Anthropology Exam 2

What were the different culture change periods in western europe?

Aurignacian-35,000 years ago Gravettian-27,000 Solutrean-21,000 Magdalenian-16,500 years ago

What are australopithicus afarensis?

Australopithecus afarensis east African hominid fossils found in Hadar (Northeast Ethiopia) , Laetoli (Tanzania) , Omo, Middle Awash. Not found in S. Africa Dated 3.75-2.8 mya

What are some distinct features of Homo erectus?

Average brain size is 1000cc (895 - 1040cc) •1.8 - 300,000mya coexisted with early Homo and some Australopithecines •Associated with Achulean tool tradition •Wide-spread •First to leave Africa •Supraorbital torus •Receding forehead •Flat, long skull •Broad flat face •Chinless •Small, less prog.face •A higher skull •Shorter, smaller ramus •smaller teeth •Inner ear like humans Tall: 5'4" - 6' • Long legs and narrow hips and shoulder • Heavily muscled • Ratio of head to mother's birth canal suggests birth before brain development and slow maturation •Juvenile dependency- male investment- monogamy? •reduced sexual dimorphism

What are the three hypotheses for the origins of anatomically modern humans?

1.The single origin model (or replacement) 2. The Multireigonal Model 3. The Assimilation Model

What was the significance of Sul Ross' time at A&M?

1891 - 1898 - President of Texas A&M • His tenure was a great success • Credited with saving the young university which was failing at the time • Able to attract many students • Put the university on sound financial footing • Many traditions started at this time • Aggie Ring • Aggie band • First intercollegiate football game • Battalion • First yearbook • First Silver taps when he died • THE ROSS VOLUNTEERS, The oldest special unit in the Corps

What were some significant technological advances during the Human Revolution?

Burial of the dead as an indicator of ritual Art Ornamentation and Decoration Symbolic Features More elaborate tool kit Worked bone and antler Blade technology Artifact Diversity Complex Hearth Construction Transported large amounts of material over long distances Organized use of domestic space Expanded trade networks Effective large-mammal exploitation. Seasonally focused mobility strategies. Use of harsh environments. Fishing and bird hunting.

What do abductors muscles do around the pelvis?

Center body weight and combat torque produced by body weight. Chimps don't have large buttocks like humans.

What is significant about chimp mating?

Chimpanzees are highly promiscuous. Females exhibit sexual swellings lasting 6-18 days during which time they attempt to mate with most or all the males of the community. Likewise, males generally attempt to mate with all swollen females. • consortship mating- one on one • Extragroup mating-mating with members of other communities

What kind of groups do chimps live?

Chimpanzees live in permanent social groups called communities, which consist of up to 200 individuals (median 46.3) including multiple breeding females and their offspring, and multiple adult males.

What is significant about chimp warfare?

Chimpanzees on patrol Relationship with other communities Coalitionary Aggression Males form social bonds with other adult males and together patrol and defend the community range against members of other communities. Intercommunity encounters are often aggressive and sometimes involve lethal attacks, especially in cases where the males on one side strongly outnumber their opponents. Males kill other adult males, infants and occasionally adult females. Such killing can result in expansion of the community range.

What is typical of chimp reproduction?

-Slow rates of reproduction -No paternal care -Need long term access to resources Humans, Chimps and Hominids • Humans live longer, are larger, mature more slowly, and begin reproduction later than chimps. • Understood as the consequence of radically different mortality rates. • Mammals: 0.14 - 0.2 per year • Chimps: 0.07 - 0.1 per year • Humans: 0.01 - 0.015 per year

What is the popular problem with race?

"Race," as it is used in everyday discourse, refers to a social category, rather than a biological category. Fundamental Problems with Race • The so-called three great races (white, black, and yellow) are more a reflection of European colonialist politics than an accurate representation of human biological diversity. • Even skin color-based race models that include more than three categories do not accurately represent the wide range of skin color diversity among human populations.

What is culture?

"The set of learned behaviors and ideas (including beliefs, attitudes, values, and ideas ) that are characteristic of particular society or other social group." pg 224 • People share culture behaviors and ideas because they communicate with and observe each other... Culture is a real, materially based, biological phenomenon that is best understood using scientific methods and an evolutionary perspective.

Where did domestication begin?

Ali Kosh, Iran Catal Hüyük, Turkey

What is the history of Anatomically Modern Homo sapiens?

Appear around 160,000 years ago in Africa. First well dated specimens are from 90,000 years ago at Qafzeh in Israel. The Cro-Magnons were found in Europe 25,00 years ago. They were once thought to be the earliest specimens of modern looking humans. First AMHS used Mousterian tools and similar subsistence to Neanderthal. Some were Neanderthal hybrids. Neanderthals can be dated before and after the appearance of AMHS in Israel.

