Abnormal Psych Final Exam
Which type of therapy has clients interact with computer-generated on-screen virtual human figures in an attempt to help them overcome their psychological problems?
avatar therapy
A person who is experiencing a potentially fatal reaction to an antipsychotic drug involving muscle rigidity and autonomic nervous system dysfunction is displaying:
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome.
A person with Alzheimer's disease shows decreased brain activity in the diencephalon. This decreased activity should be related to:
No change in the function of short term memory but problems in the conversion of short term memories to long term memories
How can one BEST determine whether the use of token economies is an effective means of changing problematic behavior?
Record and compare behavior between a group that received tokens against a group that did not.
What behavior suggests that a child has autism spectrum disorder?
The child is not responsive to other people
Recently, the dopamine hypothesis for schizophrenia has been challenged because it has been discovered that:
The early antipsychotic drugs often produce troublesome muscular tremors, symptoms that are identical to the central symptom of Parkinson's Disease
Research suggests that an effective treatment plan for schizophrenia should include:
biological treatments and psychological treatments
The LEAST likely contributor to the differences between African Americans and non-Hispanic white Americans in receiving long-acting stimulant drug treatment for ADHD is:
economic factors
The MOST common anxiety disorder among the elderly is:
generalized anxiety disorder
Patients are more likely to recover from schizophrenia if they:
in people who functioned quite well before the disorder (had good premorbid functioning); whose initial disorder is triggered by stress, comes on abruptly, or develops during middle age; and who receive early treatment, preferably during the prodromal phase.
About one-third of people who have schizophrenia live:
in totally unsupervised settings
Exercises that boost attention, memory, planning, and problem-solving are classified as _____, whereas exercises that train people how to understand and neutralize the voices in their head are classified as _____.
cognitive remediation; Hallucination Reinterpretation and Acceptance
If future editions of the DSM change to a dimensional approach in the diagnosis of personality disorders, what action will be required of clinicians?
rate the degree of dysfunctioning caused by each person's traits in diagnosing personality disorders.
Possible reasons for the difference in Alzheimer's disease risk for non-Hispanic white Americans compared with other racial and ethnic groups include all of the following EXCEPT:
stress brought about by language and employment barriers.
One especially good reason to use a form of group therapy in the treatment of dependent personality disorder is that:
observe others coping skills and model appropriate behaviors and expression of feelings to one another
The stage of the development of schizophrenia marked by deterioration of functioning and the display of some mild symptoms is called the:
prodromal
If you could "get inside the head" of a person experiencing auditory hallucinations, you would MOST likely find that:
They hear sounds and voices that seem to come from outside their heads. The voices may talk directly to them or give commands or warning of dangers, or they may be experienced as overheard.There is more blood flow in Broca's area
Therapists who advise clients to resist following orders from their hallucinatory voices are using a technique from the cognitive-behavioral approach that involves:
challenging the ideas about the power of hallucinations.
The MOST common and successful treatments for encopresis are:
cognitive-behavioral and medical approaches or a combination of the two
Hallucinations are to _____, as delusions are to _____.
cognitive; perceptual
A child is extremely aggressive. She is always fighting with her peers and is frequently very cruel to them. She never tells the truth. Her MOST likely diagnosis is:
conduct disorder
At a parent-teacher conference, a child's parents are astounded to learn that their son has been showing up late for school, despite leaving home with more than enough time to get to school. This behavior MOST closely fits which pattern of conduct disorder?
covert-nondestructive
Cognitive-behavioral theorists believe that because those with schizoid personalities have difficulty scanning the environment, perceiving accurately, and picking up emotional cues, they develop _____ very slowly.
language and motor skills
A person with schizophrenia who says, "I have 'triscatitis' because the angular shape of my foreffit is diskiltered," is experiencing:
loose assocations
Theorists propose that institutionalized patients deteriorate because they are deprived of opportunities to develop self-respect and independence. The therapy that counters this effect by creating an environment that encourages self-respect and responsibility is known as:
milieu therapy
Which problem related to substance abuse is more typical among the elderly than other age groups?
misuse of prescription drugs
The personality disorder that is characterized by the need for undying love and admiration is:
narcissistic
Poverty of speech, blunted and flat affect, loss of volition, and social withdrawal are all _____ symptoms of schizophrenia.
negative
Dementia is now classified as:
neurocognitive disorder.
When Grant was released from the hospital after receiving treatment for schizophrenia, his parents scolded him about finding a job and were very critical of his dietary habits. Grant later became suspicious of his parents, and his delusional thoughts soon returned. This example illustrates:
a high level of expressed emotion displayed by Grant's parents.
