Abnormal Psychology CH 12
sensations produced by hallucinogens that are so out of the ordinary are called
"trips"
how many babies are born with fetal alcohol syndrome
1 of every 1,000
what % of adults in US have an opioid use disorder
1%
more than __________ people in US die each year from too high a blood alcohol level
1,000
why is it challenging to determine effectiveness of substance abuse disorders
1. different substance use disorders pose different problems 2. many people with sub ab disorders drop out of treatment 3. some people recover without any intervention at all, while many others recover and then relapse 4. different criteria are used by different clinical researchers
approaches to detoxification
1. have clients withdraw gradually by taking less and less of the substance 2. give clients other drugs to reduce the symptoms of withdrawal
diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder
1. indiv displays a maladaptive pattern of substance use leading to significant impairment or distress 2. presence of a t least 2 of the following sysmptoms within a 1 yr period: a. substance is often taken in larger amounts or over a longer period than intended b. unsuccessful efforts or persistent desire to reduce or control substance use c. much tiem spent trying to obtain, use, or recover from the effects of substance d. failure to fulfill major role obligations at work, school, or home as a result of repeated substance use e. continued use of substance despite persistent social or interpersonal problems caused by it f. cessation or reduction of impairment social, occupational, or recreational activities because of substance use g. continuing to use substance despite awareness that it is causing or worsening a physical or psychological problem h. continuing to use substance in situations where use poses physical risks I. craving for substance j. tolerance effects k. withdrawal reactions
several strategies typically used in relapse-prevention training
1. therapists have clients keep track of their drinking - including time, location, emotions, bodily changes, etc. 2. therapists teach clients coping strategies to use when such situations arise 3. therapists teach clients to plan ahead of time
what % of adults have driven while intoxicated in the last year
11
how many cups of coffee can produce caffeine intoxication
2 - 3 cups
men with alcoholism outnumber women
2 to 1
how long do DTs (delirium tremens) usually last
2 to 3 days
effects of cannabis last how long
2 to 6 hours
cannabis as medication
2,000 years ago surgical anesthetic in China treatment of glaucoma chronic pain asthma reduce nausea and vomiting improve appetites of people with AIDS
what percent of people over age 11 binge drink each month
23% most male
how many people have used illegal drugs in past month
24 million
what % of highs chools eniors have used an illegal drug within past month
24%
average rate of metabolism of alcohol
25 percent of an ounce per hour, but pole' livers work at different rates; so rates of sobering up varies
among heavy drinkers males outnumber females how much
3 males to 2 females
annual US deaths caused by 2nd hand smoke
42,000
annual US deaths caused by smoking
438,000
% increase of deaths caused by heroin in past decade
50%
in some areas of US, HIV infection rate among active heroin users reported to be as high as
60%
what percent of teens and adults in US have a substance use disorder in any given year
8.9 over 23 million people
this cognitive-behavioral approach helps clients increase awareness and acceptance of their drug cravings, worries, and depressive thoughts; which should help them be less upset by them and less likely to act on them
ACT acceptance and commitment therapy
what ethnicity has the highest rate of substance use disorder in US
AMerican Indians
related self-help groups to AA
Al-Anon and Alateen
in 1935 this self help group was organized when 2 men suffering from alcoholism met and wound up discussing alternative treatment possibilities
Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)
these states have legalized recreational use of marijuana
Colorado Washington Alaska Oregon
often given to people who are trying to stay away from alcohol
Disulfiram (Antabuse)
Drinking black coffee, splashing cold water on face can hurry the sobering process. T or F
False - only time and metabolism sober a person up
People cannot become intoxicated on barbiturates. T or F
False - they can just like alcohol
Treatment of substance abuse is very successful. T or F
False - usually only moderately successful
1 impt group of neurons to which ethyl alcohol binds to are those that normally receive the neurotransmitter
GABA
a network modeled after AA is available to the many 1,000s of people with gambling disorders
Gamblers Anonymous
uncontrollable need to be online
Internet use disorder or Inetrnet addiction or problematic Internet use
this syndrome which is an alcohol related disease due to a deficiency of Vit B is marked by extreme confusion, memory loss, and other neurological symptoms cannot remember the past or learn new information
Korsakoff's syndrome
hallucinogens include
LSD mescaline psilocybin MDMA (Ecstasy)
1 of the most powerful and famous hallucinogens was derived by Swiss chemist Albert Hoffman in 1938 from a group of naturally occurring drugs called ergot alkaloids
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide
tobacco cigarette vs e cigarette
Tobacco: 10 mg of nicotine smoke poses biggest danger very addictive $35 billion annual earnings e-Cigarette: .34 mg of nicotine no smoke mildly addictive $1 billion annual earnings
23 states have laws allowing marijuana to be used for medical purposes and more are pursuing. T or F
True
AA offers guidelines for living and helps members abstain one day at a time; they believe once an alcoholic, always an alcoholic total abstinence is needed t or f
True
In 1917, US Congress had concluded that all drugs derived from opium were addictive, and it passed a law making opioids illegal except for medical purposes. T or F
True
Marijuana available in US today is 4 X stronger than in early 1970s. T or F
True
People do not usually develop tolerance or have withdrawal symptoms to LSD. T or F
True
T or F A drug related lifestyle may be a bigger problem than the drug's direct effects.
