Abnormal Psychology CH 12

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sensations produced by hallucinogens that are so out of the ordinary are called

"trips"

how many babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome

1 of every 1,000

what % of adults in US have an opioid use disorder

1%

more than __________ people in US die each year from too high a blood alcohol level

1,000

why is it challenging to determine effectiveness of substance abuse disorders

1. different substance use disorders pose different problems 2. many people with sub ab disorders drop out of treatment 3. some people recover without any intervention at all, while many others recover and then relapse 4. different criteria are used by different clinical researchers

approaches to detoxification

1. have clients withdraw gradually by taking less and less of the substance 2. give clients other drugs to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal

diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder

1. indiv displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress 2. presence of a t least 2 of the following sysmptoms within a 1 yr period: a. substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended b. unsuccessful efforts or persistent desire to reduce or control substance use c. much tiem spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of substance d. failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home as a result of repeated substance use e. continued use of substance despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by it f. cessation or reduction of impairment social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use g. continuing to use substance despite awareness that it is causing or worsening a physical or psychological problem h. continuing to use substance in situations where use poses physical risks I. craving for substance j. tolerance effects k. withdrawal reactions

several strategies typically used in relapse-prevention training

1. therapists have clients keep track of their drinking - including time, location, emotions, bodily changes, etc. 2. therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when such situations arise 3. therapists teach clients to plan ahead of time

what % of adults have driven while intoxicated in the last year

11

how many cups of coffee can produce caffeine intoxication

2 - 3 cups

men with alcoholism outnumber women

2 to 1

how long do DTs (delirium tremens) usually last

2 to 3 days

effects of cannabis last how long

2 to 6 hours

cannabis as medication

2,000 years ago surgical anesthetic in China treatment of glaucoma chronic pain asthma reduce nausea and vomiting improve appetites of people with AIDS

what percent of people over age 11 binge drink each month

23% most male

how many people have used illegal drugs in past month

24 million

what % of highs chools eniors have used an illegal drug within past month

24%

average rate of metabolism of alcohol

25 percent of an ounce per hour, but pole' livers work at different rates; so rates of sobering up varies

among heavy drinkers males outnumber females how much

3 males to 2 females

annual US deaths caused by 2nd hand smoke

42,000

annual US deaths caused by smoking

438,000

% increase of deaths caused by heroin in past decade

50%

in some areas of US, HIV infection rate among active heroin users reported to be as high as

60%

what percent of teens and adults in US have a substance use disorder in any given year

8.9 over 23 million people

this cognitive-behavioral approach helps clients increase awareness and acceptance of their drug cravings, worries, and depressive thoughts; which should help them be less upset by them and less likely to act on them

ACT acceptance and commitment therapy

what ethnicity has the highest rate of substance use disorder in US

AMerican Indians

related self-help groups to AA

Al-Anon and Alateen

in 1935 this self help group was organized when 2 men suffering from alcoholism met and wound up discussing alternative treatment possibilities

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

these states have legalized recreational use of marijuana

Colorado Washington Alaska Oregon

often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol

Disulfiram (Antabuse)

Drinking black coffee, splashing cold water on face can hurry the sobering process. T or F

False - only time and metabolism sober a person up

People cannot become intoxicated on barbiturates. T or F

False - they can just like alcohol

Treatment of substance abuse is very successful. T or F

False - usually only moderately successful

1 impt group of neurons to which ethyl alcohol binds to are those that normally receive the neurotransmitter

GABA

a network modeled after AA is available to the many 1,000s of people with gambling disorders

Gamblers Anonymous

uncontrollable need to be online

Internet use disorder or Inetrnet addiction or problematic Internet use

this syndrome which is an alcohol related disease due to a deficiency of Vit B is marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms cannot remember the past or learn new information

Korsakoff's syndrome

hallucinogens include

LSD mescaline psilocybin MDMA (Ecstasy)

1 of the most powerful and famous hallucinogens was derived by Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman in 1938 from a group of naturally occurring drugs called ergot alkaloids

LSD lysergic acid diethylamide

tobacco cigarette vs e cigarette

Tobacco: 10 mg of nicotine smoke poses biggest danger very addictive $35 billion annual earnings e-Cigarette: .34 mg of nicotine no smoke mildly addictive $1 billion annual earnings

23 states have laws allowing marijuana to be used for medical purposes and more are pursuing. T or F

True

AA offers guidelines for living and helps members abstain one day at a time; they believe once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic total abstinence is needed t or f

True

In 1917, US Congress had concluded that all drugs derived from opium were addictive, and it passed a law making opioids illegal except for medical purposes. T or F

True

Marijuana available in US today is 4 X stronger than in early 1970s. T or F

True

People do not usually develop tolerance or have withdrawal symptoms to LSD. T or F

True

T or F A drug related lifestyle may be a bigger problem than the drug's direct effects.

