Abnormal PSYC Exam 4
Schizophrenia Treatment: First Gen Antipsychotic Drugs- Late appearing movement disorder
-Can appear up to a year after someone takes an antipsychotic -Typically emerges 6 months after starting an antipsychotic -Can emerge even when the patient discontinues the use of the antipsychotic -Patients over 50 are much higher risk of developing this disorder -difficult to eliminate
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Biological- Antagonist Drugs
-Block or change the effects of the addictive substance -Aide the client in being resistant in falling back to that substance abuse -Helps patients become resistant in fighting urge to use substance
Stimulants- Caffeine
-Caffeine is the world's most widely used stimulant -Absorbed by the body and serves as a CNS stimulant (Triggers the release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine in the brain, Reaches peak concentration within an hour) -Caffeine use disorder NOT listed in DSM-V (does not qualify as a substance induced disorder) -10g of caffeine=100 cups of coffee; leads to seizures and fatal respiratory failures
IDD Metabolic causes
-In metabolic disorders, the body's breakdown or production of chemicals is disturbed -Metabolic disorders that affect intelligence and development are typically caused by the pairing of the two defective recessive genes (one from each parent)
Schizophrenia Treatment: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies- Social Therapy
-Includes techniques that address social and personal difficulties in the clients' lives I.e. social withdrawal -Examples: Practical advice, problem solving, decision making, social skills training, medication management, employment counseling, financial assistance, and housing -Reinforcing their skills (engaging in role play with the therapist) -Research finds that this approach REDUCES rehospitalization
Institutional Approach to Schizophrenia 1950: Token economy
-Systematic use of operant conditioning techniques used in hospital wards to change patient behaviors - A token is given as an immediate reward that is later exchanged for some other desired object/possession (i.e. food, cigarettes, etc.) -Still used today
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Biological- Detoxification
-Systematic, medically supervised withdrawal of drug -Can happen in outpatient or inpatient services -Two strategies: 1. Gradual withdrawal by tapering doses of the substance 2. Induce withdrawal but give additional medication to block symptoms
Intellectual Disability Disorder Criteria
-intellectual functioning is well below average(IQ 70 or lower) -Deficits in adaptive functioning that result in failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for personal independence and social responsibility -symptoms must appear before age 18
IDD chromosomal disorder- Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY Syndrome)
-males only -Primary features are infertility and small testicles -Often, symptoms may be subtle, and many men do not realize they are affected
IDD chromosomal disorder- Down Syndrome
-most common chromosomal disorder -Fewer than 1 of every 1,000 live births result in down syndrome, but this rate increases exponentially when the mother's age is over 35 -Several types of chromosomal abnormalities may cause down syndrome, but the most common is trisomy 21 ("Floating chromosome") -Physical features: protruding tongue, flat forehead
Depressants- Opioids
-narcotics -Includes both natural (opium, morphine, heroin, codeine) and synthetic (methadone) compounds -By 1917, opium-derived drugs were deemed addictive and illegal -Injection is the most common form of use -Cause CNS depression; drugs attach to endorphin-related brain receptors -Each drug has a different strength, speed of action, and tolerance level -Can cause: nausea, constipation, narrowing of the pupils
Schizophrenia Treatment: Psychosocial Treatment
-rare prior to emergence of antipsychotic drugs -today, more successful in conjunction with medication -include cognitive-behavioral and sociocultural therapies
Paranoid Personality Disorder Treatment
-rare that individual will seek treatment willingly -Object relations therapists (Psychodynamic) -Social skills education; role-playing, exposure techniques; group therapy (Behavioral) -Antipsychotics could be prescribed but they tend to be of little help -Development of more realistic interpretations of words and actions (Cognitive)
Savant Performance
An exceptional ability in a highly specialized area of functioning (typically involves artistic, musical, or mathematical skills).
IDD Metabolic Disorder: Tay-Sachs Disease
An inherited metabolic disorder in which certain lipids accumulate in the brain, causing spasticity and death in childhood
Personality Disorders: Cluster A- Schizotypal Personality Disorder
Acute discomfort with and reduced capacity for close relationships, accompanied by cognitive or perceptual distortions and behavior eccentricities
The chief danger of LSD use is: A. The risk of developing drug tolerance. B. The possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions. C. The severity of withdrawal symptoms among even occasional users. D. The universal occurrence of flashbacks among former users.
B. The possibility of very powerful, sometimes negative, reactions.
Recent studies show that children with autistic spectrum disorder are MORE likely than other children to have abnormalities in which section of the brain? A. Cerebral cortex B. Corpus callosum C. Cerebellum D. Hypothalamus
C. Cerebellum
Bryan, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of: A. Modeling. B. Operant conditioning. C. Classical conditioning. D. Observational learning.needles.
