Abnormal Psychology Exam #3: Chapters 10-15
Hashish
much stronger than marijuana, is produced by removing and drying the resin exudate of the tops of cannabis plants
MATRIX
multifaceted treatment consisting of 16 CBT group sessions, 12 family education sessions, 4 individual therapy sessions, and 4 social support sessions in treatment of Methamphetamine.
withdrawal symptoms of opiates
muscle pain, sneezing, sweating, become tearful, yawns frequently. After 36 hours, may have muscle twitching, cramps, chills alternating with excessive flushing and sweating, rise in heart rate and blood pressure, unable to sleep, vomits, and has diarrhea.
Common genetic factors may account for the relationship between certain personality characteristics, such as:
negative emotionality and constraint with eating disorders.
What does the patch treat
nicotine
2. Sheila has had three subordinate employees request transfers from her department. They each stated that she was too controlling, picked on small mistakes, and would not listen to any new ideas for solving problems. At the interview, she brought in a typed, 15-page chart of the goals she would like to execute for the company. Despite having an inordinate number of goals, she has failed to complete a single project during her first year with the company.
obsessive compulsive personality disorder
What are sociocultural factors that attribute to alcohol use?
one's culture and country's attitude towards drinking. Certain countries drink more than others Availability of alcohol to consume. Raising the price disproportionately affects the poor and doesn't work to reduce consumption. Family factors such as exposure to alcohol by parents. Unhappy marriages lead to more drinking. Poor monitoring of children's friends by parents leads to more drinking as well. Having friends who smoke predicts smoking. Advertisements can and do affect youngster's and their choices on smoking.
extrnalizing disorders
outward directed behaviors such as aggressiveness, noncompliance, over-activity and impulsiveness. Includes ADHD, conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
histrionic personality disorder
overly dramatic and attention - seeking behavior. People with this disorder often use their physical appearance, such as unusual clothes, makeup, or hair color, to draw attention to themselves. Despite their expressions of extravagant and intense emotions, they are thought to be emotionally shallow. They are self-centered, overly concerned with their physical attractiveness, and uncomfortable when not the center of attention. They can be inapprpriately sexually provocative and seductive and are easily influenced by others.
Findings of several studies support the idea that dependent personality traits are related to ___ & ____ parenting
overprotective and authoritarian
psychological treatment of ADHD
parent training programs are effective token systems intensive behavior therapy is as effective as Ritalin combined with less intensive behavioral therapy
parent management training PMT
parents are taught to modifier their responses to their children so that prosocial rather than antisocial behavior is reinforced. Parents are taught to use positive reinforcement for positive behaviors and time outs/response cost for aggressive behaviors
neurocognitive deficits and lower IQ are often seen in men diagnosed with__
pedophilic disorder
gender dysphoria
people who experience a strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex. Gender dysphoria is only diagnosed when the desire to be a member of the opposite sex causes marked distress or functional impairment
Narcissism increasing causes: parenting
people with high self-reported levels of narcissism do report experiencing overindulgence from their parents
Narcissism increasing causes: self-psychology
people with narcissistic personality disorder experience shame more frequently than do those without personality disorder. Inflated self-worth and denigration from others are seen as defenses against feelings of shame in the strive to bolster their self-esteem.
psychological risk: insensitivity to threat and to other's emotions
people with psychopathy seem unable to learn from experience; they often repeat misconduct that has been harshly punished, even if it resulted in jail time. They seem immune to the anxiety that keeps most of us from breaking the law, lying, or injuring others. It is possible people with psychopathy do not learn to avoid trouble because they are insensitive to threats
●DSM-5 Criteria for Female Sexual Interest/Arousal Disorder
persistent deficits in sexual interest, biological arousal, or subjective stimuli Diminished, absent, or reduced frequency of at least three of the following: ●Interest in sexual activity ●Erotic thoughts or fantasies ●Initiation of sexual activity and responsiveness to partner's attempts to initiate ●Sexual excitement/pleasure during 75 percent of sexual encounters ●Sexual interest/arousal elicited by any internal or external erotic cues ●Genital or nongenital sensations during 75 percent of sexual encounters
sexual dysfunctions
persistent disruptions in the ability to experience sexual arousal, desire, or orgasm, or as pain associated with intercourse. Paraphilic disorders are defined as persistent and troubling attractions to unusual sexual activities or objects
2. List two primary concerns about the DSM-5 approach to personality disorders.
personality disorders are not as stable as the definition implies, and they are highly comorbid with each other;
problems with the DSM-5 approach to personality disorders
personality disorders are not stable over time. - About half of the people diagnosed with a personality disorder at one point in time had achieved remission when they interviewed two years later. \16 years later, 99% had been remitted. Personality disorder symptoms appear the most common during adolescence and decline into the 20s. Personality disorders are highly comorbid - More than 50% of people diagnosed with a personality disorder meet the diagnostic criteria for another personality disorder
what diathesis-stress affects the heritability of personality disorders?
personality disorders are strongly related to early adversity. Childhood abuse or neglect was related to higher risk of paranoid, antisocial, borderline, narcissistic, dependent, and OCD personality disorders
What is alcohol use disorder comorbid with?
personality disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders as well as other drug use.
peer group drinking behavior
positive attitude --> experimentation --> regular use --> heavy use --> dependence or abuse
psychopathy
poverty of emotions, both positive and negative have no sense of shame, and their seemingly positive feelings for others are merely an act. They are superficially charming and use that charm to manipulate others for personal gain. Their lack of anxiety might make it impossible for them to learn from their mistakes, and their lack of remorse leads them to behave irresponsibly and often cruelly toward others. The rule-breaking behavior of a person with psychopathy is performed impulsively, as much for thrills as for financial gain.
early adversity
predicted depression between 15-20 rejection by parents is modestly associated
psychological effects of opiates
produce euphoria, drowsiness, and sometimes a lack of coordination. The user sheds worries and fears for 4 to 6 hours. Produce their effects by stimulating neural receptors of the body's own opiod system .