True

benzodiazepines include

Xanax Ativan Valium dozens exist

any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor

alcohol

relapse-prevention training has been used with which sub ab disorders

alcohol marijuana cocaine

3 most widely used groups of depressants

alcohol sedative hypnotic drugs opioids

women have less of this stomach enzyme which breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it enters the blood, so women become more intoxicated then men on equal doses of alcohol

alcohol dehydrogenase

alcohol use disorder is known as

alcoholism

aversion therapy has treated which abuse disorder the most

alcoholism pairing drinking with nausea and vomiting

drink large amounts regularly and rely on alcohol to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious eventually it interferes with their ability to think and work

alcoholism or alcohol use disorder

stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory; 1st produced to treat asthma and then became popular among people trying to lose weight; atheltes seeking an extra burst o f energy; to stay awake for driving or studying now known too be far too dangerous and are prescribed way less often

amphetamines

caffeine reaches its peak concentration within

an hour

an aid to resisting temptation, some people with substance use disorders are given these drugs which

antagonist drugs

what is cross-tolerant to alcohol

antianxiety drugs

what can be taken to treat withdrawal of alcohol - delirium tremens

antianxiety drugs benzodiazepines with vitamins and electrolytes

initial withdrawal symptoms of opioid include

anxiety restlessness sweating rapid breathing

what does anxiolytic mean

anxiety-reducing

however, some smokers of marijuana become

anxious suspicious irritated

for many people, alcohol use disorder includes symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal which means

as their bodies build up a tolerance for alcohol, they need to drink ever larger amounts to feel its effects they have withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking,

heavy drinkers binge drink how many times a month

at least 5 times

a behavioral approach based on the principles of classical conditioning; clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug; after repeated pairings they are expected to react negatively to the drug and lose their craving for it

aversion therapy

sedative-hypnotic drugs include

barbiturates benzodiazepines

antianxiety drugs developed in the 1950s as the most popular sedative-hypnotic drugs available

benzodiazepines

barbiturates have been largely replaced by

benzodiazepines (these are safer)

how does LSD act

bind to neurons that receive serotonin

when people consume 5 or more drinks on a single occasion

binge drinking episode

behavioral treatments work best in combination with

biological or cognitive approaches

world's most widely used stimulant

caffeine

2 widely used and legal stimulants

caffeine nicotine

what can happen in high enough doses of benzodiazepine

can cause intoxication and lead to an addictive pattern of use

produces sensory changes, but also has depressant and stimulant effects, and is considered apart from hallucinogens

cannabis

cannabis sativa is a hemp plant grows in warm climates and produces

cannabis (marijuana)

time seems to slow down and distances and sizes seem greater than they actually are may cause reddening of eyes, fast heartbeat, increases in blood pressure and appetite, dryness n the mouth, and dizziness, drowsiness, and sleep

cannabis intoxication

this disorder occurs when people get high regularly on marijuana and find their social and occupational or academic lives affected; may develop a tolerance which causes them to feel restless and irritable and have flulike symptoms when they stop smoking

cannabis use disorder

how are benzodiazepines safer

cause less sedation less likely to slow a person's breathing and cause death in case of an overdose

how might hallucinosis affect perceptions

cause one to hear sounds more clearly, feel tingling or numbness in the limbs confuse sensations of hot and cold *** some people have been badly burned

cognitive behavioral treatments for substance abuse disorders help clients

change behaviors and cognitions that keep contributing to their patterns of substance misuse develop more effective coping skills

liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional

cirrhosis

potency of marijuana is affected by

climate grown in way it was prepared manner and duration of storage

the central active ingredient of coca plant; most powerful natural stimulant now known; processed into the substance _______________________, it is an odorless, white, fluffy powder

cocaine

2 of the most troublesome stimulants

cocaine amphetamines

use of cocaine that leads to hallucinations, delusions, or both

cocaine induced psychosis

symptoms of this includes poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, confusion

cocaine intoxication

sources of caffeine

coffe tea cola chocolate over the counter meds, such as Excedrin

most caffeine is taken in the form of

coffee

what are the two types of synergistic effects

combining different drugs that have the same type of effect such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and opioids all having a depressant effect and may lead to intoxication, coma, and death antagonistic or opposite effects - stimulant drugs may interfere with liver's disposal of barbiturates and alcohol may build up toxic or lethal levels of depressant