C. Classical conditioning.
One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals: A. Enjoy their symptoms and do not seek change B. Are frequently unaware that they have a problem C. Experience no distress and do not want treatment D. Have accompanying mood disorders that must be treated first
B. Are frequently unaware that they have a problem
If a person primarily fears close social relationships, one would MOST likely conclude that the person is experiencing: A. Social Phobia B. Avoidant Personality Disorder C. Both Social Phobia and Avoidant Personality Disorder D. A personality disorder from the dramatic cluster
B. Avoidant Personality Disorder
According to psychodynamic theorists, an important factor in the development of Avoidant Personality Disorder is: A. An early sense of guilt B. Early experiences of shame C. Lack of development of trust D. An inability to express anger
B. Early experiences of shame
An individual with a diagnosis of odd personality disorder is MOST likely to have a parent of sibling who has: A. Bipolar Disorder B. Schizophrenia C. One of the paraphilias D. Alcoholism
B. Schizophrenia
Intoxication is actually a form of: A. Tolerance B. Temporary Change C. Hallucinations D. Substance Dependence
B. Temporary Change
Jonah is receiving weekly individual and group therapy for BPD. He is learning to recognize when his emotional expression is appropriate. He is receiving: A. Traditional cognitive-behavioral therapy B. Gestalt therapy C. Dialectical behavioral therapy D. Humanistic theory
C. Dialectical behavioral therapy
Personality Disorders DSM-V Clusters
Cluster A- Odd, Eccentric(Paranoid, Schizoid, Schizotypal) Cluster B- Dramatic, Emotional(Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic, Narcissistic) Cluster C- Anxious, Fearful(Obsessive-Compulsive, Dependent, Avoidant)
Most Common Stimulants
Cocaine Amphetamines Methamphetamines Caffeine
Which statement BEST describes effective therapy for treating BPD? A. There is no effective therapy for BPD B. When using the psychodynamic approach, avoid relational therapy C. Using psychodynamic medication sis a safe, effective way to treat the disorder D. Research suggests that DTB is the most effective
D. Research suggests that DTB is the most effective
What is mentalization? A. Psychoanalysis B. Social skills training and other therapy that improves symptoms C. A form of inpatient hospitalization D. The capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people
D. The capacity to understand one's own mental states and those of other people
Personality Disorders: Cluster B- Histrionic Personality Disorder
Excessive emotionality and attention seeking; pervasive
Schizophrenia Treatment: First Gen Antipsychotic Drugs- Tardive Dyskinesia
Extrapyramidal effects involving involuntary movements (tongue flicking, lip smacking) -most cases are mild (severe- rocking back and forth, irregular breathing, major distortion of the face)
Synthetic Hallucinogens- LSD
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) -One of the most powerful and common hallucinogens -Derived from ergot alkaloids -Brings on a state of hallucinogen intoxication -Allusions: objects are distorted; feel like they are moving on their own or talking to you -Can experience as soon as 2 hours after use; lasts up to 6 hours -Marked and general strengthening of perceptual experiences, especially visual; color is more vividly intense -Synostosis- can see sounds and taste colors -Increased and altered sensory perception, psychological changes, and physical symptoms -Produces symptoms by binding to serotonin receptors -Tolerance and withdrawal are rare -Tend to be used on a more sporadic basis
A client being treated for Avoidant Personality Disorder must increase the number of social contacts per day. The person, at the least, must greet others with the sentence, "Hello, how are you doing?" MOST likely, the therapist has which theoretical background: A. Psychodynamic B. Biological C. Cognitive Behavioral D. Sociocultural
C. Cognitive Behavioral
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Contingency management
based on behavioral principles of operant conditions -Individual is receiving incentives (cash, privileges, gift cards, vouchers) for every negative urine test -Important that contingency management programs are incorporated within a larger treatment approach and NOT MAIN FOCUS
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Aversion Therapy
based on classical conditioning principles -repeatedly present individual with unpleasant stimulus at the moment he or she takes substance -Patient is expected to react negatively to substance itself after conditioning thus reducing craving
Speech (ASD)
echolalia(the exact echoing of phrases spoken by others), pronoun reversal(confusion of pronouns)
Delirium tremens
condition that involves confusion, cloud of consciousness, and also produces visual hallucinations
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Prevalence
men are twice as likely as women to display disorder
severe and profound levels of IDD...
often appear as part of larger syndromes that include severe physical handicaps
Use of Objects (ASD)
setting up lines with their toys, mesmerized by a spinning top for hours
Schizophrenia Treatment: First Gen Antipsychotic Drugs- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
severe, potentially fatal reaction -Symptoms include muscle rigidity, fever, altered consciousness, and improper functioning of the autonomic nervous system -As soon as the syndrome is recognized, drug use is discontinued and each symptom is treated medically and accordingly -Individuals may also be given dopamine-enhancing drugs
Schizoid Personality Disorder Prevalence
slightly more common in men than in women
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Prevalence
slightly more common in men than in women
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD Prevalence
~ 3.0-7.0 % of the childhood population and ~ 2.0-5.0% percent of the adult population -Among children gender ratio is approximately 3:1 boys more likely than girls -Approximately 50% of children with ADHD struggle with a variety of comorbid issues
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Relapse prevention training
-Overall goal: Gain control over their substance-related behaviors -Clients are taught to identify and plan ahead for high-risk situations
When a child with autism spectrum disorder jumps, flaps her arms, twists her hands and fingers and makes unusual faces, the child is engaging in: A. self-injurious behavior. B. self-communication behavior. C. self-motor behavior. D. self-stimulatory behavior
D. self-stimulatory behavior
Personality Disorders: Cluster C- Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and mental and interpersonal control at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency.
Schizophrenia Treatment: Second Gen Antipsychotic Drugs-
-"Atypical" -biological operation differs from that of conventional antipsychotics -Received at fewer dopamine D-2 receptors; more D-1, D-4, and serotonin receptors than the others -Clozaril, Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel, Geodon -also effective for negative symptoms -fewer/less severe extrapyramidal side effects -Dosage level must be monitored: carries a risk of agranulocytosis, a potentially fatal drop in white blood cells -May cause substantial weight gain in a short period of time, dizziness, and significant elevations in blood sugar
Substance-Related Disorder: Hallucinogens
-"Psychedelic drugs" produce powerful changes primarily in sensory perceptions ("tripping") -Relatively low dosage hallucinogens produce hallucinations -Their molecular structure is very similar to the molecular structures of neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin)
Personality Disorders: Categorical Views
-(Current Paradigm) -Individuals either have, or do not have a disorder -Qualitative differences between groups and normal personality
Autism Spectrum Disorder- Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
--Stereotyped or repetitive motor movements, use of objects, or speech --Insistence of sameness --Highly restricted, fixated interests --Hyper-or hypo- reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of the environment --Range of behavioral symptoms --Odd responses to sensory stimuli --Self-Injury Behaviors
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
-A group of conditions with onset in the developmental period -Characterized by developmental deficits that produce impairments of personal, social, academic, or occupational functioning
IDD Metabolic Disorder: Phenylketonuria (PKU)
-Abnormally high levels of the amino acid, phenylalanine -In untreated, it can lead to intellectual disorders, seizures, behavioral problems, and mental disorders
Intellectual Disability Disorder PROFOUND
-About 1-2% of persons with IDD fall into the category of profound IDD (IQ below 20) -With training, they may learn or improve basic skills, but they need a very structured environment
Antisocial Theoretical Explainations
-Absence of parental love leads to a lack of basic trust (Psychodynamic) -Antisocial symptoms learned through operant conditioning, modeling, imitation (Behavioral) -Difficulty with recognition of others' viewpoints (Cognitive) -Biological predisposition; lower serotonin activity; aggression & impulsive behaviors; dysfunctional brain circuits (amygdala & hippocampus)