The symptom of schizophrenia most likely to be relieved by antipsychotic drugs is:
positive
Which have sociocultural theorists suggested as a cause for the emergence of borderline personality disorder?
rapid social change
What do Parkinson-like symptoms, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, and tardive dyskinesia have in common?
they all involve disruption of motor control
If people with schizophrenia learn to reinterpret and accept their hallucinations, one can assume that this will produce:
they will not suffer the fear and confusion produced by their delusional misinterpretations.
Cognitive-behavioral theorists propose that people who develop narcissistic personality disorder may have been treated:
too positively rather than too negatively in early life.
Among the elderly, psychotic cognitive symptoms are usually caused by:
underlying medical conditions
The usual way of dealing with troublesome or violent people with schizophrenia in institutions in the first half of the twentieth century was to:
use physical restraint
Type I schizophrenia is to _____, as Type II schizophrenia is to _____.
Positive symptoms; negative symptoms
Schizophrenia is found in all socioeconomic classes. However, it is MOST likely to be found in someone from a:
lower level
If a patient developed extrapyramidal side effects after taking antipsychotic medication for several months, you would expect to see the patient showing primarily _____ dysfunction.
movement (motor)
Avoidant personality disorder seems MOST closely related to:
social anxiety.
MOST cases of mild intellectual disability seem to be related to:
sociocultural and psychological factors.
In one study (Sampath et al., 1992), when antipsychotic medications of people with chronic schizophrenia were changed to placebos:
75 percent of the patients relapsed within a year, compared with 33 percent of similar patients who continued to receive medication
One reason that the personality disorders are difficult to treat is that the afflicted individuals:
are not even aware of their personality problems and fail to trace their difficulties to their maladaptive style of thinking and behaving.
Compared with people closer to age 55, people older than 85 are about _____ as likely to experience delirium.
14 percent
What is the rate of concordance for schizophrenia in identical twins?
48%
What percentage of 10-year-olds meet the criteria for enuresis?
5%
As part of their therapy, clients learn to evaluate their unusual thoughts, track the accuracy of magical predictions, and reconnect with the world and with their limitations. The diagnoses of these clients would MOST likely be in which broad category of personality disorder?
odd
Which of these is a biomarker that usually accompanies Alzheimer's disease?
Elevated beta-amyloid & tau proteins
Research evaluating sociocultural approaches to dealing with Alzheimer's disease, for example, assisted-living facilities and day-care facilities, shows that, in general, patients receiving these forms of care:
Enjoy life more, and don't continue to decline as quickly.
If relatives of a person with schizophrenia come to have more realistic expectations, reduce their guilt, and work on establishing better communication, they are probably receiving:
family therapy
A _____ is a person who specializes in the mental health of older persons.
geropsychologist
People with avoidant personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships, whereas people with dependent personality disorder have difficulty _____ relationships.
initiating;separating
If instruments such as the Big Five are used to describe personality, rather than relying on DSM-5, then diagnoses of psychological disorder would become:
less categorical and more a matter of degree.
MOST children in the United States with intellectual disability live:
at home
I sit staring at a blank page, unable to make myself write a new multiple choice test item; I just don't seem to care. My behavior is like that of people with schizophrenia displaying the symptom called:
loss of avolition
Martin is a person with schizophrenia who feels ambivalent about most issues. He has no goals and does not seem to have the energy or interest to think about them. He certainly cannot make decisions. He is MOST likely suffering from:
loss of volition
The inability to accurately interpret one's internal biological emotional or physiological states is characteristic of both:
borderline personality disorder and eating disorders.
Which of these is NOT a factor that contributes to Alzheimer's disease?
concussion or other brain injury
The two childhood disorders that have been related to later antisocial personality disorder are:
conduct disorder and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder
A rapidly developing, acute disturbance in attention and orientation that makes it very difficult to concentrate and think in a clear and organized manner is:
delirium
Should drugs be used in the treatment of schizotypal personality disorder?
Antipsychotic drugs have been given to people with schizotypal personality disorder, again because of the disorder's similarity to schizophrenia. In low doses the drugs appear to have helped some people, usually by reducing their thought problems
In 2001, Andrea Yates, showing symptoms of postpartum psychosis, drowned her five children. Assuming she was suffering from postpartum psychosis, her actions were:
Atypical; up to 4% of women with postpartum psychosis harm or attempt to harm their offspring
During the mid-1900s, why were the most "difficult" patients transferred to the back wards of state hospitals, where they were often isolated, restrained, and punished?
they failed to improve quickly
Critics believe that bipolar disorder has become a catch-all diagnosis for children who display uncontrolled rage. DSM-5 addressed this concern by:
they included a new category in the classification manual, disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, for children with patterns of severe rage
4. A child will not obey her mother. When threatened with punishment, she swears, throws things, and threatens to break everything in the house. Her outbreaks seem to be restricted to her parents, but she is almost completely unmanageable. This is an example of:
oppositional defiant disorder.