the extent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by its

concentration or proportion in the blood

reciting made up events to fill in the gaps

confabulating

a behavioral approach that has been effective in the short term treatment of cocaine and several other drugs makes incentives contingent on submission of drug-free urine specimens

contingency managment

powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls; is smoked with a pipe and makes a crackling sound as inhaled

crack

withdrawal reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms including

cramps anxiety attacks sweating nausea

nickname for methamphetamine

crank

as the stimulant effects of cocaine subside, user goes through depression like letdown pattern that may include headaches, dizziness, fainting this pattern is called

crashing

sometimes 2 or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body as people build a tolerance for 1 drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other, even if they have never taken the latter

cross-tolerance

health concerns of meth

damages nerve endings - neurotoxicity

withdrawal symptoms of stimulants

deep depression fatigue sleep problems irritability anxiety last for weeks or even months

a particularly dramatic withdrawal reaction that consists of terrifying visual hallucination that begin within 3 days after they stop or reduce drinking may see small, frightening animals chasing or crawling on them objects dancing in front of their eyes

delirium tremens (the DTs)

how do opioids work

depress the central nervous system particularly the centers that help control emotion attach to brain receptor sites that ordinarily receive endorphins >>> they produce pleasurable and calming feelings

cannabis produces a mixture of what effects

depressant and stimulant effects

slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person's judgment, motor activity, and concentration

depressants

a biological treatment that is a systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug

detoxification

alcohol level at .55%, the person will likely

die

key neurotransmitter in the pleasure path of brain

dopamine

any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds

drug

risks of opioid drugs illegally

drug user mixes with other dubstnaces even cyanide dirty needles and unsterilized equipment may lead to AIDs, hepatitis C, skin abscesses

neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension; sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids

endorphins

people who have taken high dosages of cocaine and are crashing may

enter a coma

all alcoholic beverages contain this chemical which is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of stomach and intestine

ethyl alcohol

effect of cocaine

euphoric rush of well-being and confidence can be become almost orgasmic as more is taken produces faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing, further arousal and wakefulness

the reward center of the brain is the

extends from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus acumbens and on to the frontal cortex

at low doses of marijuana effects are usually

feelings of joy and relaxation may become quiet or talkative

excessive alcohol use during pregnancy may cause a baby to be born with this syndrome a pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual disability disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth

fetal alcohol syndrome

barbiturates were widely prescribed in the 1st half of the 20th century (1900s) to

fight anxiety and help people sleep

what can caffeine disrupt

fine motor movement reaction time sleep

a technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated or freed from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled through a pipe

freebasing

problems from stimulant use disorder

function poorly socially and at work problems in short term memory and attention

biological views of substance abuse

genetically predisposed - some rats prefer alcohol to other beverages and their offspring do, too inherit a predisposition to misuse substances if 1 identical twin displayed alcoholism, 54% of the time the other one did, too

doses larger than 10 gm of caffeine can cause

grand mal seizures fatal respiratory failure

what is the psychodynamic approach to substance abuse

guide clients to uncover and work through underlying needs and conflicts they believe have led to substance use disorder help clients change their substance-related styles of living

perceptual distortions and hallucinations caused by drugs such as LSD

hallucinogen intoxication sometimes called hallucinosis

within 2 hours of being swallowed LSD brings on this sate marked by a general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms

hallucinogen intoxication or hallucinosis

this class of drugs produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes

hallucinogens

at too high a level what can barbiturates do

halt breathing lower blood pressure lead to coma and death

most powerful form of cannabis

hashish

people who have DTs may also

have seizures lose consciousness suffer a stroke die **certain medical procedures can help prevent or reduce such extreme reactions

withdrawal symptoms of caffeine

headaches depression anxiety fatigue

high levels of caffeine may cause what physical problems

heart rhythm irregularities high cholesterol risk of heart attacks

what does alcohol do to GABA

helps it to shut down neurons helping it to relax the drinker

1 of the most addictive substances derived from opium

heroin

for several years this drug was known as a wonder drug and used as a cough medicine

heroin

in 1898 morphine was converted into another pain reliever known as

heroin

opioids include

heroin morphine codeine

methamphetamine in the form of crystals

ice or crystal meth

the theory that says neurons fire more rapidly when they become use to being stimulated by substances, which leads to futures desires for them

incentive-sensitization theory of addiction

how does cocaine work

increasing supplies of the neurotransmitter dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain increase norepinephrine and serotonin

diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder

indiv displays a maladaptive pattern of gambling, featuring at least 4 of the following over the course of a full year: 1. can achieve desired excitement only by gambling more and more money 2. feels restless or irritable when tries to reduce gambling 3. repeatedly tries and fails at efforts to control, reduce, or cease gambling 4. consumed with gambling thoughts or plans 5. gambling is often triggered by upset feelings 6. frequently returns to gambling to try to recoup previous losses 7. covers up amount of gambling by lying 8. gambling has put impt relationships, job, or educational/career opportunities at risk 9. seeks money from others to address gambling-induced financial problems INdiv experiences significant distress or impairment.