IDD Childhood Problem causes
-After birth, particularly up to age 6, certain injuries and accidents can affect intellectual functioning (I.e. lead poisoning, excessive use of certain chemicals, head injuries, certain infections (meningitis))
Depressants- Opioids- Heroin
-After just a few weeks, users may become caught in a pattern of abuse (and often dependence) -Long-term high dose: Chronically lethargic and lose motivation to remain productive -Users quickly build a tolerance for the drug and experience withdrawal when they stop taking it (I.e. auditory, visual sensitivity, positive mood for brief moment (not long lasting), Person's unpleasant feelings are only relieved for 30-60 minutes after injection(Euphoria)) -Early withdrawal symptoms include anxiety, restlessness, and agitation (6-12 hours after the last dose); later symptoms include twitching, aches, fever, vomiting, and weight loss from dehydration
Substance-Related Disorder: Class Designations
-Alcohol -Cannabis -Stimulant -Caffeine -Tobacco -Inhalant -Sedative/Anxiolytic/Hypnotic -Opioid -Phencyclidine
Intellectual Disability Disorder MODERATE
-Approximately 10% of persons with IDD function at a level of moderate IDD (IQ 35-49) -They can care for themselves and benefit from vocational training
Intellectual Disability Disorder SEVERE
-Approximately 3-4% of persons with IDD display severe IDD (IQ 20-34) -They usually require careful supervision and can perform only basic work tasks
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Intellectual Disability Disorder Prevalence
-Approximately 3/100 persons meet the criteria for this disorder -Around 3/5 are male and the vast majority are considered mildly IDD
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Intellectual Disability Disorder MILD
-Approximately 80-85% of all people with intellectual disability fall into the category of mild IDD (IQ 50-70) (Intellectual performance seems to improve with age) -Research has linked mild intellectual disability mainly to sociocultural and psychological cause (Poor and unstimulating environments, inadequate parent-child interactions, insufficient learning experiences, malnourishment)
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Treatment
-Assist the client with reconnection to the world and recognition of thinking limits -Recognize unusual thoughts and magical prediction; social skills training -May benefit from low doses of antipsychotic drugs(addressing certain thought problems)
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Cognitive-Behavioral
-Aversion therapy -Contingency management -Relapse-prevention training -Acceptance/Commitment therapy
Personality Disorders: Cluster B- Narcissistic Personality Disorder Characteristics
-Believes one is "special" and unique; feel as though they can only associate with other special or high-status people -Requires excessive admiration -Grandiose sense of self-importance -Has sense of entitlement -Is interpersonally exploitative -Often envious of others or believes others are envious of them -Lacks empathy
Borderline Personality Disorder Prevalence
-Close relatives of individuals with BPD are FIVE TIMES more likely to have this condition -35% of identical twins to have the condition themselves -majority of those diagnosed are women -Greater likelihood of diagnosis in early adulthood -Early sexual abuse: 4 X more likely -Childhood trauma -High rates of comorbidity with: Bipolar disorder Depression Substance abuse disorders Eating disorders (Bulimia)
Substance Intoxication
-Cluster of changes in behavior, emotion, or thought caused by substances -Temporary undesirable, behavioral, or psychological changes (poor motor functioning, slurred speech, bloodshot eyes, irritability, and poor judgment) -Happens during or shortly after use of the substance -poisoning
Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes- Biological
-Complete biological explanation has not been developed -Mom may have been exposed to toxic chemicals when she was pregnant --Brain abnormalities: -Cerebellum considered a possible factor (controls a person's ability to rapidly shift their focus of attention) -recent research points to abnormal activities/anatomies of other brain structures (e.g., corpus callosum, amygdala, thalamus, cingulate cortex, striatum) -Likely 2 or more autism-related brain circuits
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment- Parent training
-Critical piece -Train parents to apply conditioning and skill-building techniques at home -Individual therapy and support groups for parents becoming more available
Autism Spectrum Disorder Social Communication/Interaction Deficits
-Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity -Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors -Deficits in developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships
Borderline Personality Disorder Treatment
-Dialectical Behavior Therapy- TREATMENT OF CHOICE -Relational psychoanalytic therapy (modern psychodynamic) effective in reducing # of suicide attempts and hospitalization -Antidepressant, antibipolar, antianxiety, or antipsychotic drugs serve as adjuncts to psychotherapy to address comorbid disorders
Combination of Substances- Synergistic Effects
-Different drugs are in the body at the same time, they may multiply, or potentiate each other's effects -The synergistic effect is often greater than the sum of the effects of each drug taken alone -Similar actions: 2 or more drugs have similar actions (i.e. alcohol and benzo's) -Opposite (antagonistic) effects: 2 or more drugs have opposite effects (i.e. alcohol and cocaine; depressant and stimulant)
Things to remember about Personality Disorders...
-Disorders can only be diagnosed prior to age 18: Under DSM-V, people below the age of 18 could not be diagnosed with a personality disorder because symptoms are common among adolescents -Most people with them, don't realize they have them -HIGH rates of comorbidity
Personality Disorders: Dimensional Views
-Disorders lie on a continuum, one end is normality and other end is severe disturbance or pathology -Quantitative differences between those with and without disorder -Personality disorders as extreme forms of normal personality traits (e.g. the Big Five, such as N, A, and C)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
-Emphasis on the importance of childhood -Focus on cold, rejecting parents (increased risk for developing this disorder); focus on grandiose self-presentation; self-sufficiency replaces warm relationships (Psychodynamic) -Treated too positively in early life; overvalue self-worth (Cognitive-behavioral)
Stimulants- Caffeine Effects
-Enhances physical stamina and reduces fatigue -Gives more energy -Can disrupt mood, fine motor movements (especially hands), reaction time, and sleep (especially if taken late at night) -Increases gastric acid secretions and breathing rates at high doses
Schizoid Personality Disorder Treatment
-Extreme social withdrawal usually stops individuals from seeking out treatment -Object relations therapy (Psychodynamic) -Social skills education; role-playing, exposure techniques; group therapy (Behavioral) -Presenting and evoking memories of pleasurable experiences (Cognitive)
Schizophrenia Treatment: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies- Family Therapy
-Family plays key role with the course/recovery -Address family issues, create realistic expectations and provide psychoeducation about disorder -Helping improve family coping skills; family dynamic -Explaining to family what a hallucination is, the symptoms, and what little control the patient has over these things -Families may also turn to family support groups and family psychoeducation programs
Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment
-Focus on lack of substance and extreme suggestibility -Vain, dramatic, and selfish behavior may be an exaggeration of femininity as culture once defined it
Avoidant Personality Disorder Treatment
-Go to treatment to gain acceptance -Similar to treatment of social anxiety disorder and anxiety in general -Group therapy provides practice in social interactions -Antianxiety and antidepressant drugs
Natural Hallucinogens- Cannabis
-Hashish: Solidified resin of the cannabis plant -Marijuana: Mixture of buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops -Major active ingredient = tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) -Higher THC = more powerful the substance -Potency influenced by environmental conditions -Produces a mixture of hallucinogenic, depressant, and stimulant effects, known as cannabis intoxication -low doses- the user feels joy, peace, and relaxation -high doses, cannabis produces odd visual experiences, hallucinations -May also cause anxiety, paranoia, irritability
Substance-Related Disorder Statistics
-Highest rates- Native Americans -lowest-Asian Americans
Stimulants- Methamphetamines
-Ice, Crystal Meth -Stimulate CNS (Increased attention, arousal, dopamine) -"club drug"
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Characteristics
-Ideas of reference(not held with delusional conviction) -Odd beliefs or magical thinking -Unusual perceptual experiences -Odd thinking and speech -Suspiciousness or paranoid ideation -Inappropriate or constricted affect(individual may seem very stiff; rarely smiles) -Behavioral or appearance that is odd, eccentric, or peculiar -Lack of close friends or confidants other than first-degree relatives
