shock sensations
Hallucinations are to ____, as delusions are to _____
perceptions; beliefs
Delusions of _____ are the most common type of delusion in schizophrenia.
persecution
David Rosenhan (1973) sent eight people to various psychiatric hospitals. All eight falsely reported hearing voices that said "empty," "hollow," and "thud." After being admitted to one of the hospitals, each person acted normally, yet all were diagnosed as having schizophrenia. One of the conclusions from this study is that:
the expectations produced by labeling can alter perception
If you could "get inside he head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that:
the person actually produces nerve signals of sound in the brain
According to the principles of operant conditioning, if others consistently ignore a person's appropriate response to their social cues, what will happen?
the person will stop attending to social cues
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are to _____, as negative symptoms are to _____.
the presence of inappropriate behaviors; the absence of appropriate behaviors
Delia does not display all the full-blown schizophrenia symptoms anymore. Occasionally, a shadow of a symptom appears. She is a bit withdrawn and not entiirely clear all the time, but she can marginally function in the world. This is an example of:
the residual phase of schizophrenia
If schizophrenia depended solely on genetic make-up, then compared tot rates of schizophrenia in siblings in general, fraternal twins should have:
the same concordance rate for schizophrenia
All of the following structures are parts of a brain circuit that is linked to schizophrenia EXCEPT:
the superior colliculus
Circumstantial evidence for the _____ theory comes from the unusually large number of people with schizophrenia born during the winter.
viral
Studies showing that mothers of people with schizophrenia were more likely to have been exposed to influenza during pregnancy than were mothers of people without schizophrenia support the ______ theory of schizophrenia development.
viral
The finding that the highest rates of schizophrenia are found among people who are born during the winter supports which theory of schizophrenia?
viral theory
Which is NOT consistent with the most common pattern of schizophrenia?
women develop the disorder earlier and more severely than men