Dementia with Lewy Bodies (DLB)
protein deposits called Lewy bodies form in the brain and cause the cognitive decline. 80% of people with Parkingson's disease will develop DLB, but some people without Parkingson's will develop DLB as well. The symptoms associated with this type of dementia are often hard to distinguish from the symptoms of Parkinson's (such as the shuffling gait) and Alzheimer's disease (such as loss of memory). DLB is more likely than Alzheimer's disease to include prominent visual hallucinations and fluctuating cognitive symptoms (APA, 2013). People with DLB are often extremely sensitive to the physical side effects of antipsychotic medications. Another distinct symptom of DLB is that people often experience intense dreams accompanied by levels of movement and vocalizing that may make them seem as though they are "acting out their dreams"
People with psychopathy show weakened classical conditioning to aversive stimuli... Continue...
psychopathy is related to inattentiveness to threats when pursuing a goal. Antisocial behavior is associated with deficits in regions of the prefrontal cortex that are involved in attending to negative information during goal pursuit.
general approaches to the treatment of personality disorders
psychotherapy is considered the treatment of choice for personality disorders, sometimes supplemented with medications cognitive therapy psychodynamic therapy
Mortality rates among women with anorexia range from ___ to ___ %
range from 3-5% Death is more likely among those who had anorexia the longest
paraphilic disorders
recurrent sexual attraction to unusual objects or sexual activities lasting at least 6 months. There is a deviation in what the person is attracted, defined in the DSM based on the source of arousal.
The benefit of marijuana when used for chronic illnesses is primarily to Question 3 options: a) reduce nausea for patients undergoing chemotherapy. b) increase immune function. c) improve attention and maintain medication adherence. d) prevent additional infection.
reduce nausea
therapeautic effects of marijuana
reduction in nausea and loss of appetite that accompanies chemo for people with cancer, glaucoma, chronic pain, muscle spasms, seizures, and discomfort from AIDS. Use alternative delivery systems other than smoking.
hallucinogen
refers to the main effects of such drugs, hallucinations.
withdrawal
refers to the negative physical and psychological effects that develop when a person stops taking the substance or reduces the amount. Substance withdrawal symptoms can include; muscle pains, twitching, sweats, vomitting, diarrhea, and insomnia.
●DSM-5 Criteria for Erectile Disorder On at least 75 percent of sexual occasions:
refers tp failure to attain or maintain an erection through completion of the sexual activity ●Inability to attain an erection, or ●Inability to maintain an erection for completion of sexual activity, or ●Marked decrease in erectile rigidity interferes with penetration or pleasure
Peer influence
rejection by peers affiliate with deviant peers Both increase aggression
resolution phase
relaxation and sense of well-being that follows an orgasm.
treatment of ID
residential treatment behaviral treatments: early intervention programs with operant conditioning principles ABA
Answer the questions. 1. Which personality disorder is most related to schizophrenia in family history studies?
schizotypal
cognitive treatments
self instructional training teaches children to guide their problem solving efforts
Neurotransmitters and their relation to eating disorders
serotonin: related to eating and promotes satiety The binges of people with bulimia or binge eating disorder could result from a serotonin deficit that causes them not to feel full after they eat. dopamine: related to the reward/pleasing aspects of food
Male Hypoactive sexual desire disorder
sexual fantasies and desires, as judged by the clinician, are deficient or absent
desire phase
sexual interest or desire often associated with sexually arousing fantasies or thoughts
orgasm phase
sexual pleasure peaks. men ejaculate, women contract the outer walls of the vagina
incest
sexual relations between closer relatives for whom marriage is forbidden. It is most common between brother and sister. The next most common form, which is considered more pathological, is between father and daughter.
psychological effects of marijuana
shifts in emotion, dull attention, fragment thoughts, impair memory, give the sense that time is moving more slowly
marijuana can have ____ effects on learning and memory; it is less clear if there are _____ effects
short term long term
physical consequences of Marijuana
short term effects - bloodshot and itchy eyes, dry mouth and throat, increased appetite, reduce pressure within the eye, somewhat raised blood pressure. long term - can impaire lung structure and function. Has the same carcinogens found in tobacco, to a greater strength.
life course pattern of CD
show conduct problems by age 3 and continue into adulthood Have the most severe problems - lower education, psychopathology, child abuse, low SES, poor physical health, violent behavior
plaques
small round beta-amyloid protein deposits that are outside the neurons. People with Alzheimer's disease have more of these.
neurobiological
smaller hippocampus due to higher levels of cortisol in people with depression
what lifestyle choices increase the role Alzheimer's may play?
smoking, being single, obesity, depression, and low social support are related to greater risk. exercise may predict fewer memory problems. Regular exercise predicts less decline in cognitive functions. Engagement in intellectual activities also appears helpful. Frequent cognitive activity is related to a 46% decrease in risk of A's disease compared to infrequent cognitive activity.
avoidant personality disorder often co-occurs with ____
social anxiety disorder About 80% of people with avoidant personality disorder have comorbid major depression. Alcohol abuse is also common among people with this disorder.
avoidant (from cluster C - anxious/fearful personality disorder subtype)
social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to negative evaluation
treatments for smoking
social pressure - numerous laws to prohibit smoking in almost all public spaces provides incentives to support to stop smoking. People are more likely to quit if other people around them quit.
More than pathway for pedopheliacs
some men seem sexually preoccupied with children and experience a sense of emotional compatibility with children; other men have a profile of more general impulsive, psychopathic traits.
Treatment of ADHD
stimulant medications: Ritalin, Adderall, Concerta, Strattera. reduce disruptive behavior and impulsivity and improve ability to focus attention Combined treatment of medication with intensive behavioral treatment is the most effective
neurobiological factors
studies of brain structure have found that dopaminergic areas of the brain, such as the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and frontal lobes, are smaller in children with ADHD than in children without ADHD Moreover, children with ADHD perform poorly on neuropsychological tests that rely on the frontal lobes (such as inhibiting behavioral responses), providing further support for the theory that a basic deficit in this part of the brain may be related to the disorder
methadone
synthetic narcotics designed to take the place of heroin. The drugs are themselves addicting, so successful treatments just converts the person to dependence from one drug to another.
women with eating disorders pay greater attention not only to their own bodies, food, and weight, but also to other women's bodies, food, and shapes
that people with anorexia and bulimia focus their attention on food-related words or images more than other images. People with anorexia nervosa and people who score high on restrained eating remember food words better when they are full but not when they are hungryOther studies have found that college women with eating disorder symptoms pay attention to and better remember images depicting other people's body size more than images depicting emotion
personality trait domains
the 6 categories of the new system negative affectivity detachment antagonism disinhibition psychoticism
nicotine
the addicting agent of tobacco.
age effects
the consequences of being a certain chronological age
cohort effects
the consequences of growing up during a particular time period with its unique challenges and opportunities. EX: living during 9/11, or the Great Depression will shape attitudes and experiences.