True
benzodiazepines include
Xanax Ativan Valium dozens exist
any beverage containing ethyl alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor
alcohol
relapse-prevention training has been used with which sub ab disorders
alcohol marijuana cocaine
3 most widely used groups of depressants
alcohol sedative hypnotic drugs opioids
women have less of this stomach enzyme which breaks down alcohol in the stomach before it enters the blood, so women become more intoxicated then men on equal doses of alcohol
alcohol dehydrogenase
alcohol use disorder is known as
alcoholism
aversion therapy has treated which abuse disorder the most
alcoholism pairing drinking with nausea and vomiting
drink large amounts regularly and rely on alcohol to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious eventually it interferes with their ability to think and work
alcoholism or alcohol use disorder
stimulant drugs that are manufactured in the laboratory; 1st produced to treat asthma and then became popular among people trying to lose weight; atheltes seeking an extra burst o f energy; to stay awake for driving or studying now known too be far too dangerous and are prescribed way less often
amphetamines
caffeine reaches its peak concentration within
an hour
an aid to resisting temptation, some people with substance use disorders are given these drugs which
antagonist drugs
what is cross-tolerant to alcohol
antianxiety drugs
what can be taken to treat withdrawal of alcohol - delirium tremens
antianxiety drugs benzodiazepines with vitamins and electrolytes
initial withdrawal symptoms of opioid include
anxiety restlessness sweating rapid breathing
what does anxiolytic mean
anxiety-reducing
however, some smokers of marijuana become
anxious suspicious irritated
for many people, alcohol use disorder includes symptoms of tolerance and withdrawal which means
as their bodies build up a tolerance for alcohol, they need to drink ever larger amounts to feel its effects they have withdrawal symptoms when they stop drinking,
heavy drinkers binge drink how many times a month
at least 5 times
a behavioral approach based on the principles of classical conditioning; clients are repeatedly presented with an unpleasant stimulus at the very moment they are taking a drug; after repeated pairings they are expected to react negatively to the drug and lose their craving for it
aversion therapy
sedative-hypnotic drugs include
barbiturates benzodiazepines
antianxiety drugs developed in the 1950s as the most popular sedative-hypnotic drugs available
benzodiazepines
barbiturates have been largely replaced by
benzodiazepines (these are safer)
how does LSD act
bind to neurons that receive serotonin
when people consume 5 or more drinks on a single occasion
binge drinking episode
behavioral treatments work best in combination with
biological or cognitive approaches
world's most widely used stimulant
caffeine
2 widely used and legal stimulants
caffeine nicotine
what can happen in high enough doses of benzodiazepine
can cause intoxication and lead to an addictive pattern of use
produces sensory changes, but also has depressant and stimulant effects, and is considered apart from hallucinogens
cannabis
cannabis sativa is a hemp plant grows in warm climates and produces
cannabis (marijuana)
time seems to slow down and distances and sizes seem greater than they actually are may cause reddening of eyes, fast heartbeat, increases in blood pressure and appetite, dryness n the mouth, and dizziness, drowsiness, and sleep
cannabis intoxication
this disorder occurs when people get high regularly on marijuana and find their social and occupational or academic lives affected; may develop a tolerance which causes them to feel restless and irritable and have flulike symptoms when they stop smoking
cannabis use disorder
how are benzodiazepines safer
cause less sedation less likely to slow a person's breathing and cause death in case of an overdose
how might hallucinosis affect perceptions
cause one to hear sounds more clearly, feel tingling or numbness in the limbs confuse sensations of hot and cold *** some people have been badly burned
cognitive behavioral treatments for substance abuse disorders help clients
change behaviors and cognitions that keep contributing to their patterns of substance misuse develop more effective coping skills
liver becomes scarred and dysfunctional
