Abnormal psych chapter 4

example of validity

A measure of marital satisfaction that is shown to predict divorce within the next two years

An __________ is a graphical record of the brain's electrical activity. A. EOG B. EMG C. EEG D. EKG

C

types of projective personality tests

sentence completion, TAT, inkblots

ethical issues in assessment

1) potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician 2) theoretical orientation of clinician 3) underemphasis on the external situation 4) Insufficient validation 5) Inaccurate data or premature evaluation

three approaches to classify abnormal behaviors

1. categorical approach 2. dimensional approach 3. prototypal approach

10 clinical scales of MMPI-2

1. hypochondriasis 2. depression 3. hysteria 4. psychopathic deviate 5. masculinity-femininity 6. paranoia 7. psychasthenia 8. schizophrenia 9. hypomania 10. social introversion

A(n) __________ is a conceptual entity depicting an idealized combination of characteristics that more or less regularly occur together in a less-than-perfect or standard way at the level of actual observation. A. prototype B. script C. example D. schema

A

Anna was hospitalized for depression after the death of her husband. According to the nursing staff, Anna has a passive-aggressive personality because she is slow to participate in activities. The nursing staff feels that treatment should focus on eradicating the alleged passive-aggressive personality characteristics. Which of the following factors affecting ethical assessment is being overlooked in this plan? A. underemphasis on the external situation B. potential cultural bias of the instrument or the clinician C. inaccurate data D. theoretical orientation of the clinician

A

Dr. Williamson believes that the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can help determine the exact neurological functions that underlie various psychiatric conditions. He has often said "soon fMRI will replace all other diagnostic methods for determining psychopathology." What does this chapter state about this claim? A. The fMRI is not currently considered to be a valid or useful diagnostic tool for mental disorders or for use in forensic evaluation. B. The fMRI has been found inferior to standard MRI for such purposes. C. The fMRI has been found to be as good as or better than subjective clinical evaluation of psychopathology in almost every published study. D. The fMRI has been found to be effective at identifying psychotic spectrum disorders, but for no other type of diagnostic category.

A

In psychiatric diagnosis, the term symptoms refers to __________; the term signs refers to __________. A. the patient's subjective description of the problem; the diagnostician's objective observations B. the diagnostician's objective observations; the patient's subjective description of the problem C. subtle indicators of psychiatric disturbance; behaviors exhibited by the patient that are easy to observe D. behaviors exhibited by the patient that are easy to observe; subtle indicators of psychiatric disturbance

A

Joanna was referred to an emergency room for evaluation because of a severe episode of depression. Which of the following scenarios represents how clinicians would reach a best estimate diagnosis for Joanna? A. An interdisciplinary treatment team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. B. An interdisciplinary team discusses her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and then lets Joanna choose her ideal treatment. C. A clinical psychologist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations. D. A psychiatrist interprets her assessment results, provides a tentative diagnosis, and makes treatment recommendations.

A

Whereas a psychodynamic therapist might rely on the information from a projective test (e.g., Rorschach inkblots or Thematic Apperception Test), a humanistic therapist might rely more on the data gathered from an unstructured interview. This demonstrates the importance of __________ on the process of assessment and evaluation. A. professional orientation B. personal preference C. personality factors D. subjective measures

A

Example of inter-rater reliability

A physician diagnoses a patient as experiencing an episode of major depression and makes a referral to a psychologist for treatment. The psychologist also diagnoses the patient as having major depression.

example of test-retest reliability

A test of psychotic thinking that shows a person having a high score on two different testing sessions

example of standardization

A trainee therapist doesn't have time to read the manual explaining the conditions under which a specific test should be administered. The therapist administers the test anyway.

Compared to structured interviews, semi-structured interviews tend to produce diagnoses with greater __________. However, a downside of semi-structured interviews is that they require extensive __________. A. validity; training B. reliability; subjectivity C. subjectivity; training D. test-retest reliability; subjectivity

A.