What is significant about the homo habilis?

The first fossils attributed to the genus Homo were first described by L. Leakey in 1964 at Olduvai dated between 2.3 mya - 1.7 mya H. habilis was contemporary with the australopithecines Found in East Africa Stone tools were found in the same strata. More gracile cranium than the Australopiths Less well developed muscular crests. Cranial capacity averages about 630-640cc Mandibles, dentition are smaller and more gracile.

What is significant about chimp tool usage?

Common chimpanzees are the only non-human primates that routinely make and use tools in the wild. Termite dipping sponging hammer stone use rain hats

What is significant about chimp hunting?

Common chimpanzees are the only primate (other than humans) to regularly hunt and eat meat. Colobus monkeys. Male hunting groups, food shared and no tools are usually used.

What is Mrs. Ples?

Discovered by Robert Broom in 1947 at Sterkfontein in South Africa. Thought to be female, but there have been recent claims that it could be male. It is the best specimen of africanus. The brain size is about 485 cc.

What makes a species suitable or unsuitable for domestication?

Docile, Non-territorial, dominance hierarchy with humans at leadership role, uninhibited breeding, good body size and rapid growth. Unsuitable-Ferocity, high trophic level, picky diet, slow growth, territoriality, reclusive breeding or elaborate courtship, tendency to panic.

What are egalitarian societies?

Egalitarian societies are those in which decision-making and power are NOT centralized • Decision-making is a GROUP activity and depends on CONSENSUS • In egalitarian societies, the principle means of organizing society and defining each person's place in society is through MARRIAGE and KINSHIP • Also establish non-kinship friendship bonds.

What are some reasons natural selection might have favored bipedalism vs. quadrapedalism?

Erect posture allows hominids to see over tall grasses of savanna. Bipedal locomotion frees the hands for: Carrying food to central place Making and using simple tools (before tools though) Carrying dependent infants More energetically efficient than quadrupedalism especially for covering longer distances. Erect posture allows hominids to keep cool.

What were some non-stone tools used in this period?

Fishhooks, harpoons, needles, atlatls, net hunting and bows and arrows.

How are chimp communities unusual compared to other mammalian groups?

Fission-fusion social units Males are philopatric while females transfer to new communities around sexual maturity. Male are more social and range more widely than females.

What is Ardipethecus ramidus?

Found in Eithiopia by Tim White and colleagues. 4.4 mya Initial report: more than 17 different specimens were found with many bones presents. Bones included part of a child's mandible, part of basicranium, isolated teeth, 3 left arm bones of a single individual. Only published specimen is an upper right third molar* • Evidence of bipedality, thin enamel, large canines

What was the piltdown man hoax?

Found in England, Piltdown village Amateur archaeologist had claimed to found the evidence of missing link Human-sized skull with ape-like jaw. Charles Dawson.

What is the difference between human and chimp lifespan?

Life span after maturity - Chimps: 14 years - Humans: 42 years (Ache) • IBI (interbirth interval) - chimps: 60 months - Human: 30 - 45 months Chimps stop growing four years sooner than humans and are smaller.

Chimps can be a part of fission-fusion groups called parties. What makes a party and how are they created?

Members associate in temporary subgroups(parties),whose composition may last from minutes to days, and individuals can spend some time alone. Communities are distinct social units,all the members are rarely,if ever, observed together in one group. Party size is strongly influenced • the distribution and abundance of food. • the presence of sexually receptive females & predation risk from leopards Parties are larger in border areas where intergroup encounters are more likely

What is the foramen magnum? What does its location indicate?

Opening where spinal column enters skull. Central placement of the foramen magnum is an indicator of bipedalism.

What was upper paleolithic africa and asia like?

People spread out. In Africa 60,000 years ago and South and East Asia 50,000 years ago. Australia and New Guinea 40,000 years ago. In North Africa, hunted large animals in grasslands. Lived in small communities with water access. moved regularly to follow animal herds. Trade between local groups. South Asia people developed an increasingly sedentary lifestyle along the banks of freshwater streams.

Did Homo Erectus use fire?

Several locations indicate that homo erectus did indeed use fire. Several reconstructed huts indicate hearths at the center of them. Burnt material such as bone and clay have been found in certain sites. Chesowanja in southern Kenya dated at 1.4mya. Patches of burned clay dated at 1.4my were found in association with Acheulian stone tools. Swartkrans in South Africa - many pieces of burnt bone dated at 1.3-1.0 mya. Zououkoudian Cave in China. Studied for decades by western and Chinese scientists.0.5mya Fire is abundant, charred animal bones, layers of ash, burned stone artifacts etc.