cirrhosis
potency of marijuana is affected by
climate grown in way it was prepared manner and duration of storage
the central active ingredient of coca plant; most powerful natural stimulant now known; processed into the substance _______________________, it is an odorless, white, fluffy powder
cocaine
2 of the most troublesome stimulants
cocaine amphetamines
use of cocaine that leads to hallucinations, delusions, or both
cocaine induced psychosis
symptoms of this includes poor muscle coordination, grandiosity, bad judgment, anger, aggression, compulsive behavior, anxiety, confusion
cocaine intoxication
sources of caffeine
coffe tea cola chocolate over the counter meds, such as Excedrin
most caffeine is taken in the form of
coffee
what are the two types of synergistic effects
combining different drugs that have the same type of effect such as barbiturates, benzodiazepines, alcohol, and opioids all having a depressant effect and may lead to intoxication, coma, and death antagonistic or opposite effects - stimulant drugs may interfere with liver's disposal of barbiturates and alcohol may build up toxic or lethal levels of depressant
the extent of the effect of ethyl alcohol is determined by its
concentration or proportion in the blood
reciting made up events to fill in the gaps
confabulating
a behavioral approach that has been effective in the short term treatment of cocaine and several other drugs makes incentives contingent on submission of drug-free urine specimens
contingency managment
powerful form of freebase cocaine that has been boiled down into crystalline balls; is smoked with a pipe and makes a crackling sound as inhaled
crack
withdrawal reactions consist of unpleasant and sometimes dangerous symptoms including
cramps anxiety attacks sweating nausea
nickname for methamphetamine
crank
as the stimulant effects of cocaine subside, user goes through depression like letdown pattern that may include headaches, dizziness, fainting this pattern is called
crashing
sometimes 2 or more drugs are so similar in their actions on the brain and the body as people build a tolerance for 1 drug, they are simultaneously developing a tolerance for the other, even if they have never taken the latter
cross-tolerance
health concerns of meth
damages nerve endings - neurotoxicity
withdrawal symptoms of stimulants
deep depression fatigue sleep problems irritability anxiety last for weeks or even months
a particularly dramatic withdrawal reaction that consists of terrifying visual hallucination that begin within 3 days after they stop or reduce drinking may see small, frightening animals chasing or crawling on them objects dancing in front of their eyes
delirium tremens (the DTs)
how do opioids work
depress the central nervous system particularly the centers that help control emotion attach to brain receptor sites that ordinarily receive endorphins >>> they produce pleasurable and calming feelings
cannabis produces a mixture of what effects
depressant and stimulant effects
slow the activity of the central nervous system; reduce tension and inhibitions and may interfere with a person's judgment, motor activity, and concentration
depressants
a biological treatment that is a systematic and medically supervised withdrawal from a drug
detoxification
alcohol level at .55%, the person will likely
die
key neurotransmitter in the pleasure path of brain
dopamine
any substance other than food that affects our bodies or minds
drug
risks of opioid drugs illegally
drug user mixes with other dubstnaces even cyanide dirty needles and unsterilized equipment may lead to AIDs, hepatitis C, skin abscesses
neurotransmitters that help relieve pain and reduce emotional tension; sometimes referred to as the body's own opioids
endorphins
people who have taken high dosages of cocaine and are crashing may
enter a coma
all alcoholic beverages contain this chemical which is quickly absorbed into the blood through the lining of stomach and intestine
ethyl alcohol
effect of cocaine
euphoric rush of well-being and confidence can be become almost orgasmic as more is taken produces faster pulse, higher blood pressure, faster and deeper breathing, further arousal and wakefulness
the reward center of the brain is the
extends from ventral tegmental area to the nucleus acumbens and on to the frontal cortex
at low doses of marijuana effects are usually