Substance-Related Disorder: Stimulants
-Increase the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) -Cause increases in blood pressure, heart rate, and alertness -Exhilaration and heightened sense of well being, followed by tiredness and mildly depressive mood -Activation of the sympathetic nervous system -Cause rapid behavior and thinking -Stimulating certain transmitters in the brain (i.e. norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, epinephrine)
Institutional Approach to Schizophrenia 1950: Milieu
-Institutions create a social climate that promotes productive activity, self-respect, and individual responsibility -Live in therapeutic community of respect, support, and openness -moderately successful -Still very prevalent in institutions today, especially in the western world
Stimulants- Amphetamines
-Laboratory-manufactured stimulant drugs -Amphetamine, dextroamphetamine (used to treat ADHD and narcolepsy) -Symptoms are not as long lasting as cocaine -Stimulate CNS (Increasing serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) like cocaine -Cause an emotional letdown as they leave the body (Extremely easy to become dependent on them, Can experience: dizziness, panic like states, heart problems, and depression) -small doses-Increase energy and alertness/lower appetite like cocaine -high doses-Produce a rush, intoxication, and psychosis
Avoidant Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
-Lack of research to support underlying etiology -Focus on shame and insecurity traced to childhood experiences (Psychodynamic) -Harsh criticism in early childhood leads to expected rejection; failure to develop effective social skills (Cognitive-behavioral) -Forming unhealthy beliefs that people will always judge them negatively
Substance-Related Disorder: Prevalence
-Lifetime prevalence among parents, children, and siblings - 3x to 5x higher likelihood of alcohol abuse themselves -Similarly, research with human twins: Concordance rates in identical (MZ) twins: 50% Concordance rates in fraternal (DZ) twins: 30%
Schizoid Personality Disorder: Theoretical Explainations
-Linked to an unsatisfied need for human contact; parents believed to have been unaccepting or abusive (Psychodynamic) -Tied to deficiencies in thinking(vague and empty thoughts); inability to interpret emotional cues (Cognitive-behavioral)
Paranoid Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
-Linked to patterns of early interactions with demanding parents (Psychodynamic), Genetic causes -Tied to broad maladaptive assumptions (Cognitive-behavioral) - "people are evil"
Substance-Related Disorder: Sociocultural Views
-Living in stressful socioeconomic conditions crime ridden neighborhoods (burglary, poverty) -Have families that value or tolerate drug use contributing to the child having an increased likelihood of substance abuse -Regularly confronted by other kinds of stress
Personality Disorders:
-Long-term, chronic and rigid characteristics -Enduring pattern of inner experiences and behavior that deviates markedly from the expectations of the individual's culture -Pattern is manifested in 2 or more of the following: 1. Cognitions - ways of perceiving and interpreting self, others, and events 2. Affectivity - range as well as intensity of emotional experiences; inflexible and pervasive 3. Interpersonal functioning 4. Impulse control -Enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive across a range of situations -Enduring pattern leads to clinically significant distress or impairment in functioning -Cannot be a manifestation of another disorder -Some types of personality disorders tend to become less evident with age and omit over time (I.e. borderline and antisocial) -Stable and of long duration (onset traced at least to adolescence or early adulthood)-there will be signs and symptoms
IDD Prenatal/birth causes
-Major physical problems in the pregnant mother can threaten the child's healthy development (I.e. low iodine levels, alcohol abuse → fetal alcohol syndrome, contracts syphilis that is then passed onto the child) -Birth complications, such as prolonged period without oxygen (anoxia), can also lead to IDD (Were forceps used?)
Natural Hallucinogens- Cannabis Intoxication
-Memory problems -Concentration problems -Pervasive sense of wellbeing -Substantial cognitive problems -Upbeat mood
Natural Hallucinogens
-Mescaline - found in a type of spineless cactus; resembles norepinephrine -Psilocybin - found in psychedelic mushrooms "shrooms"; bind to serotonin receptor -Cannabis- produced from varieties of hemp plants
Intellectual Disability Disorder Characteristics
-Most consistent sign: person learns very slowly -Other areas of difficulty: attention, short-term memory, planning, and language
Personality Disorders are...
-Most often untreated -Egosyntonic(symptoms go unnoticed by the individual. They don't disrupt the individual's emotional system (they disrupt the emotional systems of the people around them) opposed to egodystonic(symptoms are recognized emotionally as disruptive)
Stimulants- Cocaine
-Most powerful natural stimulant known -Increases the supply of dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain as well as norepinephrine and serotonin levels -Produces a euphoric rush of well-being -stimulates the central nervous system and decreases appetite -Feel untouchable, hyper-active, prolonged use leads to sexual dysfunction -Effects of high doses of cocaine: Cocaine intoxication, Cocaine-induced psychotic disorder, Depression-like letdown (crashing) -More powerful, cheaper forms have been available since 1984: Freebasing (Boiling it down into crystalline balls), Crack (Cheaper version of cocaine More prevalent in crime filled neighborhoods and lower socioeconomic level neighborhoods)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment
-No known treatment totally reverses the autistic pattern -No medication can be considered an effective treatment -Treatments of particular help are cognitive-behavioral therapy, communication training, parent training, and community integration
Substance-Related Disorder: Etiology
-No single explanation has gained broad support -Best explanation: a COMBINATION of factors
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Treatment
-Often respond well to psychodynamic or cognitive therapy -Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)
Substance-Related Disorder: Cognitive Behavioral Views
-Operant conditioning: Temporary tension-reduction has a rewarding effect: Increases the likelihood of using the drug again to seek that same reaction ALSO May lead to trying higher doses or more powerful ways to get the drug (i.e. intravenous injection) -Classical conditioning: Cues or objects are present during drug use, these may act as classical stimuli, and can produce some of the pleasure brought on by the drugs themselves
Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
-Overly harsh toilet training during anal stage can results in anal retentive obsessive-compulsive functioning and fixated in one of the stages (Freud) -Illogical thinking processes (Cognitive-behavioral)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes- Psychological
-People with autism have a central perceptual or cognitive disturbance -Fail to develop a theory of mind: Fail to appreciate that other people have a point of reference that differs from their own -"Mind blindness" (if I hide a toy in another room, I won't understand why my sister goes to look where she last left it and not in that room) -Deficiencies in joint attention (sharing focus with other people)
Substance-Related Disorder: Combination of Substances
-Polysubstance Abuse -Cross-tolerance -Synergistic effects
Substance-Related Disorder: Psychodynamic Views
-Powerful dependency needs traced to early childhood years (Inadequate parental love) -Display substance abuse personality characterized by early impulsivity (correlational in nature, cannot assume causality)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes- Genetic
-Prevalence rates are much greater among siblings (10 to 20%) and highest among identical twins (60%) -Prenatal difficulties or birth complications
Depressants- Sedative/Anxiolytic/Hypnotic drugs
-Produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness -At low doses, they have a calming or sedative effect -At high doses, they function as sleep inducers or hypnotics Ex. -Barbiturates: Widely prescribed for first half of the 20th century -Benzodiazepines: Safer and less likely to lead to intoxication, tolerance effects, and withdrawal reactions (Can still experience these things, Increase GABA activity)
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Sociocultural
-Psychological problems emerge in a social setting and best treated in a social context -Self-help programs-Most common: Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Narcotics Anonymous (NA) -Culture-and gender sensitive programs -Community prevention programs - BEST, IDEAL TREATMENT is prevention: Some argue for complete abstinence; some teach people how to use substances in a responsible manner, Can focus on families, peers, incorporated in schools, etc.