Kaplan phases do not fit data for women in 2 ways:
the desire and excitement phase may not be distinct stages the Kaplan definition of the excitement phase may be overly biological
Neurobiological factors that contribute to eating disorders
the hypothalamus is a key brain center for regulating hunger and eating. Research on animals with lesions to the lateral hypothalamus indicates that they lose weight and have no appetite However, a dysfunctional hypothalamus does not seem to be a likely factor in anorexia nervosa (for details see page 338)
cognitive reserve
the idea that some people may be able to compensate for the disease by using alternative brain networks or cognitive strategies such that cognitive symptoms are less pronounced.
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
the infant, born without obvious signs of difficulty, soon begins to suffer from a deficiency of a liver enzyme, phenylalanine hydroxylase. Because of this enzyme deficiency, phenylalanine and its derivative, phenylpyruvic acid, are not broken down and instead build up in the body's fluids. This buildup can damage the brain because the unmetabolized amino acid interferes with the process of myelination, the sheathing of neuron axons, which is essential for neuronal function. Myelination supports the rapid transmittal of neuronal impulses. If not properly treated, intellectual disabilities can be profound.
cross sectional studies
the investigator compares different age groups at the same moment in time on the variable of interest. Cross sectional studies do not examine the same people over time, consequently, they do not provide clear information about how people change as they age
Several studies have found low levels of serotonin metabolites among people with anorexia and bulimia. Lower levels of a neurotransmitter's metabolites are one indicator that:
the neurotransmitter activity is underactive.
delirium tremens (DTs)
the person becomes delirious as well as tremulous and has hallucinations that are primarily visual but may be tactile as well. Unpleasant and very active creatures- snakes, cockroaches, spiders etc may appear to be crawling up the wall or over the person's body or to be filling the room. Feverish, disoriented, and terrified, the person may claw frantically at their own skin to get rid of the sensations.
invalidating environment
the person's feelings are discounted and disrespected - that is, the person's efforts to communicate feelings are disregarded or punished.
polypharmacy
the prescribing of multiple drugs to a person, because doctors do not check to see if the person is taking other medications or seeing other doctors. About 1/3 of elderly persons are prescribed at least 5 medications This increases the risk of adverse drug reactions and toxicity
longitudinal studies
the researcher periodically retests one group of people using the same measure over a number of years or decades These studies allow us to trace individual patterns of consistency or change over time.
2nd hand smoke
the smoke coming from the burning end of a cigarette, or environmental tobacco smoke, contains higher concentrations of ammonia, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and tar than does smoke actually inhaled by the smoker.
anorexia nervosa
the term anorexia refers to loss of appetite and nervosa indicates that the loss is due to emotional reasons. 3 Features Required for the diagnosis: 1. Restriction behaviors that promote healthy body weight. This is usually taken to mean that the person weighs much less than is considered normal on the BMI scale. 2. Intense fear of gaining weight and being fat or behavior that interferes with gaining weight. 3. Distorted body image or sense of body shape. Even when emaciated, those with anorexia nervosa maintain that they are overweight and that certain parts of their body are too fat. Prior to DSM-5, amenorrhea (loss of menstrual period) was one of the diagnostic criteria.
the traits that characterize the personality disorders are probably too ingrained to change thoroughly.
the therapist might find it more realistic to change a disorder into a style or a more adaptive way to approaching life.
medications that can treat dementia
there are no medications that can treat FTD Non FTD dementias can be treated with Cholinesterase inhibitors (Exelon, Aricept- rivastigmine and donepezil respectively) which have a slight effect in slowing memory decline. Cholinesterase inhibitors interefere with the breakdown of acetylecholine-ACH Memantine (Namenda), is a drug that affects glutamate receptors involved in memory, and has been shown to have a small effect. Often drugs are discontinued for their side-effects such as nausea antidepressants can help relieve depressive symptoms in A's disease and FTD Antipsychotics can provide relief from aggression but also increase the risk of death.
People with BPD often have no developed a clear and coherent sense of self -
they sometimes experience major swings in such basic aspects of identity as their values, loyalties, and career choices. One month they may consider a career in the business world, complete with the wardrobe and polished demeanor of a professional salesperson, the next month they may try acting, trading their clothes in for colorful artistic clothes.
Characteristics of families of children with eating disorders
those with eating disorders self report high levels of conflict in the family, but reports from parents do not indicate high levels of family problems. The parents of children with eating disorders did lack some communication skills, however, such as the ability to request clarification of vague statements
Nicotine is the addicting agent in Question 1 options: a) marijuana. b) hashish. c) tobacco. d) cocaine.
tobacco
Frotteuristic Disorder
touching an unsuspecting person. The person with this disorder may rub his penis against a woman's thighs or buttocks or fondle her breasts or genitals. These attacks occur in places such as a crowded bus or sidewalk that provide an easy means of escape.