What are the defining characteristics of civilizations?

Six of the most important characteristics are: cities (centralized power), government, religion, social structure, writing and art. Increasing sedentism, control of food resources, trade, craft specialization, high population, monumental architecture, writing systems, social ranking and inequality are also. Writing in Mesopotamia was created for economic purposes and in Mesoamerica for religious and historical recording.

What is the assimilation model?

Small but not insignificant interbreeding between archaic humans and modern H. sapiens who spread out of Africa. Genetic data and DNA comparisons support this theory. Suggests there may have been some replacement. Most widely supported model.

What is unique to homo sapien dentition?

Small canines, no diastema (gap between incisors and canines), smaller, flat and thickly enameled molars, parabolic dental arcade

What is the distinct dentition of robust forms?

Small incisors, reduced canines, crushing and grinding teeth, extra thick enamel and surfaces, large premolars and molars

What is status?

Status refers to any position in a society which can be filled by individual. -Ascribed status is status into which people enter automatically without choice, usually at birth or through some other universal event in the life cycle. - Achieved status is status that people acquire through their own actions.

What is significant about chimp parenting?

Strong maternal bonding, not so strong paternal bonding.

How did global temperatures change from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene?

The world got progressively colder coming into an ice age.

How did the Neanderthals eat?

They were hunters with a meat based diet. There is evidence in this period that they used spears or weapons with a sharp end attached to a sort of handle. They ate large game like buffalo, horses, mammoths, rhinos and deer. Some European sites suggest fishing. Some African sites suggest they consumed shellfish. They used local materials and there is no evidence of trading. Decoration did not exist at this time.

True or false: According to data, unauthorized immigrants and legal immigrants in Texas commit proportionally fewer crimes than the native-born population?

True

What are Australopithicus: The first definite hominins?

Two groups emerge Robust Australopithecines Highly specialized diet Chewing of tough plant foods Stout mandibles Massive teeth (Megadontia) Gracile Australopithecines More dietary plasticity Teeth are large Slightly built Possibly the ancestors of the genus Homo

What came of Dart's discovery of Aust. Africanus?

claimed it to be the missing link between living apes and modern humans He published his work in 1925. in Nature His work was scorned 1. Widespread popular skepticism of evolution in general and human evolution in particular 2. Views of the day thought fossil hominids should have large brains and ape-like dentition and locomotion Sterkfontein, S.A. Mrs.Ples Australopithecus africanus (STS-5)

How did this revolution affect subsistence and social organization?

improved technology allowed them to cope better with the environment than previously: - higher population densities - longer lifespan: maybe up to 60 years old rather than 40 - less serious injury or disease than Neanderthals Possibly beginning of ethnic differentiation • Probably kin-based organized bands similar to modern foragers? - bigger, longer term sites - ornaments and ritual burial, maybe more complex social organization - complexity of sites -- including multiple hearths

What is race, biologically speaking?

is a geographically isolated subdivision of a species that can reproduce with individuals from other subspecies of the same species, but does not because of its geographic isolation. - Human populations vary biologically, but there are no sharp breaks between populations. - Human biological variation is distributed gradually between populations along clines.

What are hominin?

A hominin is a member of the subtribe Hominina of the tribe Hominini: that is, modern humans and their closest relatives after their split from chimpanzees. Primate, habitually bipedal (upright, 2-legged locomotion) Larger (relative to body size) and complex brain than apes Unique dentition

What did Sul Ross take with him at the pease river massacre of 1860?

A little indian boy that he called pease. Later adopted as his son. Teacher claims slave.

What are some basic tool types associated with homo erectus?

-Cores: lumps of stone from which flakes have been removed • Hammerstones: battered rocks pitted by striking other hard objects (cores to produce flakes) • Flakes: sharp pieces removed from cores • Scraper: flake with intentional retouch • Unifacial chopper: core tool with with flaking restricted to one side: • Bifacial chopper: both sides (hand axes, cleavers, picks)

What is the difference between prejudice and discrimination?

-Prejudice is the devaluation of a given group based upon the assumed characteristics of that group • Discrimination is disproportionately harmful treatment of a group: it may be de jure (law) or de facto (practiced). • Attitudinal discrimination is discrimination against a group based only upon its existence as a group.

What is significant about the Laetoli footprints?

3.5 mya. Three bipedal individuals. Tallest 4, 9''. Striding gait. Probably A. afarensis.

What were european cave painting and when did they first start?