the most effective prevention efforts focus on

individual family school peer group community at large to provide a consistent message about drug misuse in all area's of people lives

people who drink alcohol while taking disulfiram will have

intense nausea, vomiting, blushing, a faster heart rate, dizziness, and perhaps fainting

alcohol contration at .09% is legal

intoxication

at first alcohol depresses the part of the brain that controls ________________ and ________________ people become more??

judgment and inhibition become looser, more talkative, and more friendly

a major danger of barbiturate tolerance is

lethal dose of the drug remains the same even while the body is building up a tolerance for its sedating effects once prescribed dose quits working to treat anxiety or induce sleep, user is likely to increase it on their own and may ingest a dose that proves fatal

how do benzodiazepines work

like alcohol and barbiturates increase GABA's effect

dangers of cocaine

linked to suicides overdose - may stop breathing fatal heart irregularities brain seizures miscarriage babies born with predispositions to later drug use, abnormalities in immune functioning, attention and learning, and other problems

barbiturates are broken down by the

liver

most of the alcohol is broken down or metabolized by the _________________ into

liver into carbon dioxide and water which can be exhaled and excreted

sociocultural factors for substance use disorders

lower SES unemployment substance use in family

as more alcohol is absorbed, it slows down additional areas in the CNS, leaving the drinkers less able to

make sound judgments speech less careful and coherent memory weaker many become highly emotional and perhaps louder and aggressive

nutrition and chronic drinkers

malnourished because alcohol makes them feel full without any nutritional value weak prone to disease deficiency of vit B

weaker forms of cannabis are made from the buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops include

marijuana

why is barbiturate withdrawal particularly dangerous

may cause seizures - why it is dangerous nausea, anxiety, sleep problems

MRI scans of chronic heavy drinkers have revealed damage in various regions of the brain, and correspondingly impairments in

memory speed of thinking attention skills balance

developed in the 1960s to treat heroin addiction; people with an addiction are given the laboratory opioid methadone as a substitute or agonist for heroin; they become dependent on methadone, but their new addiction is maintained under safe medical supervision

methadone maintenance programs

high levels of caffeine during pregnancy may cause

miscarriages

cost of substance abuse per yr in US

more than $600 billion

intoxicated drivers are responsible for

more than 12,000

a highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly helpful in relieving pain

morphine

so many soldier's received this substance during the Civil War that it's addiction became known as the "soldier's disease"

morphine

3 medical narcotics usually prescribed to relieve pain

morphine codeine oxycodone (key ingredient in oxycontin and Percocet)

how are amphetamines taken

most likely in pill form but some through IV or smoke them

if drinking continues on _____________ difficulties increase

motor unsteady and clumsy vision blurred especially peripheral trouble hearing

an example of a narcotic antagonists that centers on narcotics

naloxene

all the opioid drugs - natural and synthetic (made from opium) are known as

narcotics

bodily reactions caused by opioids (side effects)

nausea narrowing of pupils constipation

active substance in tobacco

nicotine addicting and this is why people continue

in high doses cannabis produces

odd visual experiences changes in body image hallucinations confusion impulsiveness

a given amount of alcohol has less effect on a _______________ than on a ____________ person

on a large person than on a small person

cognitive behavioral beliefs about substance use; their offspring also prefer alcohol

operant conditioning - temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect and increases likelihood user will sue again produce an expectancy that substances will be rewarding classical conditioning - cues or objects present in the environment when taking drugs and produce some of the same pleasure brought on by the drugs or objects in environment at withdrawal may produce those symptoms

may be developed after taking heroin for just a few weeks; interferes significantly with social and occupational functioning; their lives center around the drug

opioid use disorder

dangers of opioid use

overdose - closes down respiratory center in brain, almost paralyzing breathing

how does alcohol impact physical health

overworks liver severely and may cause cirrhosis damage heart lower immune system's ability to fight off cancer, bacterial infections and AIDS

most people with opioid use disorder are addicted to

pain relievers

dangers of marijuana

panic reactions memory problems >>> serious disadvantage at school and work long term health problems reduces ability to expel air from the lungs lowered sperm count ovulation problems

narcotic antagonists that produce less severe withdrawal symptoms

partial antagonists

relapse-prevention training appears to work best with

people who are young and do not have the tolerance and withdrawal features of chronic alcohol use seem to do best with this approach

