Abnormal Psychology ch. 5-9

The oldest of all psychotherapies used to treat unipolar depression is:

psychodynamic therapy.

Most brain serotonin is released from locations at the base of the brain called the:

raphe nuclei.

A friend is experiencing severe depression and asks you for advice about treatment options. The BEST response is:

"Ask your therapist about combining cognitive-behavioral therapy with drug therapy."

A friend says, "If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder." The BEST response is:

"Yes. However, civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does."

A combat veteran says, "The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me?" The BEST response is:

"Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called flooding."

What is the average length of time for the treatment of major depressive disorder using electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

2 to 4 weeks

About what percentage of clients with unipolar depression receive treatment from a mental health professional each year?

50 percent

A client has been experiencing uncontrolled anxiety. His symptoms include edginess, sleep changes, fatigue, and significant distress. To meet the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for generalized anxiety disorder, these symptoms must be present for _____ months or longer.

6

According to a survey by NAMI, more than _____ percent of Americans believe that depression is a serious condition that requires treatment.

80

Which description BEST defines self-injury?

A behavioral pattern of mutilating oneself or causing oneself pain

Which child is MOST likely to develop a stress disorder later in life after experiencing a trauma?

A child who lives alone with a single mother who is working multiple jobs

Which does NOT characterize stress disorders?

A compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event

What is a compulsion?

A repetitive and rigid behavior or mental act that people feel they must perform

When was it recognized that acute stress during combat could result in psychological symptoms after combat?

After the Vietnam War

According to current estimates, the suicide rate is highest in the United States among:

American Indians.

Which explanation of depression has connected mood to the rewards in a person's life?

Behaviorism

Which therapy is an effective long-term, nonpharmacologic treatment for panic attack that involves teaching patients to interpret their physical sensations accurately?

Cognitive-behavioral

Which group emphasizes the beliefs and expectations that lead someone with a social anxiety disorder to overestimate how bad a social interaction went?

Cognitive-behavioral theorists

Which approach helps people with depression identify and change the maladaptive assumptions and negative thoughts that contribute to their psychological disorder?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in treating unipolar depression?

Cognitive-behavioral therapy significantly improves depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of clients.

Which perspective assumes that the likelihood of depression is increased by the presence of several factors and the sequence in which they unfold?

Developmental psychopathology

Which perspective focuses on the intersection and context of important factors at key points of time throughout a person's lifespan?

Developmental psychopathology

Which diagnosis includes a breakdown in sense of self, a significant alteration in memory or identity, and even a separation of one part of the identity from another part?

Dissociative disorder

An obsessive-compulsive person who was told that everyone was required to wear shoes at all times in the house and not to vacuum for a week would be receiving which type of therapy?

Exposure and response prevention

Which is the BEST example of dissociation as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder?

Feeling dazed or confused

Which characteristic is common with dissociative fugue?

Fleeing to a new location

Which is NOT a treatment commonly used to treat dissociative amnesia?

Flooding

Which method of killing oneself is used in more than half of all male suicides?

Guns

Which is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder?

Increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt

Which statement is TRUE about the research on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy in treating unipolar depression?

Interpersonal psychotherapy nearly eliminates depressive symptoms in 50 to 60 percent of clients.

Which statement is TRUE regarding the use of mindfulness-based therapy?

It has been used to treat a wide range of disorders, including generalized anxiety disorder.

Which statement about lithium as a treatment for bipolar disorder is FALSE?

It interferes with the effectiveness of antidepressant medications.

_____ and brain-circuit dysfunction seem to play a role in suicide separate from depression.

Low serotonin

Which statement about suicide is TRUE?

Many apparent accidents are probably suicides.

_____ is credited with developing the learned helplessness theory of depression.

Martin Seligman

Which is a well-known side effect of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

Memory loss

What are brain circuits?

Networks of brain structures that work together

A client has body dysmorphic disorder and is considering plastic surgery. Is this a recommended treatment for this client?

No. Often, people who have plastic surgery for body dysmorphic disorder actually feel worse afterward.

Based on survey data, most Americans DISAGREE with which of the following statements?