Dr. Wang wants to administer an assessment with a new client who recently emigrated from Brazil and speaks only minimal English. After consulting with her colleagues, she finds a Portuguese version of the assessment that has been used a few times before. Before using the assessment, Dr. Wang should ensure __________. A. that the measure has been tested and validated for use with Brazilians B. that the theoretical orientation of the test is the same as her own C. that the translation is identical to the English version D. that her patient would not prefer to complete the English version of the assessment

A.

In a client assessment, clinicians must integrate client personal details and create a meaningful picture of the client from an array of information including the client's personality traits, behavior patterns, and environmental demands. Clinicians refer to this initial assessment as a dynamic formulation because __________. A. it encompasses information about the client's current situation and provides hypotheses about what may be driving the client's behavior B. the assessment provides a framework that can be elaborated on with input from the client's family C. in order to increase future client participation in the assessment process, the client needs to leave the assessment feeling that a plan for help is in place D. trust between client and clinician has not developed in this early phase and it is highly unlikely that the client has revealed sufficient information necessary for a diagnosis

A.

A native Mexican, who speaks Spanish and has limited English skills, reports feeling suicidal. He has been admitted to the psychiatric unit of a community hospital where the treatment team has ordered a psychological evaluation. Which psychologist would be the best choice for assessing this man? A. Philip, a Hispanic man who is a third generation American and speaks basic Spanish. B. Vanessa, who is fluent in Spanish, French, and English and is the daughter of Mexican immigrant parents. C. Michael, an African American man who is fluent in Spanish, has studied abroad in Spain, and has spent two summers doing aid work in Mexico with local farmers. D. Anna, a Native American woman who speaks Spanish fluently.

B

Clients who receive appropriate test feedback after an assessment tend to __________. A. feel ashamed B. improve C. show no noticeable change from pre- to post- assessment D. get worse

B

Computed tomography (CT) scans have been increasingly replaced by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for several reasons, including which of the following? A. The MRI subjects patients to ionizing radiation, and the CT scan does not. B. The MRI produces sharper images of the interior of the brain. C. An MRI is more complicated to administer than a CT scan. D. The MRI shows how a physical structure is functioning, while the CT scan only shows anatomical features.

B

In addition to identifying patients' presenting problems, behavioral histories, intellectual functioning, and environmental pressures, clinical assessments can help to determine which of the following? A. cost of therapy B. effectiveness of therapy C. partner or parental role in therapy D. precise length of therapy

B

In cases where physical symptoms are part of the presenting clinical picture, a referral for __________ is recommended. A. a psychosurgical consultation B. a medical examination C. hypnotherapy D. psychotropic medication

B

In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of ________. A. generalizability B. validity C. standardization D. reliability

B

Nina is in seventh grade and currently refuses to go to school. She says she feels extreme anxiety at the thought of going to school, talking to her peers, and making it through the day. During the assessment, Nina reveals that she experiences a lot of bullying at school because of her lisp. This information highlights the importance of __________ in conceptualization of Nina's psychological functioning. A. behavioral history B. social factors C. intellectual functioning D. personality

B

One of the criticisms of the norms of the Rorschach Inkblot Test is that __________. A. the norms are dated and reflect prevailing attitudes and behaviors of a previous generation B. the system tends to overpathologize clients, making them appear more disturbed than they actually are C. many of the concepts reflected in the norms are psychodynamic and difficult to see as valid D. the system tends to under pathologize clients, making them appear less disturbed than they actually are

B

Which of the following scenarios would most likely result in an assessment providing inaccurate or insufficient information? A. Janelle feels hopeless during her assessment as she describes that she was recently fired from her last two jobs. B. Cora feels uncomfortable during her assessment because she is not sure whether her responses will be shared with her mom. C. Leo feels a little embarrassed when describing recent preoccupation with his shorter-than-average height. D. Eddie feels sad during his assessment as he discloses his recent struggle with feelings of sadness and fatigue.

B

Why are high rates of comorbidity among mental illnesses used as evidence that the categorical approach to classification may be flawed? A. People may actually have multiple distinct mental illnesses. B. We may be giving multiple labels to the same underlying difficulties. C. It indicates that we lack necessary and sufficient causes of mental illness. C. It indicates that we cannot reliably assess a disorder.