30,000 years ago. Depicted animals, men and other culture elements from that time.

What other significant findings were confirmed by Lucy?

A. Afrenses has a smaller brain than humans. The dental arcade was not rectangular like chimps or half-circular like man. It is in the middle, being an ovular shape. A. Afrenses teeth were also somewhere in between chimps large teeth and humans smaller canines.

When did Neanderthals go extinct?

About 30,000 years ago.

What are the consequences of the rise of agricultural production?

Accelerated population growth Declining health Elaboration of Material possessions-making wealth monopolization easier

What happened to the African climate after the Miocene?

After the Miocene and into the Pliocene- the global climate became cooler and drier. The rain forests in central Africa shrank and grasslands formed.

What are political organizations within different early human societies?

Bands- foraging groups, range from 20-100's of people, flexible membership, fission-fusion, informal leadership, no social stratification, linguistically delineated, can be from within thousands of a tribe Tribes-Agriculturalist/Pastoralist tribes. Several bands or lineages with similar language and lifestyle in a territory. Lineage and clan structure. Has a formal leader. Chiefdom-Group of permanently allied tribes and villages under one leader, larger population than tribes, thousands of people, hereditary systems of social ranking, economic stratification, lead by chiefs who regulate production and redistribution States-Centralized political unit with many communities, coercive power, intensive agriculture, central mechanisms of social control, sufficient surpluses support a permanent ruling, manages increased competition for land and access to food surpluses.

What plants were cultivated from the Near East in the fertile crescent?

Barley, Wheat, Olives, Peas, Grapes

Is Sul Ross' a white supremacist because he lived in Texas during the Civil War?

Basically, according the wisdom of an Anthropology prof.

What is symbolic behavior?

Created art and ornamentation, Performed ritual burial with grave goods Practiced other forms of symbolic expression

What is the name of the site in South Africa where evidence can be found of some of the earliest modern human behavior?

Blombos cave. Engraved pieces of ochre by scraping and grinding of tools. Bone tools also found. Between 100,000-70,000 years ago. Remains of marine animals and birds.

What are sagittal crest?

Bones that run along the centerline of the skull where the temporalis muscle - the chewing muscle attache

What are social bonds like in bonobo communities?

Bonobo communities are more egalitarian. The strongest social bonds are those among females, although females also bond with males. The status of a male depends on the position of his mother, to whom he remains closely bonded for her entire life.

How are bonobo chimpanzees different from others?

Bonobos can be distinguished from chimpanzees by their more slender frame, longer hind limbs, shorter clavicle, and smaller molars. Bonobos are generally smaller and more slender than chimpanzee and are also less dimorphic-- males only 30% heavier.

What the humero-femoral index of Lucy indicate?

Comparing the length of the arm to the length of the leg (the humero-femoral index) indicates that Lucy had relatively longer arms than most later hominids and definitely longer than modern humans.

What is cumulative culture?

Complex technologies used in most human societies are beyond the inventive capacities of individuals. Instead, they result from a cumulative process in which innovations are gradually added to existing cultural traits across many generations. Ex: How to use computer

At the end of the Miocene... climate in Africa was becoming?

Cooler and drier. As a result the rainforests receded and the savanna grasslands expanded creating a niche for terrestrial hominids

What are some qualities of the paranthropus robustus?

Cranial cap. - 530cc, • Reorganized to support massive chewing muscles • Flaring zygomatics • Sagittal crest • Post orbital constriction

What were some qualities of the Taung Child Skull?

Cranial capacity (if adult) around 442cc The orbits are circular in shape like humans not squarish as in apes. No brow ridges as are observed in even modern infant apes Small canines and no diastema. The distance between the orbits is small like in humans, different than apes. Less prognathic Parabolic dental arcade

When we make decisions are we more likely to use rational decision making or culture?

Culture, most likely.

First domesticated species?

DOG

What do chimps eat? How are humans diets different?

Diet-Leaves, small unripe fruits, large ripe fruit (papaya), insects, extracted foods, small game. Humans eat large game.

What was the significance of art, symbolic behavior and ornamentation?

Figures and ornaments used to symbolize things important to the culture of these groups.

What is the robust australopithecines?

First discovered by Robert Broom; a Scottish physician and part time paleontologists •He was one of the few that believed Dart, Sites of Kromdraai, Swartkrans Paranthropus robustus (2.0 and 1.2 million years ) • Then called Australopithecus robustus or Paranthropus robustus • Very different from the gracile forms

What are adaptive strategies used by humans?