feelings of joy and relaxation may become quiet or talkative
excessive alcohol use during pregnancy may cause a baby to be born with this syndrome a pattern of abnormalities that can include intellectual disability disorder, hyperactivity, head and face deformities, heart defects, and slow growth
fetal alcohol syndrome
barbiturates were widely prescribed in the 1st half of the 20th century (1900s) to
fight anxiety and help people sleep
what can caffeine disrupt
fine motor movement reaction time sleep
a technique in which the pure cocaine basic alkaloid is chemically separated or freed from processed cocaine, vaporized by heat from a flame, and inhaled through a pipe
freebasing
problems from stimulant use disorder
function poorly socially and at work problems in short term memory and attention
biological views of substance abuse
genetically predisposed - some rats prefer alcohol to other beverages and their offspring do, too inherit a predisposition to misuse substances if 1 identical twin displayed alcoholism, 54% of the time the other one did, too
doses larger than 10 gm of caffeine can cause
grand mal seizures fatal respiratory failure
what is the psychodynamic approach to substance abuse
guide clients to uncover and work through underlying needs and conflicts they believe have led to substance use disorder help clients change their substance-related styles of living
perceptual distortions and hallucinations caused by drugs such as LSD
hallucinogen intoxication sometimes called hallucinosis
within 2 hours of being swallowed LSD brings on this sate marked by a general strengthening of perceptions, particularly visual perceptions, along with psychological changes and physical symptoms
hallucinogen intoxication or hallucinosis
this class of drugs produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes
hallucinogens
at too high a level what can barbiturates do
halt breathing lower blood pressure lead to coma and death
most powerful form of cannabis
hashish
people who have DTs may also
have seizures lose consciousness suffer a stroke die **certain medical procedures can help prevent or reduce such extreme reactions
withdrawal symptoms of caffeine
headaches depression anxiety fatigue
high levels of caffeine may cause what physical problems
heart rhythm irregularities high cholesterol risk of heart attacks
what does alcohol do to GABA
helps it to shut down neurons helping it to relax the drinker
1 of the most addictive substances derived from opium
heroin
for several years this drug was known as a wonder drug and used as a cough medicine
heroin
in 1898 morphine was converted into another pain reliever known as
heroin
opioids include
heroin morphine codeine
methamphetamine in the form of crystals
ice or crystal meth
the theory that says neurons fire more rapidly when they become use to being stimulated by substances, which leads to futures desires for them
incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
how does cocaine work
increasing supplies of the neurotransmitter dopamine at key neurons throughout the brain increase norepinephrine and serotonin
diagnostic criteria for gambling disorder
indiv displays a maladaptive pattern of gambling, featuring at least 4 of the following over the course of a full year: 1. can achieve desired excitement only by gambling more and more money 2. feels restless or irritable when tries to reduce gambling 3. repeatedly tries and fails at efforts to control, reduce, or cease gambling 4. consumed with gambling thoughts or plans 5. gambling is often triggered by upset feelings 6. frequently returns to gambling to try to recoup previous losses 7. covers up amount of gambling by lying 8. gambling has put impt relationships, job, or educational/career opportunities at risk 9. seeks money from others to address gambling-induced financial problems INdiv experiences significant distress or impairment.
the most effective prevention efforts focus on
individual family school peer group community at large to provide a consistent message about drug misuse in all area's of people lives
people who drink alcohol while taking disulfiram will have
intense nausea, vomiting, blushing, a faster heart rate, dizziness, and perhaps fainting
alcohol contration at .09% is legal
intoxication
at first alcohol depresses the part of the brain that controls ________________ and ________________ people become more??