B

Aaron tends to be very shy and laid back, and is generally inhibited in social situations. As a result, his boss does not see him as a leader and Aaron is repeatedly overlooked for promotions; this has caused Aaron to be very anxious and somewhat depressed. In this case Aaron has a __________ factor that is influencing his mental health. A. social context B. cultural C. personality D. cognitive

C

According to research data, which type of assessment interview provides the most reliable results? A. unstructured B. semi-structured C. structured D. subjective

C

Dr. Swinburn has just finished an intake appointment with a new client, and she feels ready to make a diagnosis based on that one-hour conversation. She does not know that this client was not yet comfortable enough with the counseling process to share some important information with the therapist. Which factor is Dr. Swinburn forgetting to consider when she makes this diagnosis? A. the potential cultural bias that she brings to the counseling relationship B. her own theoretical orientation as a clinician C. the risk of premature evaluation D. insufficient validation of the assessment results

C

For various reasons, people taking the MMPI-2 might go into a testing situation planning on answering in a specific way to make themselves look extra bad or extra good. How does the MMPI-2 deal with this possibility? A. The MMPI-2 has an "honor statement" at the start of the measure that reminds people that dishonest responding is unethical. B. The tool cannot distinguish honest from dishonest responding, which is why the clinician must be well-trained in interpreting the results. C. The tool has validity scales that assess whether a person is answering in a straightforward manner. D. The MMPI-2 is always given alongside other measures to see if the results are consistent.

C

In his work with psychological test evaluation, Dr. Johnson stresses that a good assessment device must actually measure what it was designed to measure. Dr. Johnson is referring to the concept of __________. A. reliability B. standardization C. validity D. generalizability

C

Which of the following is an assumption of the categorical approach to classification? A. One's typical behavior is a product of differing intensities of action. B. Several people with the same diagnosis might show a wide variety of different symptoms. C. All human behavior can be divided into groups of "healthy" and "disordered." D. A person's actions will naturally change and mature over different lifespan stages.

C

Which of the following would you want to use if you were interested in administering an objective personality test to a client? A. a Rorschach Inkblot Test B. a projective test C. a rating scale D. the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

C

Which one of the following categories of assessment procedures is least likely to have problems with validity? A. projective assessment techniques B. fMRI for diagnosis C. personality scales D. behavioral self-reports

C

Why are neuropsychological assessments insufficient for diagnosis of mental disorders? A. It is not ethical to complete neuropsychological tests with people who have mental disorders. B. Patients with mental disorders cannot validly complete neuropsychological tests. C. Patients with different mental disorders often perform similarly on neuropsychological tests. D. Neuropsychological assessments show poor test-retest reliability.

C

uses pre-set questions all of which must be asked in a specific order a. unstructured interview b. semi-strucutred interview c. structured interview

C

The MMPI contains validity scales that measure __________ and clinical scales that measure __________. A. the degree to which a client sees himself as deviant; client ability to think abstractly B. social judgment and reasoning; overall ability to meet daily life challenges C. how truthful the client is in answering the questions; the client's tendency to answer questions in psychologically deviant ways D. how engaged the client is while taking the test; client willingness to disclose information

C.

Because some clinical issues often cannot be observed in the real world, clinicians often use __________ situations. These can involve role-playing, reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures. A. naturalistic B. duplicated C. unrealistic D. analogue

D

Ben received a diagnosis of ADHD when referred for diagnostic testing after chronically misbehaving in class. His teacher recently noticed that his classmates were making fun of him. Which of the following events most likely led Ben's peers to make fun of him? A. "boys being boys" B. learning about his referral for psychiatric evaluation C. learning about his diagnosis of ADHD D> watching him fidget in his seat and call out in class

D

Dr. Summerly is working with Bo, a Korean boy, age 15. She decides to give him an intelligence test to assess his cognitive skills. She will need to remember to select a test that has been adapted and validated for a person from Korea. This sort of understanding of and attention to these factors is called __________. A. interrater reliability B. external validation C. multiethnic regard D. cultural competence