Foraging (hunting-gathering)-Mobility, use of nature's resources. Horticulture-shifting cultivation, swiddening, dry farming, fallow period Agriculture-intensive farming, continuous use of land, intensive use of labor Pastoralism (Herding)-nomadism and transhumance Industrialism-factory production, capitalist, socialist production

What is animal domestication?

Genetic change that makes animals more amenable to human control. About 10,000 years ago. First sheep and goats then later cattle pigs horses and camels.

What is the genetic difference between humans? Chimpanzees and humans? Gorillas and humans? Orangutans and humans? How does this compare to other monkeys?

Genetic difference between individual humans: 0.1%, on average Humans and chimps: 1.2%. Humans and gorillas about 1.6%. Humans and orangutan: 3.1%. Man differs from Rhesus Monkey at 7%. Much larger than chimps, gorillas or even orangutans.

How was the climate different at the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic period?

Glaciers covered a lot more of Europe (extending to Berlin) and North America (Chicago). These parts resembled modern Northern Canada and Siberia. Annual temps were as much as 50 degrees F colder than todays. Extremes in weather.

What are the two types of learning?

Individual (trial and error) and Social (imitation) learning

How are Homo heidelbergensis (aka archaic Homo sapiens) different from anatomically modern Homo sapiens (AMH or AMHS) and behaviorally modern Homo sapiens?

Homo heidelbergensis differs from homo erectus in having smaller teeth and jaws, a much large brain, a skull that lacks a sagittal keel and occipital torus, a brow ridge that divides into spirit arches above each eye and a more robust skeleton. It differs from homo sapiens in retaining a large and prognathic face with relatively large teeth and jaws, a brow ridge, a long, low cranial vault with a sloping forehead and its more robust skeleton.

What is the significance of the valgus angle in humans and chimps?

Human have a wide valgus angle. Apes do not. A. Farensis had a slight angle.

Why is social (cultural) learning preferred to individual learning?

Individual learning - Expensive, risky, error prone Culture is Fast - Allows adaptation to changing environments

What is significant about the finding of Lucy?

In 1973 an entire skeleton was found at Hadar by Don Johanson. They called the skeleton Lucy (AL- 288-1) During this field season, more than 13 individuals were identified. The other material is identified as Afar Locality 333 (AL-333), but more often as the first family. Lucy was dated to be approximately 3.2mya Lucy is a small female no more than 3 feet 5 inches and about 30 kg in weight. Bipedal and small brain

How are neanderthals possibly related to humans?

In 1997, German and US scientists used mitochondrial DNA to compare neanderthal and humans. They found that between humans and neanderthals there were 25 differences in the DNA- more than 3 times the amount between modern humans. Other tests using nuclear DNA showed that Neanderthals and humans had several genes that were previously thought to have only been found in humans, like red hair and fair skin. Some significant differences were found as well lie the presence of microcephaline, which is associated with modern human brain development.

What are social bonds like in common chimp communities?

In chimpanzee groups, the strongest bonds are established between the males in order to hunt and to protect their shared territory. The females live in overlapping home ranges within this territory but are not strongly bonded to other females or to any one male.

What is hypo descent?

In extreme cases, offspring of "genetically mixed" unions are ascribed entirely to the lower status race of one parent, an example of the process called hypodescent. Mulatto: A person having one white and one Black parent Quadroon: A person having one-quarter Black Octoroon: A person whose ancestry is one-eighth Black.

How does the Neanderthal tool kit differ from that of home erectus and homo habilis?

In the middle paleolithic period, the Neanderthals had a tool assemblage called the Mousterian in Europe and the near east. Smaller proportion of large core tools such as hand ages and cleavers and a larger proportion of small flake tools such as scrapers. Flakes were often altered or retouched by striking small flakes or chips from one or more edges.

How is the H. Rudolfensis different from H. Habilis?

Larger more enameled teeth ,but reduced from Aust... Flatter broader face Larger brain

How were Lucy's fingers different from humans?

Lucy's finger were different than later hominids and more similar to apes: they were curved and very long.

What is significant about the Lucy skeleton?

Lucy- a. afarensis- bipedal Lucy's skeleton stands beside the skeleton of a modern human female. The parts of the skeleton that have been discovered are shaded. Lucy was shorter than modern females and had relatively long arms and a relatively small brain. Pelvis of lucy was short, flattened and flared like humans. Widening and thickening of the ilium indicates large abductors. Humans have these large abductors

How are chimps typically dispersed as per chimp dominance hierarchies?

Male philopatry-males remain at their birth group. Female dispersal-females leave to find another group once of age. Creates close ties between males. Also creates intra-sexual coalition competition: Chimpanzees are especially well- known for forming male coalitions to challenge and support other males for dominance within the group.