People diagnosed with depression would recover if they could just "snap out of it."

How effective is psychotherapy alone as a treatment for bipolar disorder?

Rarely effective

Antidepressant drugs that target only one neurotransmitter are called:

SSRIs.

Most second-generation antidepressants are:

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

Which has been proposed as a possible cause of dissociative disorders?

Self-hypnosis

Which individual is MOST at risk for suicide?

Someone who was diagnosed with a terminal pancreatic cancer

According to developmental psychopathologists, why do children tend to fare worse than adults when faced with an extreme stressor for the first time?

Their stress pathways and stress circuits are not yet fully developed.

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders?

They are triggered by traumatic events.

According to cognitive-behavioral theorists, why do patients engage in compulsive behaviors?

Those behaviors reduce anxiety and are thus negatively reinforced.

_____ times as many women attempt suicide as men, yet men succeed at more than _____ times the rate of women.

Three; three

What is the scientific name for hair-pulling disorder?

Trichotillomania

Structural abnormalities noted in people with bipolar depression include:

a smaller-than-normal hippocampus.

The top two leading causes of death among teenagers are:

accidents and suicide.

Salina was terrified during the magnitude 7.2 earthquake that hit where she lived. For a couple of weeks after the event, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, her fears gradually diminished and were completely gone within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n):

acute stress disorder

The most commonly recommended types of exercises for depression are:

aerobic.

In research on suicide, abnormal serotonin levels and a dysfunctional depression-related brain circuit seem MOST related to:

aggression

An _____ suicide is when a person commits suicide to defend his or her family or country.

altruistic

A visual image that is retained so vividly that one can continue to scan it for more information is called:

an eidetic image.

The drug treatment that is MOST effective in treating panic disorders is a(n):

antidepressant drug.

The MOST common mental disorders in the United States are:

anxiety disorders.

Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are:

anxious and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them.

Psychodynamic therapies as a treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorders:

appear to work better when used in the short term rather than in traditional ways.

A compulsion to keep placing certain items (such as clothing, books, or foods) in perfect order in accordance with strict rules is a:

balance compulsion.

The first step in treating people with dissociative identity disorder is to:

bond with the primary personality.

The category of major depressive disorder in which the person experiences excessive activity or immobility is:

catatonic.

The age group LEAST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

children.

Colton has dissociative identity disorder. Fat Freddy and Carmen are two personalities who are aware of all of the others but do not interact with them. Fat Freddy and Carmen would be described as:

coconscious.

The group of hormones that are referred to as "stress hormones" are:

corticosteroids.

If the focus of your therapist is primarily on how communication and problem-solving difficulties with your partner are contributing to your depression, your therapist is using:

couple therapy.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation has been found to be most helpful in alleviating the symptoms of depression when administered:

daily for 4 to 6 weeks.

According to Shneidman, people who are ambivalent about their intent to die and whose actions leading to death do not guarantee death (e.g., swimming in shark-infested waters) are called:

death darers.

The effects of taking hallucinogens accompanied by feelings that objects are changing size, that other people are distorted, and that one might be mechanical is MOST similar to:

depersonalization.

Kareem is miserable. He sees himself in a negative way and has no desire to participate in his usual activities. He has headaches, insomnia, and indigestion. Kareem is MOST likely suffering from:

depression.

Viewing problems and solutions in rigid either/or terms is called:

dichotomous thinking.

Among biological treatments, _____ appears to be most effective for reducing depression.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Vagus nerve stimulation was proposed as an alternative to:

electroconvulsive therapy.

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the _____ system.

endocrine

When answering the telephone of a suicide hotline, the first step for the counselor is to:

establish a positive relationship.

People with _____ keep picking at their skin, resulting in significant sores or wounds.

excoriation disorder

Psychodynamic approaches to the treatment of depression may be helpful for individuals who:

experience mild or modest symptoms of depression.

A procedure used to treat social anxiety disorder that forces the client to face his or her dreaded social situation until the fear subsides is:

exposure therapy.

Someone who is experiencing doubling is:

feeling as if his or her mind is floating above him or her.

The collective reactions generated by the sympathetic nervous system pathway and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) pathway are termed the:

fight-or-flight response.