3. Sex therapists may recommend that a woman who does not achieve orgasm practice masturbation without her partner present.
true
4. People with one sexual dysfunction tend to have other comorbid sexual dysfunctions.
true
true or false even moderate drinking by pregnant women can cause learning and attention problems in their children
true
true or false research suggests that nicotine can enhance the rewarding properties of alcohol
true
True or false? Ecstasy contains compounds associated with hallucinogens and amphetamines
true.
neurofibrillary tangles
twisted protein filaments composed largely of the protein tau in the axons of neurons. People with Alzheimer's disease have more of these than would expected for the person's age. Tangles are most densely present in the hippocampus, an area important for memory.
adolescent course of CD
typical childhood, high levels of antisocial behavior in adolescents, then typical adulthood
binge
typically occur in secret, may be triggered by stress and the negative emotions they arouse, and they continue until the person is uncomfortably full. Foods that can be rapidly consumed, especially sweets such as ice cream and cake, are usually part of a binge. Often likely to occur after a negative or negatively perceived social interaction After the binge is over, feelings of discomfort, disgust, and fear of weight gain lead to the inappropriate compensatory behavior
Addiction
typically refers to a severe substance use disorder
penile plethsymograph
used to measure male sexual arousal.
cognitive behavioral theories on bulimia nervosa
various negative mood states such as anxiety and depression further increase the eating of restrained eaters. The increased consumption of restrained eaters is especially pronounced when their self-image is threatened and if they have low self-esteem. When restrained eaters are given false feedback indicating that their weight is high, they respond with increases in negative emotion and increased food consumption. People with bulimia nervosa or binge eating disorder typically binge when they encounter stress and experience negative emotions Negative affect preceded the onset of a binge, but effect sizes are stronger for binge eating disorder than bulimia Concerns about body shape and weight predicted restrained eating, which in turn predicted an increase in binge eating across 5 years of follow - up assessments.
flashbacks
visual recurrences of perceptual experiences after the physiological effects of the drug have worn off.
physical effects of amphetamines
wakefulness is heightened, intestinal functions are inhibited, and appetite is reduced (used in dieting). Heart rate quickens, blood vessels in the skin and mucous membranes constrict, the person becomes alert, euphoric, and outgoing an dis possessed of seemingly boundless energy and self-confidence. Larger doses can make them nervous, agitated, confused, headaches, dizziness, and sleeplessness. Sometimes users become suspicious or hostile
MDMA (methylenedioxymethamphetamine)
what ecstasy is made of. Often mixed with other substances (caffeine) or drugs (LSD, katmine, talcum powder) making the effects vary dramatically.
selective mortality
when people are no longer available for follow up because of death. Selective mortality results in a particular form of bias, in that results obtained with the remaining sample are more relevant to drawing conclusions about relatively healthy people than about unhealthy people
fragile X syndrome
which involves a mutation in the fMR1 gene on the X chromosome (National Fragile X Foundation: www.fragilex.org). Physical symptoms associated with fragile X include large, underdeveloped ears and a long, thin face. Many people with fragile X syndrome have intellectual disability. Others may not have intellectual disability but may have a specific learning disorder, difficulties on neuropsychological tests, and mood swings. exhibit autism spectrum behaviors
DSM-5 criteria for paranoid personality disorder
●DSM-5 Criteria for Paranoid Personality Disorder Presence of 4 or more of the following signs of distrust and suspiciousness from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Unjustified suspiciousness of being harmed, deceived, or exploited ●Unwarranted doubts about the loyalty or trustworthiness of friends or associates ●Reluctance to confide in others because of suspiciousness ●The tendency to read hidden meanings into the benign actions of others ●Bears grudges for perceived wrongs ●Angry reactions to perceived attacks on character or reputation ●Unwarranted suspiciousness of the partner's fidelity
●DSM-5 Criteria for Voyeuristic Disorder
●For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the observation of unsuspecting others who are naked, disrobing, or engaged in sexual activity ●Person has acted on these urges with a nonconsenting person, or the urges and fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal problems
●DSM-5 Criteria for Fetishistic Disorder
●For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving the use of nonliving objects or nongenital body parts ●Causes significant distress or impairment in functioning ●The sexually arousing objects are not limited to articles of clothing used in cross-dressing or to devices designed to provide tactile genital stimulation, such as a vibrator The person with fetishistic disorder feels a compulsive attraction to the object; the attraction is experienced as involuntary and irresistible. The exclusive and very special status the object occupies as a sexual stimulant distinguishes fetishistic disorder from the ordinary attraction that, for example, high heels may hold for heterosexual men in Western cultures.
cravings
'wanting' for drugs
Alzheimer's disease
(1906) the brain tissue irreversibly deteriorates and death usually occurs within 12 years after the onset of symptoms. 6th leading cause of death in the US The most common symptom is msemory loss. Begins with absentmindedness and gaps in memory for new material. My leave tasks unfinished. Apathy is common even before the cognitive symptoms become noticeable and about 1/3 of people develop full blown depression as the illness worsens.
1. Describe the level of interrater reliability obtained for the DSM-5 personality disorders with structured diagnostic interviews and with unstructured diagnostic interviews.
1. Most personality disorders can be reliably assessed when structured diagnostic interviews are used: Interrater reliability correlations have been .79 or higher with the exception of schizoid personality disorder, where agreement is more modest. Interrater reliability when clinicians use unstructured interviews is adequate for borderline personality disorder but is not adequate for two other common personality disorders;
The DSM-5 includes three specifiers to indicate which symptoms predominate:
1. Predominantly inattentive: children whose problems are primarily those of poor attention 2. Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive: children whose difficulties result primarily from hyperactive/impulsive behavior 3. Combined: children who have both sets of problems. The combined specifier comprises the majority of children with ADHD
Preventive Interventions for Eating Disorders
1. Psychoeducational approaches. The focus is on educating children and adolescents about eating disorders in order to prevent them from developing the symptoms. 2. Deemphasizing sociocultural influences. The focus here is on helping children and adolescents resist or reject sociocultural pressures to be thin. 3. Risk factor approach. The focus here is on identifying people with known risk factors for developing eating disorders (e.g., weight and body-image concern, dietary restraint) and intervening to alter these factors. The most effective prevention programs are those that are interactive rather than didactic, include adolescents age 15 or older, include girls only, and involve multiple sessions rather than just one session. Some effects appear to last as long as 2 years.
According to the social cognitive model, how to people with narcissism interact with others?
1. They brag...a lot. 2. When someone else performs better than they do on a task that is relevant to self-esteem, they will denigrate the other person, even to that person's face.
motivational interventions
1. comprehensive assessment that included an interview that carefully assessed drinking from the last 3 months and 2. a brief motivational treatment that included individualized feedback about a person's drinking in relation to community and national averages, education about the effects of alcohol, and tips for reducing harm and moderating drinking.
sexual response cycle
1. desire phase 2. excitement phase 3. orgasm phase 4. resolution phase
what are the 3 psycholigcal factors behind most people taking drugs?