How did people migrate to the America's in the Upper Paleolithic period?

Migrations took place sometime after the emergence of homo sapiens. 14,000 years ago. Migrated over a land bridge between Alaska and Russia. By 11,000 years ago, there were many people living in North and South America.

What is domestication?

Modification or adaptation of plants and animals for use by humans. When people plant crops, we refer to the process as cultivation. It is only when the crops cultivated and the animals raised have been modified-are different from wild varieties-that we speak of plant and animal domestication.

How do neandertals differ morphologically from homo sapiens?

Neanderthals had a lower, larger cranium, larger brow ridge, larger nose, larger shoulder joint, larger, broader rib cage, larger elbow, broader hips, shorter forearm, larger hip joint, larger and thicker patella, larger ankle joint. Wide chest, thick long bones, very robustly built compared to humans (part of cold climate adaptation). Heavily muscled bodies Average height is about 5.4 compared to 5.8.

Which was the first in human ancestry to live in caves?

Neanderthals. May not have lived in caves throughout the entire year, but at least at some points.

Why did food production develop? Or what are the theories?

Most archaeologists believe that certain conditions must have pushed people to switch from collecting to producing food. Hunting and gathering actually takes less time and effort than food production.i.e. soil has to be worked, crops planted, pests controlled, harvest, processed. Agriculture is also risky-could have crops die due to bad weather. Oasis theory of Gordon Childe- 1) Climates dry up (2) People and animals try to find water at oasis (3) People and animals come together to create domestication (4) Agriculture was inevitable Readiness Hypothesis-Robert Braidwood • It just happened... • Suggested that humans became increasingly familiar with plants and animals in their area and began to domesticate them, but does not explain how or why... Kent Flannery suggested that societies will intensify food production only when forced to by population pressure on food resources. • Lou Binford agrees with this and says that demographic stress such as more people moving into an area will require food intensification. • Mark Cohen said that population got so great across the world that no less resources were left.

Does culture have to involve civilization?

NO

Why was this period called the human revolution?

No observable physical change • Significant behavioral changes • Maybe a mainly cultural change like agricultural revolution or industrial revolution? • Maybe genetic changes?: - Language?

Do chimps share food?

Not really. Exception: hunted foods, garden food Between hunt participants and with females in estrus.

What are the different types of chimp parties?

Nursery parties hunting parties War parties Foraging parties Sex parties

What is bipedalism and its importance?

Of all primates, only hominins walk erect on two feet. Bipedalism is locomotion in which an animals walks on its two hind legs. A dish shaped pelvis, a lumbar curve in the spine, straight lower limbs, and arched, hnonprehensile feet are all related to bipedalism. Hominins are fully bipedal and can carry objects without impairing locomotor efficiency.

What are some characteristics of the paranthropus bosei?

Often referred to as the hyper- robust hominid • East African: Olduvai Gorge, Lake Turkana, Koobi Fora, Omo • 2.2mya -1.3mya • Skull is more robust • sagittal and nuchal crests • well developed brow ridges • low or absent forehead -Robust features • face is long and flat • jaws and postcanine teeth large • Specialized diet : hard shell nuts, seeds, tree barks, etc. "Nutcracker man"

What different species of monkey were developed in different geological time periods?

Paleocene-54.00-65.0 Eocene-35.0-54.0 Prosimians Oligocene-23.0-34.0 Monkeys Miocene-5.0-23.0 Apes Pliocene-1.70-5.0 Hominins Pleistocene-0.01-1.7

What are the two species of chimpanzee?

Pan troglodytes (common chimpanzee) Pan paniscus (bonobo or pygmy chimpanzee)

What global changes occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum about 125,000 years ago?

Sea levels lowered, ice sheets expanded, land was cool and dry.

How do archaeologists recognize domesticated plants and animals in the archaeological record?

Plants - Domesticated plants have stronger stem areas where the seeds attach (rachis). - Also tend to have larger edible parts. • Animals - Species outside native area. • i.e. Horses not native to Egypt, but found there archaeologically 4,000 years ago. - Morphological changes. - Measurements-get smaller during domestication. - Sex ratios and age profiles.-young male goats killed in greater proportion - Cultural Evidence Reversing natural selection: Seed Scattering • Non-bursting pods (peas) • Non-shattering heads (grains) • Fruits without seeds

Was A. Afarensis arboreal?

Probably, yes. - All non-human primates except gorillas sleep in trees - long and curved fingers - Foot bones from S. Africa (Stw 373) dated at 3-3.5mya (A. africanus) suggest arborality.

Are there any Neanderthal burial rituals?