Schizophrenia Treatment: Cognitive Remediation
-Psychosocial- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -Focuses on cognitive impairments, difficulty in attention, planning, and memory -Provides increasingly complex computer tasks until planning and social awareness goals are reached -Provides for moderate improvement
Schizophrenia Treatment: combination of behavioral and cognitive techniques
-Psychosocial- Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy -Helping client feel comfortable about control over hallucinations; not eliminating them -Psychoeducation about biological causes -Identification of events/ triggers/stressors -Challenge of inaccurate ideas of hallucination power I.e. behavioral experimentation -Reattribution and accurate interpretation -Adopt and apply alternative conclusions → "this voice is not real, it's part of my illness" -Teach techniques for coping with unpleasant sensations -Learning how to refocus or distract
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment
-Recognize and work through basic insecurities and defenses (Psychodynamic) -Focus on self-centered thinking and redirection (Cognitive-behavioral) No major treatment approaches have had much success
Substance-Related Disorder: Biological Views- Genetic Predisposition
-Research with "alcohol-preferring" rats and offspring have similar alcohol preferences -Biological parent - adopted child alcohol abuse rate (Adoptee had much higher rates of alcoholism themselves) -Abnormal form of dopamine (D-2) receptor gene in people with substance use disorders
Substance-Related Disorder: Biological Views- Incentive-sensitization theory
-Reward center develops a hypersensitivity to substances when repeatedly stimulated by the substances (through chronic substance abuse) -Reward-deficiency syndrome: Reward center not readily activated by "normal" life events; thus, person uses drugs to stimulate the pleasure pathway (I.e. listening to joyable music, receiving praise) -Defects in D-2 receptors cited as possible cause
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment- Community integration
-Self-help and self-management, as well as living, social, and work skills taught in school-based and home-based programs -Greater number of group homes and sheltered workshops are available
Stimulants- Methamphetamine Dangers
-Serious negative effects on physical, mental, and social life (Psychological symptoms when stopped abruptly, Heart problems and stroke, tooth decay, and malnourishment) -Linked to increased ER visits -May cause neurotoxicity
Substance-Related Disorder: Biological Views- Brain Circuits
-Striatum and Hippocampus -Dopamine: Key Neurotransmitter -Reward circuit (reward center) -Pleasure pathway (rich with dopamine; dopamine activates the feeling of pleasure) Brain structures are stimulated directly or indirectly: -directly activated as a result of the release of dopamine by caffeine, amphetamine, cocaine, etc. -Indirectly by biochemical reactions produced by substances that trigger pathways and result in increased dopamine activity and increased interconnectivity and communication. (Alcohol, opioids, marijuana.)
Stimulants- Caffeine Reduction
-Suddenly stop or cut back of usual intake can cause withdrawal symptoms -Irritated, agitated, more anxious, psychomotor agitation, difficulty concentrating, headaches, tired
Schizotypal Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
-Symptoms are often linked to family conflicts and psychological disorders in parents -Linked to some of the same biological factors found in schizophrenia (e.g., high dopamine activity)
Antisocial Treatment
-TYPICALLY, do not seek/receive treatment unless actually caught and court-mandated -NOT unresponsive to treatment, but extremely difficult patients because: -Treatments are not addressing unique developmental mechanisms underlying their antisocial behavior -Need for comprehensive AND individualized treatment -No desire to change (no incentives) -Premature drop-out
Personality Disorders: Cluster B
-The behaviors of people with these problems are so dramatic, emotional, or erratic that it is almost impossible for them to have relationships that are truly giving and satisfying. -Often described as "sociopaths" or "psychopaths." -BPD and Antisocial are the ONLY disorders with decent body of evidence to support etiology
Depressants- Dangers of Opioid Use
-The most immediate danger is overdose (Closing down the respiratory center of the brain → results in paralyzing breathing and likely death) -Ignorance of tolerance -impure drugs -Dirty needles=infection
Intellectual Disability Disorder Causes
-The primary cause of moderate, severe, and profound IDD are biological -Sometimes genetic factors are at the root of these biological problems -chromosomal causes- 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs -metabolic causes -prenatal/birth causes -childhood problems
utism Spectrum Disorder Causes- Sociocultural
-Theorists initially thought- high degree of family dysfunction, environmental, stress, social stress were key factor -personality characteristics of the parents led to the development of ASD -Research does not support this theory
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Autism Spectrum Disorder Prevalence
-There has been a steady increase in the number of children diagnosed Was 1 in every 2,000 Now it's 1 in every 50 children -Around 80% of all cases appear in boys -~90% of children with the disorder remain significantly disabled into adulthood
Personality
-There is no single agreed upon explanation in the field as to what defines personality -Personality: Uniquely expressed characteristics that influence behaviors, emotions, thoughts, and interactions -Personality traits: Enduring patterns of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and oneself -These are flexible -When they become inflexible → they are maladaptive and problematic; cause distress
Substance-Related Disorder: Developmental Psychopathology View
-This view is NOT commonly discussed among other disorders, but it IS IMPORTANT to substance use. -Genetically inherited disposition: Twins and parents with alcohol abuse -Numerous childhood stressors: Homelessness, natural disasters -Inadequate parenting: Lack of love and emotion -Reward substance use experiences: enabler -Relationship with substance using peers: Peers are the primary spear of developmental influence
Alcohol Use Disorder- Tolerance and Withdrawal