1. mood alteration 2. people's experiences about the effects of substances on behavior, including beliefs about how prevalent a drug is used and health risks associated with the drug 3. Certain personality traits make it more likely for some people to use drugs heavily.
what explains the effect of lower prevalence in psychological disorders as we age?
1. older adults may be more uncomfortable acknowledging and discussing mental health or drug use problems compared to younger people 2. People with psychological disorders may die earlier, so studies on aging may suffer from the issue of selective mortality 3. Emotional coping improves with age. This should translate into a decrease in psychological disorders
Narcissism increasing causes: social cognitive model
1. people with narcissism have fragile self-esteem, in part because they are trying to maintain the belief that they are special 2. interpersonal interactions are important to them for bolstering self-esteem rather than for gaining closeness or warmth.
myths about late life
1. that we will become doddering and befuddled. 2. that we will be unhappy, cope poorly with troubles 3. we will become focused on our poor health and lead a lonely life. All of these are false.
3 categories of sexual dysfunctions
1. those involving sexual desire. arousal, and interest 2. orgasmic disorder 3. disorder involving sexual pain
prevalence of ADHD
11% 3 times more likely in boys than girls
Prevalence of opiate abuse/dependence
156,000 new users in 2012 in the US. Abuse is highest among European Americans and Native Americans
the prevalence of smoking in 2014 was ____% down from ____ % in 1964
18 43
Autism wasn't fully recognized by the DSM until __
1980
outcomes after childhood sexual abuse
20% of women and 5% of men report experiencing some form of childhood sexual abuse. The abuser is often an adult whom the child knows and trusts. When the abuser is someone close to the child, the child is likely to be torn on the one hand by allegiance to the abuser and, on the other hand, by fear, revulsion, and the knowledge that what is happening is wrong. About half of children who are exposed to CSA will develop symptoms, such as depression, low self-esteem, conduct disorder, and anxiety disorders like posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The odds that CSA will produce clinically significant symptoms are increased when a perpetrator threatens the child, the child blames him- or herself, or the family is unsupportive. Negative outcomes are stronger when the CSA involves intercourse and when the CSA started at an earlier age. In one study of almost 2000 twin pairs, adults with a history of CSA had substantially increased risk of depression, suicide, conduct disorder, alcohol dependence, social anxiety, rape, and divorce compared to their nonabused twins.
In 2012, over ____ people in the US met the diagnostic criteria for a substance use disorder. Of this large number of people most ______ met the criteria for alcohol use disorder
22 million 15 million
personalit facets
25 in the new system a few ex: anxiousness, hositility, submissiveness, depressiviity, intimacy avoidance etc
prevalence of learning disorders
4-7%
what percentages of women compared to men report symptoms of sexual dysfunction
43% vs 31%
suicide rates are quite high for people with anorexia with as many as __% completing suicide and ___% attempting suicide
5% 20%
Voyeuristic attractions
50% of men report fantasies of watching unsuspecting naked women
prognosis (recovery rates)
50-70% of people with anorexia eventually recover. However, recovery often takes 6-7 years, and relapses are common before a stable pattern of eating and weight maintenance is achieved.
2. What is the level of heritability for the personality disorders?
55-72% more than half
3. List two ways in which the alternative DSM-5 approach to personality differs from the approach that appears in the main body of the DSM manual.
6 personality disorders instead of 10, and the inclusion of personality trait domains and facets (dimensional scores)
prevalence
6-9.5% peaks at 17 then drops precipitously in young adulthood more common in boys
The goal of scheduled smoking is Question 14 options: a) gradual reduction in nicotine intake. b) controlled smoking, in which smoking continues but much more moderately. c) to help smokers quit abruptly by scheduling a 'stop smoking' day in advance. d) identification of triggers associated with smoking. Save
A
Is drug replacement an effective treatment for cocaine use disorder?
A meta analysis of 9 randomized controlled clinical trials revealed that drug replacement is not effective treatment.
Obese
A person with a BMI greater than 30 is considered obese Only 2-25% of obese people qualify for binge eating disorder Between 25-40% of the variance in obesity is attributed to genetic factors
●DSM-5 Criteria for Avoidant Personality Disorder
A pervasive pattern of social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy, and hypersensitivity to criticism as shown by four or more of the following from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Avoidance of occupational activities that involve significant interpersonal contact, because of fears of criticism or disapproval ●Unwilling to get involved with people unless certain of being liked ●Restrained in intimate relationships because of the fear of being shamed or ridiculed ●Preoccupation with being criticized or rejected ●Inhibited in new interpersonal situations because of feelings of inadequacy ●Views self as socially inept, unappealing or inferior ●Unusually reluctant to try new activities because they may prove embarrassing
which genetic polymorhpism has the largest contribution to Alzeheimer's disease?
A polymorphism of a gene on chromosome 19, called the apolipoprotein ε4 or ApoE-4 allele. Having one E4 allele increases the risk of A disease to about 20%, having 2 E4 alleles brings the risk substantially higher
●DSM-5 Criteria for Pedophilic Disorder
●For at least 6 months, recurrent and intense, sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving sexual contact with a prepubescent child ●Person has acted on these urges or the urges and fantasies cause marked distress or interpersonal problems ●Person is at least 16 years old and 5 years older than the child People with pedophilic disorder generally molest children whom they know, such as neighbors or friends of the family. Most with pedophilic disorder do not engage in violence other than the sexual act,
Answer the questions. 4. Which neurotransmitter is most involved in Alzheimer's disease?
ACH-acetylcholine
stimulants
Act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity. Amphetamines are synthetic stimulants; cocaine is a natural stimulant extract from the coca leaf. include amphetamines and cocaine, act on the brain and the sympathetic nervous system to increase alertness and motor activity. Tolerance and withdrawal are associated with all these drugs. Abuse of meth, a derivative of amphetamine, has decline since the 90's but remains a problem.
cross-dependent
Act on the same central nervous system receptors, and become a substitute for the original dependency. Abrupt discontinuation of methadone results in its own pattern of withdrawal reactions, but because these reactions are less severe than those of heroin, methadone has potential for weaning heroin users altogether from drug dependence.
culture and hallucinogen use
African Americans and Asian Americans are less likely to use hallucinogens than Native Americans, European Americans, and Hispanics.