Probably. At Le Moustier, France, a skeleton was found with an axe in his hand and pollen in the grave suggesting the presence of flowers. So maybe. 60,000 years ago. There is also Moshe from Israel that is said to have been deliberately buried. Maybe shows evidence of cognitive capacity and belief in the afterlife. Who knows?

What were some qualities of Aust. Africanus?

Pronounced sexual dimorphism Brain averaged 422cc The forward position of the foramen magnum indicated that the skull was poised on top of the vertebral column, erect posture. More Parabolic arcade Small canines and no diastema. Less prognathic.

Why are races not biologically distinct?

Race is supposed to describe genetic variation but racial categories are based on phenotypes. - Phenotypes are the product of genetic, developmental, and environmental factors. - There is no clear logical hierarchy to phenotypic traits, thus it is difficult to demonstrate which should be a definitive racial feature.

What does anatomically modern humans mean?

Refers in paleoanthropology to individual members of the species Homo sapiens with an appearance consistent with the range of phenotypes in modern humans.

What is the significance of acheulean bifaces created by the homo erectus?

Regular proportions for over a million years Suggests cognitive skills or culture A shared mental template. Hand axes used for? •Butchering large animals* •Digging •Strip bark •Projectile weapons •Flake dispensers

Which types of species are robust and which are gracile?

Robust: Paranthropus robustus, Paranthropus boisei Gracile: Australopithecus afarensis, Australopithecus africanus

What was Sul Ross' history with Indians?

Ross first became famous as an Indian fighter. - Fought as Ranger in ethnic cleansing of Central Texas - Texas policy of extermination - October 1, 1858 Massacre of Wichita village (age 20) • Killed men, women, children - December 19, 1860 Massacre at Pease River (age 22) • Killed mainly women and kids • Kidnapped Indian kids; kept them as slaves

What are basal hominids?

Sahelantrhopus tchadensis (7mya) Orrorin tugenensis (6my) Ardipethecus ramidus (4.4 mya)

How did homo erectus become homo sapien?

Scientists argue whether homo heidelbergensis or homo antecessor was the transition species. Heidelbergensis was named after a jaw found in Germany in 1907. Other members of this species have been found in Asia, Africa (Zambia) and other parts of Europe. Homo antecessor refers to a group of homing fossils found in the Atapuerca regionn of Spain that appear to be transitional between Neanderthals and modern humans. Closely related to Homo heidelbergensis and many scholars believe they are the same species.

Who is Jane Goodall?

Studied Chimpanzees for decades at Gombe Stream Reserve in Tanzania • Was one of three L.S.B. Leakey students to first study the great apes. Birute Galdikas - Orangutan Dian Fossey - Gorilla

What is the multi regional model?

Suggested that modern humans evolved in various parts of the Old World after Homo erectus spread out of Africa. Hominid population are linked by gene flow. AMHS evolved as a single species from h erectus through archaics into h. sapiens. Modern humans in each region resemble the archaics. Suggested by M. Wolpoff.

What is the Replacement model or the single origin theory?

Suggests that modern humans emerged in just one part of the Old World and then spread to other parts, replacing Neanderthals, Denisovians and perhaps other hominid species. Africa is the place of modern human origin. Spread 200,000-100,000 years ago in Africa and replaced the Archaics. Genetically isolated hominid species and claims there are no genes from Archaics and Neanderthals.

What species can be made out of the habilis?

The amount of variation present in the habilis specimens was more than 3X as great as the amount of variation found in modern humans or in living chimpanzee or gorilla populations. Analysis indicated that the habilis samples could be divided into at least species: H. habilis H. rudolfensis

What is cultivation?

The planting, tending, improving or harvesting of crops of plants and the preparation of ground to promote their growth.

What is the neolithic revolution?

The shift to the cultivation and domestication of plants and animals.

What is Austropithicus Africanus?

The species is restricted to south African sites of Taung, Sterkfontein, Makapansgat. Date: 3 mya - 2.3mya This was the first australopithecine ever discovered - Raymond Dart in 1924. Very similar to A. afarensis

What is the phylogenetic relationship between humans and chimps?

They are both great apes. Great apes are in this order: Chimps, Humans, Gorillas, and Orangutans.

How is information obtained?

Through genetics or through learning (individual and social)

Why was culture used and what does this have to do with cognitive capacity?

To handle environmental challenges, evolving humans developed new tools, clothes, shelter, use of fire, etc., rather than rely on biological adaptation. • Culture can be spread far faster than genes • Cognitive capacity: a concept that includes intelligence, educability, concept formation, self-evaluation, attention span, sensitivity in discrimination, and creativity

Why does erectus have a large brain?