D

Having an agreed-upon __________ allows professionals to be confident that they are communicating clearly with each other and with laypersons. A. set of public policies B. informed consent acknowledgment C. test-retest reliability D. classification system

D

Intelligence testing, though a source of important information about cognitive functioning, suffers from a number of potential limitations. Which of the following is one of those issues? A. The computers needed to score these tests are not always available. B. The assessment must be sent off for standardized scoring and can take 2 to 3 weeks to get back. C. Research data find that most people score within 15 points of one another on these tests, making them a poor method of distinguishing between clients. D. Some clinical settings might not provide the time or funding to use these tests

D

Jordan was seen simultaneously by two different psychologists who each complete the same standardized assessment to determine his presenting problem. Both psychologists determine that Jordan is suffering from Major Depressive Disorder. This consistency across psychologists suggests that the standardized assessment demonstrates strong __________. A. test-retest reliability B. validity C. inter-rater validity D. inter-rater reliability

D

The psychiatric classification system presently used in the United States is __________. A. Psychodynamic Diagnostic Manual B. the Merck Manual C. International Classification of Disease (ICD-11) D. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)

D

Which classification system is widely used in Europe and other countries to assist with the assessment and diagnosis of a mental disorder? A. PIC-8 B. MHS-4 C. DSM-5 D. ICD-11

D

Which neuroimaging technique provides metabolic portraits by tracking natural compounds, such as glucose, as they are metabolized by the brain or other organisms? A. MRI B. EEG C. CAT scan D. PET scan

D

__________ involves integration of assessment information and the formation of hypotheses about what drives someone to behave in problematic ways. It also involves identifying the thoughts and behaviors that should form treatment targets to result in the most robust improvements. A. Personality formulation B. Psychological functioning C. Valid assessment D. Dynamic formulation

D

__________ is a process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or uniform manner. A. Interpolation B. Standardization C. Validation D. Stratification

D

Dr. Beggs wanted to determine if her patient was depressed. To assess this, she administered a test where her patient did as many jumping jacks as she could within a minute on four different occasions. Her patient completed almost the exact same number of jumping jacks each time. However, this test was not associated with her patient's depressive symptoms. Dr. Beggs's test showed good __________ but poor __________. A. validity; reliability B. standardization; validity C. reliability; generalization D. reliability; validity

D.

Research has supported the position that __________ assessment interviews yield more reliable results than do __________ assessment interviews. A. unstructured; structured B. computerized; web-based C. face-to-face; computerized D. structured; unstructured

D.

rating scales

Formal structure for organizing information obtained from clinical observation and self-reports to encourage reliability and objectivity

Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)

Objective method of rating clinical symptoms that provides scores on 18 variables (e.g., somatic concern, anxiety, withdrawal, hostility, and bizarre thinking).

self-monitoring

Observing and recording one's own behavior, thoughts, and feelings as they occur in various natural settings.

the halstead reitan battery

The most widely used neuropsychological test battery. The Halstead-Reitan consists of several measures and is used to provide data about specific deficits, the probable localization of lesions, and whether lesions appear to be of gradual or sudden onset. Although the reliability and validity of this battery have been supported, a significant disadvantage is the time required for administration.

unstructured assessment interviews

Typically subjective interviews that do not follow a predetermined set of questions. The beginning statements in the interview are usually general, and follow-up questions are tailored for each client. The content of the interview questions is influenced by the habits or theoretical views of the interviewer.

neuropsychological assessment

Use of psychological tests that measure a person's cognitive, perceptual, and motor performance to obtain clues to the extent and locus of brain damage.

most common test for measuring adult intelligence

Weshsler adult intelligence scale

follows a predetermined format to maximize reliability but allows for some flexibility A. semi-structured b. structured c. unstructured

a

prototypal approach

a conceptual entity depicts an idealized combination of characteristics, some of which the patient may not have

inter-rater reliability

a measure of the agreement between different raters, who assess the same person

sentence completion test

a projective technique where subjects are given a set of incomplete sentences and asked to complete them in their own words, analysis enables clinician to infer personality dynamics