Short term effects of alcohol
After being swallowed, goes to the small intestine --> absorbed by bloodstream --> broken down by liver.
What do antidepressants treat>
Alcohol
What does couples therapy treat?
Alcohol
Long-term effects of prolonged alcohol abuse
Alcohol impairs the digestion of food and absorption of vitamins. In older, chronic abusers, a deficiency of B complex vitamins can cause amnestic syndrome, a severe loss of memory for both recent and long-past events. Prolonged alcohol use plus reduction in the intake of proteins contributes to the development of cirrhosis of the liver, a disease in which some liver cells become engorged with fat and protein, impeding their function. Some cells die, it's inflammatory process is triggered, and scar tissue develops. Blood is obstructed. Also may damage endocrine glands, brain, and pancreas. Heart failure, erectile dysfunction, hypertension, stroke, and capillary hemorrhages (causes swelling of face/nose)
4 types of dementia
Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, vascular dementia, dementia with Lewy bodies The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer's disease, which accounts for about 80% of dementias.
●DSM-5 Criteria for Dependent Personality Disorder
An excessive need to be taken care of, as shown by the presence of at least five of the following from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Difficulty making decisions without excessive advice and reassurance from others ●Need for others to take responsibility for most major areas of life ●Difficulty disagreeing with others for fear of losing their support ●Difficulty doing things on own or starting projects because of lack of self-confidence ●Doing unpleasant things as a way to obtain the approval and support of others ●Feelings of helplessness when alone because of fears of being unable to care for self ●Urgently seeking new relationship when one ends ●Preoccupation with fears of having to take care of self
Medication treatments for Bulimia Nervosa
Antidepressants reduce both binge eating and purging in people who did not respond to prior psychological treatment Frequently people with bulimia drop out of drug treatment Most people relapse when various kinds of antidepressant medications are withdrawn
One facet of aging deserves particular attention.
As people age, the quality and depth of their sleep declines. Rates of sleep apnea increase. Untreated and chronic sleep deficits can worsen physical, psychological, and cognitive problems, and can even increase the risk of mortality
sociocultural factors influencing eating disorders
As society has become more health and fat conscious, dieting to lose weight has become more common; the number of dieters increased from 7 percent of men and 14 percent of women in 1950 to 29 percent of men and 44 percent of women in 1999 The percentages above indicate that women are more likely than men to be dieters. The onset of eating disorders is typically preceded by dieting and other concerns about weight, supporting the idea that social standards stressing the importance of thinness play a role in the development of these disorders
2. Which statement is true regarding binge eating disorder? a. It is more common in men than women. b. It was not an eating disorder category in DSM-IV-TR. c. It is synonymous with obesity. d. It includes binges and purges.
B. It was not an eating disorder category in DSM-IV-TR.
social factors: childhood abuse in the context of genetic vulnerability for BPD
BPD has been tied to extremely high rates of childhood abuse or neglect, as well as to high estimates of heritability. Genetically driven impulsivity, emotionality, or risk-seeking in the parents could increase the risk that both abuse and BPD will occur
treatments of sexual dysfunctions
Behavioral couples therapy sex therapy
spectator role
Being an observer rather than a participant in a sexual experience
Possible biological causes of sexual disorders
Biological causes of sexual dysfunctions can include diseases such as diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injury; heavy alcohol use before sex; chronic alcohol dependence; and heavy cigarette smoking
Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia is from a Greek word meaning 'ox hunger'. This disorder involves episodes of rapid consumption of a large amount of food, followed by compensatory behavior, such as vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise, to prevent weight gain. DSM-5 requires episodes of bingeing and compensatory behavior occur at least once a week for 3 months.
Onset, Prevalence, Gender of Bulimia Nervosa
Bulimia nervosa typically begins in late adolescence or early adulthood. 90% of people with bulimia are women, and prevalence among women is thought to be about 1-2% of the population
1. All of the following are symptoms of anorexia except: a. fear of fat and gaining weight b. unwillingness to maintain normal weight c. perfectionism d. distorted body image
C. Perfectionism
Jared is receiving guided self-change therapy for his alcohol abuse. Accordingly, he is also learning strategies for controlling his behaviors associated with drinking, as well as actual drinking. In such a program, which of the following would NOT be a factor? Question 9 options: a) The encouragement of minor behavioral changes (e.g., not driving past bars) b) Calculating the amount of money spent on alcohol per year c) Achieving recognition that he has become completely powerless over alcohol d) Utilizing an empathic, supportive approach
C...
Research suggests that ___ therapy is an effective treatment for bulimia, both in the short and long term.
CBT
treatment of sexual disorders
CBT -aversion therapy, cognitive restructuring social skills training and sexual impulse control training
Psychological treatment of binge eating disorder
CBT has shown to be effective for binge eating disorder in several studies. CBT is used for targeting binges as well as restrained eating by emphasizing self-monitoring, self-control, and problem solving as regards eating. Randomized control trials have shown Interpersonalized therapy is as effective as CBT and guided self-help for CBT
psychological treatments for Bulimia Nervosa
CBT is the best-validated and most current standard of treatment of bulimia
neuropsychological factors
CD children have trouble perceiving distress and happiness on the faces of others. Reduces activation of amygdala and prefrontal cortex
Psychosocial factors
Childhood sexual abuse-diminished arousal and desire, premature ejaculation later in life People with depression and panic disorder are at risk for sexual dysfunction Too much stress and exhaustion impede sexual functioning Negative cognitions such as worries of pregnancy or AIDS, negative attitudes about sex, or concerns about the partner, can interfere with sexual functioning.
abuse vs MAOA
Children who are maltreat and have low MAOA activity are more likely to develop CD than children who are maltreated but have high MAOA.
Prognosis (recovery) of Bulimia Nervosa
Close to 75% recover, although about 10-20% remain fully symptomatic.