Tool Making Culture Language Sociality

What was upper paleolithic Europe like?

Tool kit has blades, burins, bone and antler tools and microliths. People were mainly hunters, gatherers and fishers who lived in mobile bands. Camps in open spaces or in caves and rock shelters. Evidence of trade, emergence of art, population growth and new inventions like bow and arrow, atlatl, and the harpoon.

What is significant about hominid archaeology?

Tools first arise around 2.4mya • Often found in association with bone • E.g., Bed I in Olduvai, 10-20m, Mary Leakey, 2-1.5mya • Fossilized animal bone • Stone tools, cores, flakes, hammerstones (presumed manuports

Did hominins hunt or scavenge?

Tools found in association with bone • Not deposited by water - sediments do not indicate deposition by moving water • Not death of large number of animals - not a single species; rather a jumble • Some of the bones were obviously process by tools, not non-human carnivores • Besides, how did the stones get there?Locations of cut marks indicated hominids hunted and scavenged. • Predators have first access to carcass and take away the long-bones with most meat. • Scavengers have secondary access and get the leftovers - like the vertebrate and skull •Cut marks are common on both types • Cut marks over teeth marks and vice versa Meat eating •Very few non-human primate captures or eats meat regularly • No primates hunts large game • Human foragers are hunters who hunt and eat the largest big game. •Inuit - Nearly 100% of calories

What is tradition?

Tradition is a strategy of doing things the way they have always been done. • ... little trial and error involved. • Ethnographically: "I don't know...We always do it that way..." • Little diversity

How have monkeys changed over the years?

Transitional (basal) forms older than 6my. Hominins first appear in the fossil record around-5mya. They different from the other Miocene apes in their locomotion (they are bipedal) By 2-4 mya the lineage diversified into three groups: Australopithecines- Gracile and Robust forms East African and South African Homo-big brains, tools and meat (2.3my) Common Ancestor Chart * See slides.

Where do chimps live?

Western and Central Africa. Bonobo species live almost exclusively in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The greatest number of chimpanzees is located in the rain forests, in what used to be the equatorial forest belt. They can also be found in secondary regrowth forests, open woodlands, bamboo forests, swamp forests and even open savanna where there are forested areas. In savanna areas, they rarely venture far into the savanna except to move from one forest patch to the next.

What is the levallois technique?

When toolmakers produced flake tools of a predetermined size instead of simply chipping flakes away from the core (or nodule) at random. They first shaped the core and prepared a striking platform at one end. Flakes of predetermined and standard sizes could then by knocked off.

What is white supremacy?

White supremacy or white supremacism is a racist ideology based upon the belief that white people are superior to people of other races and that therefore white people should be dominant over other races.

Did the neanderthals go extinct ?

Yes, sort of. Some scientific evidence suggests that some of us are 2% Neanderthals, maybe more.

Did hominins eat meat?

Yes; Ate small and large animals, but mostly the young of large animals like stags, elephants, boars, rhinos and wild oxen.

Is Culture biological?

Yes; Contrasts with genetics, is a separate inheritance system, involves mental phenomena, rooted in neurobiology.

Do animals have culture? If so, is it different?

Yes; For example: the macaque food washing experiment led in the 1950's that continues with subjects today. Also grooming behaviors. Animal culture is not cumulative (things individuals could learn on their own) and is not symbolic.

Was the H. Erectus geographically diverse?

Yes; It traveled through Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Maybe more than 1 species?

Did bipedalism or increased cranial capacity come first?

Yes; Today, the evidence undoubtedly demonstrates that bipedalism was one of the first hallmarks of the hominin lineage, and may have led to many more advances. For example, one advantage of bipedalism is that the hands are freed, which allowed for the production of more technologically advanced stone tools. In turn, the production of more complex tools may have led to a higher protein diet that affected brain size.

What was Sul Ross' involvement with the confederacy?

Youngest confederate general. 1864 Battle of Yazoo, Ross' policy- no black prisoners

What is husbandry?

the care, cultivation, and breeding of crops and animals.

What are some characteristics of archaic homo sapiens (or homo heidelbergensis)?

• Arise 780,000-200,000 yrs • ~1300cc , bigger than erectus • smaller teeth • But... • Long low skull • Thick cranial bones • Large face, prognathic face compared to modern humans • No chin • Browridges Better acheulian tools Fire, shelter and hunting

How was behavior of homos in the upper paleolithic?

• ~50,000 ago a lot of cultural changes • Paul Mellars calls this the Human Revolution • Technology • Subsistence and Social Organization • Symbolic Behavior