taking more than 1 drug at a time

polysubstance use

heroin comes from what flower

poppies

psychodynamic views of substance abuse

powerful dependency needs traced to their early years parent fails to meet young child's need for nurturance

how does caffeine work

produces a release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine raises arousal and reduces fatigue

hallucinogens are also called

psychedelic drugs

children of alcoholics have higher rates of

psychological problems low self esteem poor communication skills poor sociability marital problems

use of antagonists to help people withdraw is called

rapid detoxification

the goal of AA's total abstinence goes in direct opposition to the controlled-drinking goal of

relapse prevention training

prominent cognitive-behavioral approach to substance misuse whose goal is for clients to gain control over their substance -related behaviors; clients are taught to identify high-risk situations, appreciate range of decisions that confront them in such situations, change dysfunctional lifestyles, and learn from mistakes and lapses

relapse-prevention training

during ahigh the drug user feels

relaxed happy unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs

when alcohol concentration reaches .06 % of the blood volume, a person usually feels

relaxed and comfortable

in these types of programs people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies and making a transition back to life

residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities

symptoms of caffeine intoxication

restlessness nervousness anxiety stomach disturbances twitching faster heart rate

a syndrome where the reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress

reward-deficiency syndrome

this is brought on by an injection of a narcotic and feels like a spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with an orgasm; brief spasm followed by several hours of pleasant feeling called a high or nod

rush

how do barbiturates work

same way as alcohol does attaching to receptors on the neurons that receive GABA and helping GABA operate tehse neurons

these drugs produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness; at low dosages have a calming or sedative effect at high dosages they are sleep inducers or hypnotics

sedative-hypnotic drugs also called anxiolytic

caused by repeated use of barbiturates users spend much of the day intoxicated, irritable, and unable to do their work some need increasing amounts to calm down or fall asleep

sedative-hypnotic use disorder

3 sociocultural approaches have been used to help people overcome substance abuse disorders

self-help programs culture and gender sensitive programs community prevention programs

later withdrawal symptoms of opioid include when do these symptoms peak and subside

severe twitching aches fever vomiting diarrhea loss of appetite high blood pressure weight loss up to 15 pounds peak at day 3 and subside about day 8

how is most nonmedical amphetamine made

small stovetop laboratories which operate in a remote area for a few days and then move on

how are most narcotics consumed

smoked inhaled snorted injected just beneath the skin - "skin pooped"

how is cocaine usually taken for recreational use

snorted and thus absorbed through mucous membrane of nose some inject by IV smoke in pipe or cigarette

dangers of LSD

so powerful that any dose is likely to cause enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions develop psychosis or a mood or anxiety disorder flashbacks - days or even months after taking LSD

regular use of cocaine or amphetamines amy lead to

stimulant use disorder

substnaces that I ncrease the activity of the CNS resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking

stimulants

how do amphetamines work

stimulate CNS by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin

a cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance

substance intoxication

an excessive amount of alchol may lead to this temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination

substance intoxication

cluster of temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought

substance intoxication

a pattern of long term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance

substance use disorder

pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by the repeated use of substances may come to crave a particular substance and rely on it excessively, resulting in damage to their family and social relationships, poor functioning at work, and/or danger to themselves and others

substance use disorders

physical symptoms of hallucinosis

sweating palpitations blurred vision tremors poor coordination

when different drugs are in the body at the same time they may multiply or potentiate each other's effects

synergistic effect

chemical responsible for effects of marijuana

tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

culture and gender sensitive programs recognize

the various needs of clients with low SES status the difference between men and women in treatment

concerns of meth labs

they excrete dangerous fumes and residue

the brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor

tolerance

prevention programs vary based on

total abstinence model vs responsible use inteerupt drug use vs delay onset of 1st experimenting it drugs drug education vs alternatives to drug use try to change psychological state of potential use or help people change peer relationships or combined

are psychodynamic approaches usually successful for substance abuse

usually not

smoking a battery operated cigarette

vaping

biochemical factors of substance abuse

when a particular drug is ingested it increases neurotransmitters; over time the body reduces its production of this neurotransmitter - thus building a tolerance for the drug --- this may happen with GABA, endorphins, and dopamine drugs activate a reward center reward center develops a hypersensitivity to the drugs and neurons fire more rapidly

unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug

withdrawal

some people use heroin to avoid going into

withdrawals and amount needed increases

withdrawal symptoms of alcohol include

within hours their hands, tongue and eyelids begin to shake they feel weak and nauseated sweat and vomit heart beats rapidly blood pressure rises may become anxious, depressed, unable to sleep, or irritable


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