Missing an opportunity to place a recently discharged client in a halfway house is to _____, whereas not finding a room for a client because all halfway houses are all fully occupied is to _____.
poor coordination; shortage of services
Group therapy is particularly useful in the treatment of avoidant personality disorder, mainly because group therapy:
provides practice in social interactions.
The goal of deinstitutionalization was to:
release hundreds of thousands of patients from public mental hospitals.
Axl has always been a loner. He has never much cared for being with other people and does not form relationships easily. He appears to be without emotion. Axl may be exhibiting:
schizoid
The disorder that appears to be MOST closely related to the schizotypal personality disorder is:
schizophrenia.
A similarity among children with separation anxiety and those with school refusal is that they both fear going to school and often stay home. The difference in the symptoms of these diagnoses is that:
school refusal often involves fear of others at school, academic fear, and separation anxiety.
Which drug appears to work more at serotonin and D-1 and D-4 dopamine receptors than at D-2 dopamine receptors?
second generation;Clozapine
Someone says to you, "Homeless people scare me. They're all crazy." Based on research, what is the BEST response?
"Unfortunately, about a quarter of homeless people have schizophrenia."
The complete remission rate for those diagnosed with schizophrenia is:
25%
Families that display high levels of expressed emotion do all EXCEPT:
Anything happy or positive toward one another
Currently, what is known about the relationship between hallucinations and delusions?
Hallucinations and delusional ideas often occur together and feed into eachother.
People who display both a severe mental disorder and a substance use disorder are referred to as:
MICA's
What is the MOST common metabolic disorder to cause intellectual disability?
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Which statement is true regarding the relationship between obsessive-compulsive disorder (an anxiety disorder) and obsessive-compulsive personality disorder?
Some people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder also experience obsessive- compulsive disorder.
Symptoms of postpartum psychosis appear to be triggered by:
The enormous shift in hormone levels that take place after delivery
What is the concern regarding the changes produced by token economies?
The person may have learned new behaviors without changing his/her distorted thinking.
Which is NOT a criticism of the use of IQ test results to diagnose intellectual disability?
They are not valid predictors of school performance.
Psychosis means:
a state in which a person loses contact with reality in key ways
What is the dark triad?
a trio of "malicious" traits that work together to produce socially offensive behaviors; narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism
The specific symptoms associated with dyslexia include:
an impairment in the ability to recognize words and comprehend what is being read.
Cruelty to animals and people, destruction of property, and truancy before the age of 15:
antisocial personality disorder
What is the relationship between age and anxiety in the elderly?
anxiety increases with age
Those with schizophrenia who stop responding to their environment and remain motionless and silent for long periods of time are experiencing:
catatonia
What is the most effective ADHD treatment program?
receive a combination of stimulant drug therapy and the cognitive-behavioral treatments we have been discussing
Behavior called _____ occurs when a person commits social misdeeds such as slandering others, spreading rumors, and manipulating friendships.
relational aggression
Other than an autopsy after death, the BEST way to diagnose the presence of Alzheimer's disease is by:
with a brain scan of hippocampal function.
A belief that unrelated events pertain to oneself in some important way is known as:
ideas of reference.
As people age, the incidence of alcohol abuse and other forms of substance abuse:
decreases after 65
The primary difference between major and mild neurocognitive disorder is:
the severity of the decline and independent functioning
Psychological disorders among the elderly can be divided into two groups:
Disorders of Later Life; Disorders of Cognition
What is the BEST educational treatment for a child with a serious level of dysfunction on the autism spectrum?
Being sent to a special school that combines treatment and education
The person MOST responsible for coordinating community service and providing practical help with problem-solving social skills and ensuring that medications are being taken properly is a:
Case manager.
Why do very young children rarely experience hopelessness?
Children must be able to hold expectations about the future, a skill rarely in full bloom before the age of 7.
According to the diathesis-stress model of schizophrenia:
People with a biological predisposition will develop schizophrenia only if certain kinds of events or stressors are also present
Schizophrenia is to _____, as Parkinson's disease is to _____.
Psychological; neurological
Downward drift is BEST reflected in which statement?
Schizophrenia causes people to fall into poverty and social disruption.
The main difference between schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder is:
Schizophreniform disorder lasts for 1 to 6 months while schizophrenia lasts for 6 months or more
Studies indicate that under some circumstances for people with schizophrenia, the _____ tends to be overactive, and the _____ tends to be underactive.
Substantia nigra; prefrontal cortex
As a psychiatrist, you prescribe a patient with schizophrenia a second-generation antipsychotic medication. What patient education, regarding this medicine, should you provide?