-Tolerance increases consumption levels -Withdrawal symptoms- Can be fatal, Nausea and vomiting, Delirium tremens
Natural Hallucinogens- Cannabis Dangers
-Types today are significantly in more potent; some are 4x more powerful than the marijuana available in the 70's -Because of its sensorimotor effects it is linked to poor concentration/impaired memory, increased rate in accidents, and may cause panic reactions caused by hallucinogens -Occasional panic reactions similar to those caused by hallucinogens (bad trip) -Long-term health problems: reproduction Males → may lower your sperm count Females → abnormal ovulation -(Controversial)Individuals who are chronic users, and using larger amount, may experience tolerance and withdrawal
Histrionic Personality Disorder Theroetical Explainations
-Unhealthy relationships with cold, controlling parents in childhood; feelings of being unloved and fear of abandonment (Psychodynamic) -Sense of helplessness fuels search for others to meet needs (Cognitive-behavioral) -Partially influenced by cultural norms or expectations (socially-cultural perspective)
Reward Center
-a dopamine-rich pathway in the brain that produces feelings of pleasure when activated -develops a hypersensitivity to substances when repeatedly stimulated by the substances (through chronic substance abuse) -Reward-deficiency syndrome: Reward center not readily activated by "normal" life events; thus, person uses drugs to stimulate the pleasure pathway (I.e. listening to joyable music, receiving praise)
Avoidant Personality Disorder Characteristics
-avoids occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact -Preoccupied with being criticized or rejected in social situations -Views self as socially inept, unappealing, or inferior to others
Alcohol Use Disorder- Korsakoff's syndrome
-chronic memory disorder caused by a severe deficiency of Vitamin B-1 as a result of alcohol misuse -symptoms- severe memory loss, inventing memories that are then taken as truth, struggles with conversing and insight
OCPD vs OCD
-closely related because they share a number of features, many people that suffers from one of the disorders has the criteria for the other -Differs because people with OCPD also have other conditions (comorbidity) like depression, anxiety, or substance use-disorders
IDD chromosomal disorder- Turner Syndrome
-females only -X chromosome is either missing or partially missing -Most common features are a short stature and early loss of ovarian function
Schizophrenia Treatment: Discovery of Antipsychotic Drugs
-first generation-1950s originally found to treat allergies -One group of antihistamines, phenothiazines, could be used to calm patients about to undergo surgery -Chlorpromazine (Thorazine): first antipsychotic to be approved for sale
IDD chromosomal disorder- Fragile X Disorder
-second most common chromosomal cause -Tied to a full mutation of the FMR1 gene
Stimulants- Dangers of Cocaine
-significant physical danger, especially from accidents and suicide (More likely to do risky things, Pregnant women who use cocaine have an increased likelihood of miscarriage and of having children with abnormalities) -The GREATEST DANGER of use is the risk of OVERDOSE -Excessive doses depress the respiratory area of the brain and stop/paralyze breathing (May cause death, cocaine use can also cause heart failure/Increased heart rate and blood pressure)
Benzodiazepines: Discontinuous Syndrome
-when you abruptly stop taking a high dose -Likely to experience a return of the anxiety symptoms, may develop new symptoms that are like drug withdrawal (i.e. irritability, sleep disruption)
Antisocial Prevalence
-~3% prevalence in community samples -Correctional Settings: 70-80% (Males; Widiger & Corbitt, 1995) -Males 4x more likely -Severity of the symptoms and features decrease after the age of 40 -Highly comorbid with substance use disorders -67% of identical twins where one has APD, the other develops it also
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment- Communication training
-½ stay nonverbal -May teach other forms of communication -Sign language and/or simultaneous communication -May use augmentative communication systems (Communication boards, Computers with different symbols)
Substance-Related Disorder: Primary Treatment
1. 1.9 million patients are treating their substance use disorder with self-help groups 2. Second highest # of patients - outpatient rehabilitation 3. Third - outpatient mental health center 4. Lowest - treatment in prison or jail
Antisocial Criteria
3 or more of the following: 1. Failure to conform to social norms with respect to lawful behaviors 2. Deceitfulness 3. Impulsivity or failure to plan ahead 4. Irritability and aggressiveness 5. Reckless disregard for the safety of self or others 6. Consistent irresponsibility 7. Lack of remorse
Borderline Personality Disorder Criteria
5 or more -Frantic efforts to avoid (real or imagined) abandonment -A pattern of unstable/intense interpersonal relationships -Identity disturbance (unstable self-image or sense of self) -Impulsivity -Recurrent suicidal behavior or threats, or self-mutilating behavior -Affective Instability(Rapid shifts in emotions) -Chronic feelings of emptiness -Inappropriate intense anger or difficulty controlling anger -Transient, stress-related paranoid ideation or severe dissociative symptoms
Histrionic Personality Disorder Criteria
5 or more -Seeks to be center of attention -Exhibits sexually provocative or seductive behaviors -Displays shifting and shallow emotions -Uses physical appearance to draw attention -Style of speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail -Is dramatic; exaggerated expression of emotion -Is suggestible; i.e., easily influenced by others or circumstances -Misjudges intimacy in a relationship
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD
A pervasive pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
What is the most effective ADHD treatment program? A. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best. B. Psychodynamic therapy works best, with or without drugs. C. Dietary changes work best in the long term. D. Cognitive-behavioral therapy outperforms even methylphenidate.
A. Drugs, combined with cognitive-behavioral therapy, work best.
One speech problem displayed by many children with autism spectrum disorder is that they repeat everything said to them. This is called: A. Echolalia. B. Neologism. C. Nominal aphasia. D. Pronominal reversal.
