Abnormal Psych Chapter 2

Match the following scenario to its most likely influence of influences Scenario: Jan's husband, Jinx, was an unemployed jerk who spent his life chasing women other than his wife. Jan, happily divorced for years, cannot understand why the smell of Jinx's brand of aftershave causes her to become nauseated. Which influence best explains her response? A) Behavioral B) Biological C) emotional D) social E) developmental

A)Behavioral could also argue for C) Emotional

Match the following scenario to its most likely influence of influences Scenario: The fact that some phobias are more common than others (such as fear of heights and snakes) and may have contributed to the survival of the species in the past suggests that phobias may be genetically prewired. A) Behavioral B) Biological C) emotional D) social E) developmental

B) biological

Who discovered modeling or observational learning?

Bandura

Describe the five influencing factors in relation to judy's fainting/phobia of needles

Behavioral: classical conditioning through watching a scary needle film and having a bad reaction to it, then projecting that onto similar scenarios Biological: overreaction of a blood mechanism that overcompensates in increase in blood pressure by lowering it Emotional: emotions also influence biology, maybe an anxious person Social: maybe the way others respond to her fainting has an effect Developmental: maybe she was at a developmental critical period where more easily influenced by that at that time

Match the following scenario to its most likely influence of influences Scenario: Nathan, age 16, finds it more difficult than his 7-year old sister to adjust to his parent's recent separation. This may be explained by what influences? A) Behavioral B) Biological C) emotional D) social E) developmental

E) developmental

True or False: The first 20 pairs of chromosomes program the development of the body and brain

False; 22

True or False: Environmental events alone influence the development of our behavior and personalities

False; complex interaction of both nature and nurture

True or False: The idea that individuals may have a genetic endowment to increase the probability that they will experience stressful life events and therefore trigger a vulnerability is in accordance with the diathesis-stress model

False; reciprical-gene-environment model

___ are long molecules of ___ at various locations on ___ within the cell nucleus.

Genes DNA chromosomes

gene-environment correlation model

Hypothesis that people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder. Translation: Maybe people with fear of blood are also more impulsive so they are more likely to make the environmental phenomenoa (getting injured) that will trigger a reaction

How does the stroop effect relate to emotional issues?

Lil different from the stroop effect bc about naming colors of specific words that aren't other colors, but if people have things they're trying mentally to avoid, like a trauma, then they might take longer saying the colors of words "blood", "injury", "break", for example.

the famous case of Chang and Eng

Siamese twins conjoined, but had very different personalities. One was happy and the other was depressed etc. Shows that everything is very complicated.

What does Lawrence Weiskrantz in a classic study describe blind sight or unconscious vision through/what does it show?

Some guy became blind but would still reach out to shake people's hands and knew what objects were, his unconscious could see, meaning there was a cognitive process seeing, but he didn't experience it

What did Robert Rescorla discover?

That classical conditioning has to be consistent, discovered this by pairing metronome with meat powder, if not every time not a strong association

What's so cool about epigenetics?

The effects of the environment which turns certain genes on or off can be passed down through several generations

Match the following scenario to its most likely influence of influences Scenario: A traumatic ride on a Ferris wheel at a young age was most likely to have been the initial cause of Juanita's fear of heights. Her strong emotional reaction to heights is likely to maintain or even increase her fear. The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of ___ influences; however, ___ influences are likley perpetuating the phobia. A) Behavioral B) Biological C) emotional D) social E) developmental

The initial development of the phobia is likely a result of A) BEHAVIORAL influences; however, C) EMOTIONAL influences are likley perpetuating the phobia.

True or False: according to the diathesis-stress model, people inherit a vulnerability to express certain traits or behaviors that may be activated under certain stress conditions

True

True or False: no individual genes have been identified that cause any major psychological disorders

True

What's another word for diathesis?

Vulnerability

Equifinality

a basic principle of developmental psychopathology that holds that one symptom can have many causes. You have to find what path it took and not just where it ended up (so not just delusion, but is it bipolar or drug induced?)

Generally the greater the duration, intensity, and coherence of the neural representation of a piece of info in the brain, the more likely that the person will be ___________________ of the info

aware or conscious

Although the environment can't change our DNA, it can change the gene expression. It seems that genes are turned on or off by _________________________________________

cellular material that's located just outside of the genome

Generally the greater the ___, intensity, and ___ of the neural representation of a _____________________________________________, the more likely that the person will be aware or conscious of the info.

duration coherence piece of info in the brain

In ___, the immediate effects of the environment (such as early stressful experiences) influence cells that turn certain genes on or off.

epigenetics

Molecular genetics

examing actual structure of genes, often finding groups that might be influencing a trait

True or False: abnormal behavior is assumed to be influenced polygenetically and so far there isn't any specific groups of genes identified to relate to psychological disorders

false; it is polygenetically influenced but research is beginning to identify specific small groups of genes that relate to some major psychological disorders

Who was Kandel?

he was a guy who provided great evidence for epigenetics

neuroendocrine

hormonal activity in the brain and nervous system

Generally the greater the duration, ___, and coherence of the ___representation of a piece of info in the brain, the ___ likely that the person will be aware or conscious of the info

intensity neural more

prepared learning

learning that occurs without extensive training because of an evolved predisposition to the behavior

If an identical twin has schizophrenia, what are the chances the other twin will develop it? What does this tell us?

less than 50% psychological disorders are mostly not determined by genetics/there's a lot at play

Genes are ___ ___ of DNA at ___ ___ on chromosomes within the ___ ___

long molecules various locations cell nucleus

brain circuits

neurotransmitter current or neural pathway in the brain

the diathesis-stress model

people are assumed to inherit certain vulnerabilities that make them susceptible to a disorder when the right kind of stressor comes along

The genetic influence on much of our development and most of our behavior, personality, and even IQ score is ___ - that is, influenced by many genes.

polygenic

Quantitative genetics

sums up all the tiny effects across many genes without necessarily telling us which genes are responsible for which effects

What is the gene environment correlation model also called?

the reciprocal gene-environment model

The 'Black Box' refers to

unobservable feelings and cognitions inferred from an individual's self-report or behaviors