When talking with a potentially suicidal individual on a suicide hotline, the final step for the counselor is to:

formulate a plan.

The feeling of being on edge for no apparent reason is called:

free-floating anxiety.

Gwen is held up at knifepoint, and her young son is kidnapped. Eventually, her son is found and returned. However, Gwen is unable to recall events that occurred since the attack, although she remembers some new experiences; worse still, she finds that she is forgetting events that occurred even before the attack. This is a classic example of:

generalized amnesia.

A person with _____ experiences wide-ranging and persistent feelings of worry and anxiety.

generalized anxiety disorder

When interacting with their children, depressed parents are more likely than nondepressed parents to:

get frustrated with them.

The key to effective suicide prevention is:

having available accurate risk assessment tools.

Compared with married or cohabitating couples, never-married individuals have a _____ suicide rate.

higher

A pessimistic belief that one's present circumstances, problems, or mood will not change is called:

hopelessness

"Phobic and generalized anxiety disorders arise when people stop looking at themselves honestly and with acceptance and instead deny and distort their true thoughts, emotions, and behavior." This explanation for anxiety disorders would MOST likely be offered by a:

humanistic theorist.

For an antidepressant to be effective against obsessive-compulsive disorder, it must:

increase serotonin activity.

Studies have shown that lithium use _____ the size of the hippocampus and _____ the amount of gray matter in patients with bipolar disorder.

increases; increases

Exposure and response prevention as treatment for obsessive-compulsive disorder:

leads to improvement that often continues indefinitely.

The perception, based on past experiences, that one has no control over the reinforcements in one's life defines:

learned helplessness.

According to intolerance of uncertainty theory, individuals with generalized anxiety disorder are:

likely to have difficulty tolerating the knowledge that a negative event may occur.

Cluster suicides may involve high suicide rates among teenagers who:

live on certain American Indian reservations.

The most common type of dissociative amnesia is:

localized amnesia.

Studies have shown that the more _____ a person has, the more depressed he or she tends to be.

maladaptive attitudes

A state of breathless euphoria, or frenzied energy, in which individuals have an exaggerated belief in their power, is characteristic of:

mania.

The number of diagnosed cases of dissociative identity disorder increased in the 1980s and 1990s. Some researchers are concerned about this trend, stating:

many of the cases are unintentionally produced by clinicians.

Which of the following is referred to as the "Dracula hormone"?

melatonin

Key to our sense of identity is our:

memory.

The usual goal of therapy for dissociative identity disorders is to:

merge the subpersonalities into a single identity.

The cognitive explanation for panic disorders is that people who have them:

misinterpret bodily sensations.

Individuals who take _____ must avoid foods containing tyramine.

monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors

The mental disorders found to contribute to the greatest number of suicides are:

mood disorders.

Compared with covert exposure therapy for combat veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder, virtual reality exposure therapy has been shown to be:

more effective.

Alexis has dissociative identity disorder. When one of her personalities, Jodi, is asked about another one, Tom, she claims ignorance. Tom has never heard of Jodi, either. This is called a:

mutually amnesic relationship.

A person's attempt to eliminate unwanted thoughts by thinking or behaving in ways that put matters right internally is called:

neutralizing.

For teenagers, the highest suicide rates are found among:

non-Hispanic white Americans and American Indians.

Unipolar depression is depression that:

occurs without periods of mania.

Juanita has dissociative identity disorder. Big Tony and Smart Alice are two personalities who are aware of all of the others. None of her other personalities is aware of the others. This would be called a:

one-way amnesic relationship.

An unsuccessful attempt at suicide is called a:

parasuicide

Memory problems that do not interfere with daily living are referred to as:

peculiarities of memory.

The LEAST common predictor of suicide is:

physical illness.

Apparently, people develop phobias more readily to things such as spiders and the dark than they do to such objects such as computers and radios. This observation supports the idea of:

preparedness.

The ____ theoretical perspective suggests that suicide is caused by the loss of loved ones and self-directed aggression.

psychodynamic

Cognitive-behavioral therapy for the treatment of unipolar depression may include:

reinforcing nondepressed behavior.