T score distribution

a standard distribution of scores that allows for a comparison of scores on a test by comparing scores with a group of known values

categorical approach to classification

a view of classification based on the assumption that there are qualitative differences between normal and abnormal behavior as well as between one form of abnormal behavior and other forms of abnormal behavior

direct observation

assessment in which the professional observes the client engaged in ordinary, day-to-day behavior in either a clinical or natural setting

The major symptoms or behaviors that a client is experiencing are called the __________. A. initial complaint B. presenting problem C. formal diagnosis D. primary issue

b

can be used by interviewers with little or no clinical training a. semi-structured b. structured c. unstructured

b

open in nature - allowing the clinician to ask whatever questions he/she wants to ask a. semi-structured b. unstructured c. structured

b

test-retest reliability

consistency with which a test measures a given trait on repeated administrations of the test to give subjects

In order for psychological assessment instruments to be considered fair to the test-taker, the tests need to be _________________ sensitive

culturally

reliability

degree to which an assessment measure produces the same result each time it is used to evaluate the same thing

analouge situations

designed to yield information about the person's adaptive strategies, might involve such tasks as staged role-playing, event reenactment, family interaction assignments, or think-aloud procedures

role playing

form of assessment in which a person is instructed to play a part, enabling a clinician to observe a client's behavior directly

groups included in halstead-reitan battery

halstead category test, tactual performance test, rhythm test, speech sounds perception test, finger oscillation task

Semi-structured assessment interview

in a semi-structured interview, the interviewer is required to ask questions in a specific order and in a specific way. Then depending on the answer, the clinician will ask his/her own follow-up questions designed to obtain more information

structured assessment interview

interview with a set introduction that follows a predetermined set of procedures and questions throughout

dimensional approach

it is assumed that a person's typical behavior is the product of the differing strengths or intensities of definable dimensions such as mood, emotional stability, aggressiveness, clarity of thinking and communication, social introversion, and so on.

Presenting problem

major symptoms and behavior the client is experiencing

signs

objective observations that suggest to a diagnostician a patients physical or mental disorder

symptom

patients subjective description of a physical or mental disorder

Standardization

process by which a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent or "standard" manner

types of personality tests

projective and objective

cultural competence

refers to a psychologist's need to be informed of the issues involved in multicultural assessment

The __________ of a psychological test is determined by whether the measure produces the same result if given at a later time.

reliability

When a psychological test is administered, scored, and interpreted in a consistent manner it is considered to be

standardized

objective personality tests

structured tests, such as questionnaires, self-inventories, or rating scales, used in psychological assessment

projective personality tests

techniques that use various ambiguous stimuli that a subject is encouraged to interpret and from which the subject's personality characteristics can be analyzed

intelligence test

test used in establishing a subject's level of intellectual capability

A student takes the Graduate Record Exam (GRE) and is disappointed by his score. He takes the test again six months later. His score is almost the same

test-restest reliability

validity

the extent to which a measuring instrument actually measures what it is supposed to measure

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

clinical diagnosis

the process through which a clinician evaluates and classifies the patients symptoms according to a clearly defined diagnostic system such as the dsm-5

psychological assessment

the use of psychological procedures such as behavioral observations, interview, and psychological tests to obtain a picture of a client's mental health symptoms and personality

Rorshach Inkblot Test

use of 10 inkblot pictures to which a subject responds with associations that come to mind, analysis of these responses enables a clinician to infer personality characteristics

thematic apperception test (TAT)

use of a series of simple pictures about which a subject is instructed to make up stories, analysis of the stories gives a clinician clues about the persons conflicts, traits, personality dynamics and the like.

A questionnaire measure assessing anxiety is found to discriminate well between anxious and non-anxious clinical patients

validity

If a psychological test is shown to measure the characteristics it was designed to predict it is considered to possess scale

validity

types of scales on MMPI

validity, clinical, special