The links of personality disorder with anxiety, mood, and substance are particularly pronounced for the cluster ___ personality disorders
Cluster B - antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic
neurobiological theory of cravings aka Incentive-sensitization theory
Considers the craving 'wanting' for drugs and the pleasure that comes with taking the drug 'liking' According to this theory, the dopamine system linked to pleasure, or liking, becomes super sensitive not just to the direct effects of drugs, but also to the cues associated with drugs.. This sensitivity cues craving/wanting and people go to extreme lengths to seek out and obtain drugs. Over time, liking for drugs decreases, but the wanting remains very intense.
This study also found that women with either eating disorder exhibited less expression of another dopamine gene called ____
DRD2. Other studies have found disturbances in the DRD2 gene only among women with anorexia. These findings point to the role of dopamine in eating disorders and will need to be replicated in future studies.
DSM-5 Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorde
DSM-5 Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder ●Age at least 18 ●Evidence of conduct disorder before age 15 ●Pervasive pattern of disregard for the rights of others since the age of 15 as shown by at least three of the following: 1. Repeated law breaking 2. Deceitfulness, lying 3. Impulsivity 4. Irritability and aggressiveness 5. Reckless disregard for own safety and that of others 6. Irresponsibility as seen in unreliable employment or financial history 7. Lack of remorse
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizoid Personality Disorder Presence of 4 or more of the following signs of aloofness and flat affect from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Lack of desire for or enjoyment of close relationships ●Almost always prefers solitude to companionship ●Little interest in sex ●Few or no pleasurable activities ●Lack of friends ●Indifference to praise or criticism ●Flat affect, emotional detachment, or coldness
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder
DSM-5 Criteria for Schizotypal Personality Disorder Presence of 5 or more of the following signs of unusual thinking, eccentric behavior, and interpersonal deficits from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Ideas of reference ●Odd beliefs or magical thinking, e.g., belief in extrasensory perception ●Unusual perceptions ●Odd thought and speech ●Suspiciousness or paranoia ●Inappropriate or restricted affect ●Odd or eccentric behavior or appearance ●Lack of close friends ●Social anxiety and interpersonal fears that do not diminish with familiarity
Psychological factors
Deficient in moral awareness, lack remorse. See negativity in neutral actions
Other diagnoses comorbid with Bulimia Nervosa
Depression, personality disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and conduct disorder
Alcoholics Anonymous - AA
Each AA chapter runs regular and frequent meetings at which newcomers rise to announce that they are alcoholics and give testimonials, relating the stories of their problems with alcohol and indicating how their lives are better now. The group provides emotional support, understanding, and close counseling as well as a social network. Members are urged to call on one another around the clock when they need companionship and encouragement not to relapse. The AA program tries to instill in each member the belief that alcohol dependence is a disease that can never be cured and that continuing vigilance is necessary to resist taking even a single drink, lest uncontrollable drinking begin all over again.
Genetic Factors
Eating disorders run in families. 1st-degree relatives of women with anorexia nervosa are more than 10x more likely than average to have the disorder themselves. Women with 1st - degree relatives who have bulimia nervosa are more than 4x more likely than average to have the disorder
dementias caused by disease and injury
Encephalitis, a term for any inflammation of brain tissue, is caused by viruses that enter the brain. Meningitis, an inflammation of the membranes covering the outer brain, is usually caused by a bacterial infection. Both encephalitis and meningitis can cause dementia. The organism that produces the venereal disease syphilis can invade the brain and cause dementia. HIV, head traumas, brain tumors, nutritional deficiencies (especially of B-complex vitamins), kidney or liver failure, and endocrine problems such as hyperthyroidism can result in dementia. Exposure to toxins (such as lead or mercury) and chronic substance use are both additional causes.
which culture is most likely to have binge and heavy use drinking? Which are likely to have the lowest rates?
European American and Hispanic adults are most likely to binge drink. Alcohol use is also prevalent among Native Americans. African Americans and Asian Americans are least likely.
which culture's youth are more likely to smoke? Which are less likely?
European Americans and Hispanic youth are more likely to smoke. African Americans and Asian Americans are less likely to smoke. More prevalent among low SES
True or False: Child abuse appears to be a specific causal factor for eating disorders
False
True or false? They key to happiness in late life is to have many different types of social activities?
False
True or False: The brain structure linked to the cause of eating disorders is the hypothalamus
False...
True or False: Anorexia appears to be specific to Western Culture; Bulimia is seen all over the world and is thus not culture specific
False... switch the two pathologies in that statement and it works.
treatment- family intereventions
Family Checkups: involve meetings to get to know, access, and provide feedback to parents about their children and parenting practices
developmental psychopathology
Focuses on disorders of childhood within the context of lifespan development, enabling us to identify behaviors that are considered inappropriate at one stage but not another
oxycodone
Found in medicines such as percodan, tylox, and oxyContin.
predictors of nicotine relapse
Frequent slips, intense cravings and withdrawal symptoms, low tolerance for distress, younger age, physiological dependence on nicotine, low self-efficacy, stressful life events, observations of other smokers, weight concerns, and previous quitting attempts are all predictors of relapse. So is a negative mood about quitting prior to their target quit day.
Infectious diseases in infancy or utero can cause ID
HIV, herpes, encephalitis, meningitis
psychological treatments to quit smoking
Having a physician tell a person to stop smoking can help them to stop smoking at least for a little while. Getting someone to adhere to scheduled smoking - reduce nicotine gradually over a period of a few weeks by getting smokers to agree to increase the time between cigarettes. In this way, the smoking behavior is controlled by the passage of time rather than by urges, moods, or situations.
What does opiate antagonist treat?
Heroin
What does suboxone treat?
Heroin
cultural attitudes/patterns of drinking affect us how?
High consumption rates have typically been found in wine-drinking societies such as France, Spain, and Italy, where drinking is widely accepted. Cultural attitudes and patters of drinking thus influence the likelihood of drinking heavily and abusing alcohol.