judgment and inhibition become looser, more talkative, and more friendly
a major danger of barbiturate tolerance is
lethal dose of the drug remains the same even while the body is building up a tolerance for its sedating effects once prescribed dose quits working to treat anxiety or induce sleep, user is likely to increase it on their own and may ingest a dose that proves fatal
how do benzodiazepines work
like alcohol and barbiturates increase GABA's effect
dangers of cocaine
linked to suicides overdose - may stop breathing fatal heart irregularities brain seizures miscarriage babies born with predispositions to later drug use, abnormalities in immune functioning, attention and learning, and other problems
barbiturates are broken down by the
liver
most of the alcohol is broken down or metabolized by the _________________ into
liver into carbon dioxide and water which can be exhaled and excreted
sociocultural factors for substance use disorders
lower SES unemployment substance use in family
as more alcohol is absorbed, it slows down additional areas in the CNS, leaving the drinkers less able to
make sound judgments speech less careful and coherent memory weaker many become highly emotional and perhaps louder and aggressive
nutrition and chronic drinkers
malnourished because alcohol makes them feel full without any nutritional value weak prone to disease deficiency of vit B
weaker forms of cannabis are made from the buds, crushed leaves, and flowering tops include
marijuana
why is barbiturate withdrawal particularly dangerous
may cause seizures - why it is dangerous nausea, anxiety, sleep problems
MRI scans of chronic heavy drinkers have revealed damage in various regions of the brain, and correspondingly impairments in
memory speed of thinking attention skills balance
developed in the 1960s to treat heroin addiction; people with an addiction are given the laboratory opioid methadone as a substitute or agonist for heroin; they become dependent on methadone, but their new addiction is maintained under safe medical supervision
methadone maintenance programs
high levels of caffeine during pregnancy may cause
miscarriages
cost of substance abuse per yr in US
more than $600 billion
intoxicated drivers are responsible for
more than 12,000
a highly addictive substance derived from opium that is particularly helpful in relieving pain
morphine
so many soldier's received this substance during the Civil War that it's addiction became known as the "soldier's disease"
morphine
3 medical narcotics usually prescribed to relieve pain
morphine codeine oxycodone (key ingredient in oxycontin and Percocet)
how are amphetamines taken
most likely in pill form but some through IV or smoke them
if drinking continues on _____________ difficulties increase
motor unsteady and clumsy vision blurred especially peripheral trouble hearing
an example of a narcotic antagonists that centers on narcotics
naloxene
all the opioid drugs - natural and synthetic (made from opium) are known as
narcotics
bodily reactions caused by opioids (side effects)
nausea narrowing of pupils constipation
active substance in tobacco
nicotine addicting and this is why people continue
in high doses cannabis produces
odd visual experiences changes in body image hallucinations confusion impulsiveness
a given amount of alcohol has less effect on a _______________ than on a ____________ person
on a large person than on a small person
cognitive behavioral beliefs about substance use; their offspring also prefer alcohol
operant conditioning - temporary reduction of tension or raising of spirits produced by a drug has a rewarding effect and increases likelihood user will sue again produce an expectancy that substances will be rewarding classical conditioning - cues or objects present in the environment when taking drugs and produce some of the same pleasure brought on by the drugs or objects in environment at withdrawal may produce those symptoms
may be developed after taking heroin for just a few weeks; interferes significantly with social and occupational functioning; their lives center around the drug
opioid use disorder
dangers of opioid use
overdose - closes down respiratory center in brain, almost paralyzing breathing
how does alcohol impact physical health
overworks liver severely and may cause cirrhosis damage heart lower immune system's ability to fight off cancer, bacterial infections and AIDS
most people with opioid use disorder are addicted to
pain relievers
dangers of marijuana
panic reactions memory problems >>> serious disadvantage at school and work long term health problems reduces ability to expel air from the lungs lowered sperm count ovulation problems
narcotic antagonists that produce less severe withdrawal symptoms
partial antagonists
relapse-prevention training appears to work best with
people who are young and do not have the tolerance and withdrawal features of chronic alcohol use seem to do best with this approach
taking more than 1 drug at a time
polysubstance use
heroin comes from what flower
poppies
psychodynamic views of substance abuse
powerful dependency needs traced to their early years parent fails to meet young child's need for nurturance
how does caffeine work
produces a release of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine raises arousal and reduces fatigue
hallucinogens are also called
psychedelic drugs
children of alcoholics have higher rates of
psychological problems low self esteem poor communication skills poor sociability marital problems
use of antagonists to help people withdraw is called
rapid detoxification
the goal of AA's total abstinence goes in direct opposition to the controlled-drinking goal of
relapse prevention training
prominent cognitive-behavioral approach to substance misuse whose goal is for clients to gain control over their substance -related behaviors; clients are taught to identify high-risk situations, appreciate range of decisions that confront them in such situations, change dysfunctional lifestyles, and learn from mistakes and lapses