This medication needs to be taken even after symptoms have subsided.
A friend says, "My 70-year-old grandmother is in good physical health but has been diagnosed with depression. Should she even bother getting therapy? She is pretty old, after all." Based on current research, the BEST answer is:
Yes she should have benefit of therapy.
An elderly person who develops false beliefs that are not bizarre is MOST likely suffering from:
a delusional disorder
The MOST common type of hallucination in schizophrenia is:
auditory
Giving in to a child's refusal to comply with a parental request may inadvertently reinforce stubborn and defiant behavior, setting the scene for the development of antisocial personality disorder. This is most like a _____ view.
behavioral
Although token economies can change delusional behavior, _____ may not change.
delusional thinking
Antonio believes that the anchor on the evening television news is speaking directly and personally to him. He then decides to go to the television studio to talk to the anchor. Antonio is suffering from:
delusions of reference
The typical pattern of Alzheimer's for the patient is:
denial, anxiety, withdrawal, dependency.
Which disorder is characterized by an excessive need to be taken care of and a fear of separation?
dependent personality disorder
The _____ approach to personality disorders assumes that personality disorders should be classified by the severity of personality traits rather than by the presence or absence of specific traits.
dimensional
Researchers differentiate older problem drinkers into those who have _____ and those who _____.
had drinking problems for years; did not start abusing alcohol until their 50s and 60s
Helena was just discharged from a public mental health facility. She went to live with other former patients in a group-living arrangement. There were staff members there to help, but the residents controlled most of the day-to-day activities. Helena's living arrangement is a:
halfway house.
Sylvie is 25, has an IQ of 60, and never did well at schoolwork. However, she now lives on her own, has a job, and is able to perform the routine chores of life. She would not be considered to have intellectual disability because:
her daily functioning is adequate.
The elderly have a _____ rate of psychotic symptoms compared with younger individuals, and the onset of schizophrenia is _____ among the elderly than among younger individuals.
higher; less common
The five traits to be included in future revisions of the DSM-5 that utilize a dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders are:
negative affectivity, detachment, antagonism, disinhibition, psychoticism.
Samuel, age 69, reports taking six prescription drugs, in addition to regularly taking two over-the-counter drugs. Among the elderly, Samuel is:
normal; the average elderly individual takes about this amount of drugs.
If a pregnant woman wishes to avoid having a child with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), what should she do?
not drink alcohol
Research suggests that even though second-generation antipsychotic medications reduce psychotic symptoms, they:
often produce only modest changes in the quality of life among those who have chronic schizophrenia
The term double jeopardy describes people who may develop psychological problems because of being:
old and members of an ethnic minority.
People with _____ personality disorder deeply distrust other people and are suspicious of others' motives.
paranoid personality disorder
An enduring, rigid pattern of inner experience and outward behavior that impairs the sense of self, emotional experiences, goals, capacity for empathy, and/or capacity for intimacy is termed:
personality disorder
The authors of DSM-5 have designed their own dimensional approach in diagnosing personality disorders for possible inclusion in future revisions of the DSM. The idea is that individuals whose traits significantly impair their functioning should receive a diagnosis of:
personality disorder—trait specified.
It was thought that lobotomies could effectively treat the symptoms of schizophrenia and other disorders because:
severe abnormal thinking — such as that on display in schizophrenia, depression, and obsessive-compulsive disorder — was the result of nerve pathways that carried such thoughts from one part of the brain to another. By cutting these pathways, Moniz believed, he could stop the abnormal thinking in its tracks and restore normal mental functioning.
Some hospitalized mental patients not only failed to improve but also suffered negative effects of their care. This syndrome is called:
social breakdown syndrome
Lydia has difficulty with interpersonal interactions but is otherwise high functioning. In the past, she would have been diagnosed with Asperger's disorder. Using the current DSM-5 criteria, she would now be diagnosed with:
social communication disorder
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease is to _____, as Huntington's disease is to _____.
viral cause; genetic cause
Like those with paranoid personality disorder, those with avoidant personality disorder usually:
are very sensitive to criticism and avoid close relationships.
Studies of the "oldest old" show that compared with people in their 80s and early 90s, the oldest old are usually:
more agile, healthier, and clearheaded.
"Beatlemania" gripped the United States in the 1960s, when the British rock group The Beatles performed; adoring fans screamed, sometimes fainted, and shouted exaggerated, emotional praise at the group. These behaviors MOST closely resemble the characteristics of:
histrionic
Luke constantly strives to be the center of attention, yet the ideas he so eloquently expresses are usually shallow and changeable. If he were diagnosed with a personality disorder, it MOST likely would be:
histrionic personality disorder