Ruminative responses are defined as:

repeatedly mentally dwelling on one's mood without acting to change it.

According to the developmental psychopathology perspective, moderate and manageable adversities that occur during childhood may make a person more _____ when faced with stressful events during adulthood.

resilient

An increase in _____ is MOST often linked to suicide.

sadness

MAO inhibitors result in increases in the levels of:

serotonin and norepinephrine.

The neurotransmitters associated with unipolar depression are:

serotonin and norepinephrine.

The psychodynamic method that has been shown to significantly reduce the levels of anxiety, worry, and social difficulty of patients with generalized anxiety disorder is:

short-term psychodynamic therapy.

People with _____ have severe, persistent, and irrational anxiety about social or performance situations in which they may face scrutiny by others and possibly feel embarrassment.

social anxiety disorder

"Who wouldn't be afraid all the time? We have the bomb, overpopulation, AIDS, and violent crime everywhere. It's difficult to get a good job unless you're a computer genius." This complaint is consistent with a _____ explanation of generalized anxiety disorder.

sociocultural

Some theorists believe that improper transport of _____ may cause neurons to fire too easily, resulting in mania.

sodium ions

Kevin studies his history notes and textbook while he is drinking beer. According to some theorists, Kevin would later do better on his history exam if he also had alcohol in his system while taking the exam. These theorists would be basing their claim on

state-dependent learning.

Laurent has three subpersonalities. Fiona emerges when Laurent is in an awkward social situation, Grace surfaces during sporting events, and Carlos appears when Laurent is angry. The therapist believes that the mood and conditions under which each subpersonality appears are critical to understanding this disorder, demonstrating a belief in:

state-dependent learning.

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive:

stress response.

Poor health is BEST described as a:

stressor

The loss of a valued object that is unconsciously interpreted as the loss of a loved one is referred to as:

symbolic loss.

Pairing the thought of feared objects and relaxation training is known as:

systematic desensitization.

Among the top ten causes of death in the United States, suicide ranks:

tenth.

Having a negative view of one's experiences, self, and the future is what Beck referred to as:

the cognitive triad.

The age group MOST likely to commit suicide in the United States is:

the elderly.

Suicide rates in the weeks after Kurt Cobain's suicide held steady, contrary to the modeling effect seen with other celebrity suicides. The text notes that a possible reason for this was:

the media coverage, which included a "Don't do it!" message.

Switching in a person with dissociative identity disorder means:

the person has changed from one subpersonality to another.

A friend asks you, "What's the name of that Tom Hanks' movie where a pirate takes over his ship and says, 'I'm the captain now'?" You remember the movie and know you know the title, but you can't think of it in the moment. This is an example of:

the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.

Many researchers believe that one reason for higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in women is:

the types of trauma they experience.

Lucy is considering taking an antidepressant that increases levels of serotonin and improves brain function for symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. She could expect that:

this medication would lead to short-term relief, but relapse would occur if she stopped taking it.

People who experience obsessions show:

thoughts that are intrusive and foreign to them.

Dissociative identity disorder is _____ to be diagnosed in a woman compared with a man.

three times more likely

Research shows that clients who receive adjunctive therapy for bipolar disorder are _____ to continue taking their medications.

twice as likely

Women are at least _____ times as likely as men to have episodes of severe unipolar depression.

two

To be classified as a major depressive episode, depression must last for at least:

two weeks.

To receive a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder with dysthymic syndrome, an individual must have experienced symptoms for at least:

two years.

At a workshop about dissociative identity disorder, a therapist says, "In my experience, once integration begins, the need for therapy is practically over, and later dissociations just don't happen." This therapist's experience is:

very unusual; most successful therapies last well beyond the beginning of integration.

Which statement provides the MOST persuasive argument against a psychodynamic explanation for dissociative identity disorder?

Most abused children do not develop the disorder.

Women are approximately _____ as likely as men to develop stress disorders.

twice

Compared with men, women are _____ to develop generalized anxiety disorder.

twice as likely

The two most influential cognitive explanations for unipolar depression are:

the theory of negative thinking and the theory of learned helplessness.