A. Echolalia.
The categorical approach to personality assumes that: A. Problematic personality traits are either present or absent B. Personality disorders are best understood on a continuum based on severity of symptoms C. Individuals can turn their symptoms off like a light switch D. Children as well as adults should be diagnosed with personality disorders
A. Problematic personality traits are either present or absent
Alcohol Use Disorder- Short term consequences
Alcohol blocks messages between neurons -First absorbed into the blood via your stomach lining (Helps GABA shut down those anxiety neurons and relax the drinker) -First brain area affected-Controls judgment and inhibition -Next affected areas- Other areas in the central nervous system (Now speaking less clearly, can't recall information, motor difficulty)
Autism Spectrum Disorder Treatment- Gold Standard
Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA) -Goals: increase behaviors that are helpful and decrease behaviors that are harmful and/or adversely affect learning -Intensive behavior modification using operant conditioning techniques -Focus on specific symptoms: Communication deficits, lack of self-care skills, and self-stimulatory or self-destructive behavior -Emphasizes very specific and small goals
Substance-Related Disorder Criteria
At Least 2 or more occurring at any time in the same 12-month period Impaired Control 1. Increasingly larger doses or longer periods of time than intended 2. Unsuccessful attempts to cut-down 3. A great deal of time/effort spent to obtain substance 4. Craving for substance Social Impairment 5. Failure to fulfill major role obligations 6. Continued substance use despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems 7. Important social, occupational, or recreational activities may be given up Risky Use 8. Recurrent substance use in situations in which use poses serious risks 9. Continued substance use despite knowledge that it is causing or worsening physical or psychological problems Pharmacological Criteria 10. Tolerance 11. Withdrawal
A blood alcohol concentration of _______ percent typically produces the symptoms of intoxication: A. 0.01 B. 0.06 C. 0.09 D. 0.55
C. 0.09
The "high" produced by using narcotics is due to the drug: A. Causing an increased release of serotonin. B. Blocking GABA activity. C. Attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins. D. Flooding neurotransmitter synapses with dopamine.
C. Attaching to sites normally receptive to endorphins.
A client is initially very resistant to therapy, cannot acknowledge weaknesses, and ignores feedback. MOST likely, the client is experiencing: A. Schizoid PD and will not make much progress in therapy B. Schizoid PD and will make a great deal of progress in therapy C. Narcissistic PD and will not make much progress in therapy D. Narcissistic PD and will make a great deal of progress in therapy
C. Narcissistic PD and will not make much progress in therapy
With the help of a therapist, a client with OCPD has experienced a dramatic decrease in both dichotomous thinking and worrying. The client's behavior is: A. Common; most with OCPD seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy B. Common; most with OCPD seek help, and this person is most likely receiving psychodynamic therapy C. Uncommon; most with OCPD do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy D. Uncommon; most with OCPD do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving psychodynamic therapy
C. Uncommon; most with OCPD do not seek help, and this person is most likely receiving cognitive therapy
Schizophrenia Treatment: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapies- Community Approach
Community Mental Health Act (1963) -Coordinated services -short-term hospitalization -partial hospitalization -supervised resisidences -assertive communitiy treatment programs
Adaptive functioning (IDD)
Conceptual (Academic) (Focusing on confidence in several areas i.e. memory, language, reading, writing, problem solving) Social (I.e. social awareness of other people's thoughts/feelings, empathy, social judgment) Practical (I.e. financial management, personal care)
Personality Disorders: Cluster B- Antisocial
Disregard for and violation of the rights of others
Nate took a drug and a few minutes felt calm. He then became drowsy and went to sleep. Nate MOST likely took: A. Heroin B. Cocaine C. Cannabis D. Barbiturates
D. Barbituates
Mario felt awake and alive as though he could conquer the world. He MOST likely used: A. Heroin B. Alcohol C. Xanax D. Cocaine
D. Cocaine
A patient at an alcohol rehabilitation center tell you a detailed story about growing up in the mountains of Tennessee. Later, you find out that the person has never been visited Tennessee. A day later, you visit the patient again, and the patient does not recognize you. This patient is MOST likely suffering from: A. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome B. Cirrhosis C. Withdrawal of Delirium D. Korsakoff's Syndrome
D. Korsakoff's Syndrome
The Schizoid Personality Disorder differs from Paranoid Personality Disorder in that: A. Those with Schizoid PD seek close affiliations with others, while those with Paranoid PD do not B. Paranoid PD is treatable only through drug therapy; Schizoid PD can be treated with psychotherapy C. Women are more likely to have Schizoid PD than Paranoid PD; the opposite is true for men D. Those with Schizoid PD desire to be alone; those with Paranoid PD are alone because of suspiciousness
D. Those with Schizoid PD desire to be alone; those with Paranoid PD are alone because of suspiciousness
Personality Disorders: Cluster A- Paranoid Personality Disorder
Distrust and Suspiciousness -Often distrust with insufficient basis and think they are being tricked -Very reluctant to confide in others -The individuals are very cold in their affects and are emotionally unattached
Personality Disorders: Cluster A- Schizoid Personality Disorder
Detachment and restricted expression of emotion
Assessing Adaptive Functioning (IDD)
Diagnosticians cannot rely solely on a cutoff IQ score of 70 to determine whether a person has an intellectual disability
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD Etiological Explainations
Diet: excessive sugar intake, food preservatives, and excessive television Biological: -Very very strong biological contributions but the precise cause of ADHD has not been identified -Genetic predisposition: Heritability estimates = 80% -Prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco smoke, prematurity of delivery and significantly low birth weight -Abnormal dopamine activity and abnormalities in the frontal-striatal regions of the brain -High levels of stress and family dysfunctioning
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Biological- Drug Maintenance Therapy
EXAMPLE Methadone maintenance programs-Treatment approach in which clients are given legally and medically supervised doses of methadone -Intended to treat Heroin addiction when first discovered- reduce cravings -Hopefully receiving therapy with this -Agonist or substitute -Can be used to relieve pain from cancer
Intellectual Disability Disorder Levels
Four levels of IDD have been distinguished: Severity of the levels is based on the degree of adaptive behavior functioning Mild (IQ 50-70) Moderate (IQ 35-49) Severe (IQ 20-34) Profound (IQ below 20)
Substance-Related Disorder: Biological Views
Genetic Predisposition Neurotransmitters Brain circuits Incentive-sensitization
Personality Disorders: Cluster B- Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD Criteria
Inattention: 6 or more of the symptoms persisted for at least six months -Difficulty sustaining attention -often easily distracted by extraneous stimuli -often forgetful in daily activities -often does not seem to listen when spoken to directly -often fails to give close attention to details or makes careless mistakes Hyperactivity and Impulsivity 6 or more symptoms have persisted for at least six months -Often fidgets -often talks excessively -often blurts out answers -difficulty waiting one's turn -often interrupts or intrudes on others Several inattentive or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms were present prior to age 12 Several symptoms must be present in 2 or more settings Clear evidence that symptoms interfere with, or reduce the quality of, social, academic, or occupational functioning