relapse-prevention training
during ahigh the drug user feels
relaxed happy unconcerned about food, sex, or other bodily needs
when alcohol concentration reaches .06 % of the blood volume, a person usually feels
relaxed and comfortable
in these types of programs people formerly addicted to drugs live, work, and socialize in a drug-free environment while undergoing individual, group, and family therapies and making a transition back to life
residential treatment centers or therapeutic communities
symptoms of caffeine intoxication
restlessness nervousness anxiety stomach disturbances twitching faster heart rate
a syndrome where the reward center is not readily activated by the usual events in their lives, so they turn to drugs to stimulate this pleasure pathway, particularly in times of stress
reward-deficiency syndrome
this is brought on by an injection of a narcotic and feels like a spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with an orgasm; brief spasm followed by several hours of pleasant feeling called a high or nod
rush
how do barbiturates work
same way as alcohol does attaching to receptors on the neurons that receive GABA and helping GABA operate tehse neurons
these drugs produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness; at low dosages have a calming or sedative effect at high dosages they are sleep inducers or hypnotics
sedative-hypnotic drugs also called anxiolytic
caused by repeated use of barbiturates users spend much of the day intoxicated, irritable, and unable to do their work some need increasing amounts to calm down or fall asleep
sedative-hypnotic use disorder
3 sociocultural approaches have been used to help people overcome substance abuse disorders
self-help programs culture and gender sensitive programs community prevention programs
later withdrawal symptoms of opioid include when do these symptoms peak and subside
severe twitching aches fever vomiting diarrhea loss of appetite high blood pressure weight loss up to 15 pounds peak at day 3 and subside about day 8
how is most nonmedical amphetamine made
small stovetop laboratories which operate in a remote area for a few days and then move on
how are most narcotics consumed
smoked inhaled snorted injected just beneath the skin - "skin pooped"
how is cocaine usually taken for recreational use
snorted and thus absorbed through mucous membrane of nose some inject by IV smoke in pipe or cigarette
dangers of LSD
so powerful that any dose is likely to cause enormous perceptual, emotional, and behavioral reactions develop psychosis or a mood or anxiety disorder flashbacks - days or even months after taking LSD
regular use of cocaine or amphetamines amy lead to
stimulant use disorder
substnaces that I ncrease the activity of the CNS resulting in increased blood pressure and heart rate, more alertness, and sped-up behavior and thinking
stimulants
how do amphetamines work
stimulate CNS by increasing release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin
a cluster of temporary undesirable behavioral or psychological changes that develop during or shortly after the ingestion of a substance
substance intoxication
an excessive amount of alchol may lead to this temporary state of poor judgment, mood changes, irritability, slurred speech, and poor coordination
substance intoxication
cluster of temporary changes in behavior, emotion, or thought
substance intoxication
a pattern of long term maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by repeated use of a substance
substance use disorder
pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions brought about by the repeated use of substances may come to crave a particular substance and rely on it excessively, resulting in damage to their family and social relationships, poor functioning at work, and/or danger to themselves and others
substance use disorders
physical symptoms of hallucinosis
sweating palpitations blurred vision tremors poor coordination
when different drugs are in the body at the same time they may multiply or potentiate each other's effects
synergistic effect
chemical responsible for effects of marijuana
tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)
culture and gender sensitive programs recognize
the various needs of clients with low SES status the difference between men and women in treatment
concerns of meth labs
they excrete dangerous fumes and residue
the brain and body's need for ever larger doses of a drug to produce earlier effects alcohol, including beer, wine, and liquor
tolerance
prevention programs vary based on
total abstinence model vs responsible use inteerupt drug use vs delay onset of 1st experimenting it drugs drug education vs alternatives to drug use try to change psychological state of potential use or help people change peer relationships or combined
are psychodynamic approaches usually successful for substance abuse
usually not
smoking a battery operated cigarette
vaping
biochemical factors of substance abuse
when a particular drug is ingested it increases neurotransmitters; over time the body reduces its production of this neurotransmitter - thus building a tolerance for the drug --- this may happen with GABA, endorphins, and dopamine drugs activate a reward center reward center develops a hypersensitivity to the drugs and neurons fire more rapidly
unpleasant, sometimes dangerous reactions that may occur when people who use a drug regularly stop taking or reduce their dosage of the drug
withdrawal
some people use heroin to avoid going into
withdrawals and amount needed increases
withdrawal symptoms of alcohol include
within hours their hands, tongue and eyelids begin to shake they feel weak and nauseated sweat and vomit heart beats rapidly blood pressure rises may become anxious, depressed, unable to sleep, or irritable