Personality Disorders: Cluster B- Borderline Personality Disorder
Instability of relationships, self-image, and affects
Substance-Related Disorder: Synthetic Hallucinogens
LSD MDMA PCP Combination
Alcohol Use Disorder- Personal and Social Impact
Long-term excessive drinking can cause: -disruption with family, friends, jobs -Seriously damage physical health (hearing problems, memory impairment) -Major nutritional problems (Korsakoff's syndrome) -Women who drink alcohol during pregnancy place their fetuses at risk from Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
Synthetic Hallucinogens- MDMA
MDMA((3, 4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine): Ecstasy, X, Love drug, Beans, Molly -Energy boost, feelings of connectedness, lasts for several hours, distortion in perceptions -Can cause confusion, depression, anxiety, paranoid thinking, blurred vision, increased heart rate, reduces sweat production (Can continue weeks after ingestion) -Synthetic amphetamine derivative that produces hallucinogenic effects (Reduces sweat, Can bring hypothermia or a heat stroke) -Could be classified as a stimulant -Dangers: Immediate psychological problems, cognitive impairment, unpleasant and potentially dangerous physical symptoms
Assessing Intelligence (IDD)
Measured by: -Vocabulary -Similarities -Information -Comprehension -Picture completion -Block design -Matrix reasoning -Picture arrangement -Arithmetic -Digit span -Letter-number sequencing -Digit symbol coding -Symbol search
Substance-Related Disorder: Treatment- Acceptance and Commitment therapy
Mindfulness-based approach -If patient is accepting of thoughts, he or she will become less affected by these and feel less need to use substances -Ideally in COMBINATION with relapse prevention training and/or cognitive behavioral therapy
Personality Disorders: Cluster C- Avoidant Personality Disorder
Social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: ADHD Treatment
No treatments found to cure the disorder -The found treatments help -Most commonly applied approaches entail: Drug therapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination -Drug therapy: Psychostimulants (e.g., Methylphenidate), Provides the greatest degree of improvement. ~ 2.2 million children in the U.S. take a stimulant drug for ADHD -Psychoeducation along with the stimulants -Behavior therapy: Parents and/or teachers learn to apply operant conditioning techniques to change behavior -Behavior modification in the classroom and parent training in child behavior management methods (Often helpful, especially combined with drug therapy)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Positive/Negative Features
POSITIVE FEATURES -high self-esteem -high positive affect -optimistic about future -low anxiety -very competitive and ambitious -independent (good leaders?) -value intelligence, assertiveness, and competence NEGATIVE FEATURES -abrasive and exploitative -disliked by others (but they may not care) -interpersonal problems -mood fluctuations (especially anger) -do not value empathy, compassion, or ability to compromise
Personality Disorders: Cluster C- Dependent Personality Disorder
Pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior and fears of separation
Synthetic Hallucinogens- PCP
Phencyclidine (PCP) -Effects are very different from the others -Originally a painkiller -Small doses can cause numbness, warmth sensation, and relaxation -Higher doses induce psychotic behaviors, delusional thinking, and sudden/drastic mood changes
Dependent Personality Disorder Treatment
Psychodynamic: -Transference of dependency needs onto the therapist -Key piece: develop independence; the patient is then motivated to accept responsibility Cognitive-behavioral: -Combination of interventions -Assertiveness training -Advocate for self, say no, communicate -Challenge and change incompetence and helplessness assumptions Biological: -Antidepressant medication when disorder is comorbid with depression Group therapy format: -For someone who struggles with making decisions and setting boundaries
Dependent Personality Disorder Theoretical Explainations
Psychodynamic: Unresolved conflicts during oral stage, early parental loss or rejection prevents normal attachment and separation, overinvolvement or overprotection - can lead to dependency Behavioral: Unintentional rewarding the clinging and loyal behavior Cognitive(maladaptive cognitions): thoughts tied around inadequacy and helplessness, "If I am to be independent, I have to be alone"
Synthetic Hallucinogens- LSD Consequences
Short Term: Difficult to study empirically/scientifically because they are based primarily on subject experience Long Term: Self-injury(Especially during bad trips), Flashbacks(Brief visual after effects of that trip Occur in unpredictable time intervals; and long after a substance has left the body), Possibly trigger the onset of psychosis, mood disorder, and anxiety disorder(more so with chronic users)
Substance-Related Disorder: Depressants
Slow the activity of the central nervous system (CNS) -Alcohol -Sedative/anxiolytic/hypnotic drugs -Opioids
Combination of Substances- Cross-tolerance
Sometimes 2 or more drugs are so similar in the affects to the brain/body, you can develop tolerance of one drug as well as a tolerance of that similar drug without ever using it
Alcohol Use Disorder- Blood Alcohol Levels
The amount of alcohol per unit of blood -Effects of alcohol only subside after the alcohol has been metabolized by the liver -Women become more intoxicated than men on equal amounts of alcohol due to lower enzymes -Levels of impairment are closely tied to the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood: BAC = 0.06: Relaxation and comfort BAC = 0.09: Intoxication State of Texas is .08 BAC > 0.55: Death -Most people lose consciousness before they can drink >0.55
Borderline Personality Disorder Explainations
Theoretical explanations: -Lack of early acceptance by parents or abuse (especially sexual)/neglect by parents (Psychodynamic) -Low serotonin levels -Genetic predisposition -Abnormal brain structure/circuitry activity -Biological ideas; overly reactive amygdala Integrative explanations -Biosocial: Combination of internal and external factors -Internal: Inability to identify and regulate emotions -External: Invalidating environment -Developmental psychopathology: Childhood traumas and dysfunctional parental attachments lead to mentalization deficits -Mentalization - capacity to recognize our and others emotional states
Substance-Related Disorder: Biological Views- Neurotransmitters
Tied to drug tolerance and withdrawal -When a certain drug is ingested, it increases the activity of certain transmitters -The body doesn't have to produce these NT's then → decreases considerably → when stopping the substance, a person is likely to experience withdrawal -Caused by a reduction in the brain's production of particular NTs during excessive and chronic drug use -Lower GABA production: Alcohol and benzos (excessive use) -Lower endorphin production: Cocaine or amphetamines -lower anandamide production: Marijuana
Motor Movements (ASD)
arm flapping, spirit fingers, rocking back and forth, twisting hands and fingers
Schizophrenia Treatment: First Gen Antipsychotic Drugs- Movement Problems
extrapyramidal effects -most common: Parkinsonian sympoms (Muscle tremor, rigidity, shaking, Distonia or bizarre movements of the face neck tongue and back, Akathisia or restlessness agitation and discomfort)
Narcissistic Personality Disorder Prevalence
majority of those effected are men
Paranoid Personality Disorder Prevalence
more common in men than in women