CBT for treatment of bulimia nervosa
In CBT, people with bulimia are encouraged to question society's standards for physical attractiveness. People with bulimia must also uncover and then change beliefs that encourage them to starve themselves to avoid becoming overweight. Altering this all-or-nothing thinking can help people begin to eat more moderately. Unrealistic demands and other cognitive distortions - such as the belief that eating a small amount of high - calorie food means that the person is an utter failure and doomed to never improve - are continually challenged CBT often results in less frequent bingeing and purging, with reductions ranging from 70 to 90% and gains are maintained at a 1 year follow up CBT is more effective than any drug treatment
relapse prevention
In this approach, people dependent on alcohol are encouraged to believe a lapse will not precipitate total relapse and should be regarded as a learning experience rather than the end of the world. This treatment appears to be more effective for alcohol and drug use disorders and less effective for nicotine use disorder.
Binge Eating Disorder
Includes recurrent binges - once per week for at least 3 months, lack of control during the bingeing episode, and distress about bingeing, as well as other characteristics, such as rapid eating and eating alone.
●DSM-5 Criteria for Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
Intense need for order, perfection, and control, as shown by the presence of at least four of the following from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Preoccupation with rules, details, and organization to the extent that the point of an activity is lost ●Extreme perfectionism interferes with task completion ●Excessive devotion to work to the exclusion of leisure and friendships ●Inflexibility about morals and values ●Difficulty discarding worthless items ●Reluctance to delegate unless others conform to one's standards ●Miserliness ●Rigidity and stubbornness
dopamine
Is linked to the motivation to obtain food and other pleasurable or rewarding things.
Alcohol produces its effects through its interactions with several neural systems in the brain. Describe these systems.
It stimulates GABA receptors which may account for its ability to reduce tension. Alcohol also increases serotonin and dopamine, which may be the source of its ability to produce pleasurable effects. Alcohol inhibits glutamate receptors, which may cause the cognitive effects of alcohol intoxication, such as slowed thinking and memory loss.
List 3 factors that contribute to obesity
Limited availability of healthy food Minimal awareness of portion size Abundance of food/cheap price Genetics Marketing/Advertising
Interactions of environment in APD
Major studies support the role of the social environment as a key factor in APD. Parenting qualities of negativity, inconsistency, and low warmth predict antisocial behavior among adolescents with conduct disorder, those who are impoverished are twice as likely to develop APD as are those from higher socioeconomic status backgrounds
Of the current illegal drugs, which is most frequently used? Which of the legal drugs?
Marijuana. Alcohol
Linehan's Diathesis-Stress Theory
Marsha Linehan proposes that BPD develops when people who have difficulty controlling their emotions because of a biological diathesis (genes) are raised in a family environment that is invalidating.
gender and drinking across cultures
Men consume more alcohol than women.
What does Matrix treat?
Methamphetamine
Comorbid disorders to Binge-Eating Disorder
Mood disorders, anxiety disorders, ADHD, conduct disorder, and substance use disorder.
Ethnic Differences of Eating Disorders
More eating disturbances and body dissatisfaction among white women than black women. White women and Hispanic women reported greater body dissatisfaction than African American women. Anorexia nervosa was very rare among Latina women.
Prevalence of Gender of Binge-Eating Disorder
More prevalent than anorexia or bulimia. Lifetime prevalence ranges from 0.2-4.7% More common in women than men.
Alcohol and nicotine are cross - tolerant. Explain what this means.
Nicotine can induce tolerance for the rewarding effects of alcohol and vice versa. Thus, consumption of both drugs may be increased to maintain their rewarding effects.
●DSM-5 Criteria for Female Orgasmic Disorder
On at least 75 percent of sexual occasions: ●Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm, or ●Markedly reduced intensity of orgasmic sensation
down syndrome
One chromosomal abnormality that has been linked with intellectual disability is trisomy 21, which refers to having an extra copy (i.e., three instead of two) of chromosome 21. This is also known as Down syndrome. It has been estimated that it occurs in about 1 out of every 850 live births in the United States People with Down syndrome may have intellectual disability as well as some distinctive physical signs, such as short and stocky stature; oval, upward-slanting eyes; a prolongation of the fold of the upper eyelid over the inner corner of the eye; sparse, fine, straight hair; a wide and flat nasal bridge; square-shaped ears; a large, furrowed tongue, which may protrude because the mouth is small and its roof low; and short, broad hands.
positive reinforcement of anorexia via opiods
Opioids are released during starvation and have been hypothesized to play a role in anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder. Starvation among people with anorexia may increase the levels of endogenous opioids, resulting in a positively reinforcing positive mood state. Furthermore, the excessive exercise seen among some people with eating disorders would increase opioids and thus be reinforcing.
People with BPD are very likely to have comorbid disorders, such as
PTSD, Mood disorders, substance related disorders, and eating disorders. At least 2/3 of people with BPD will engage in self-mutilation at some point during their lives.
parental practices and their role in childhood anxiety
Parenting practices play a small role in childhood anxiety. Specifically, parental control and overprotectiveness, more than parental rejection, is associated with childhood anxiety. However, parental control accounted for only 4 percent of the variance in childhood anxiety
expectancies about alcohol and drug effects
People drink after stress not because it actually reduces tension but because they believe it will. The greater the perceived risk of a drug, the less likely it will be used. (why so many do marijuana)
How do emotions and responses to emotion - relevant stimuli change as people age?
People tend to focus more on the positive as they age. Contrary to myth, they do not get more negative.
Personality influences contributing to the etiology of eating disorders
People who get diagnosed with anorexia typically have personalities that are : perfectionistic, shy, and compliant before the onset of the disorder The description of people with bulimia includes characteristics of: Histrionic features, affective instability and an outgoing social disposition After diagnosis of anorexia, people tend to have: increased fatigue, poor concentration, lack of sexual interest, irritability, moodiness, and insomnia. Developing depression and bipolar disorder is common
Neurobiological factors of Borderline Personality Disorder
People with BPD demonstrate lower serotonin function than controls People with BPD show increased activation of the amygdala to emotional pictures Deficits in the prefrontal cortex are thought to contribute to impulsivity and people with BPD show deficits in the prefrontal cortex
which personality traits most predict the onset of substance use disorder in adolescents?
People with a substance use disorder often value the immediate, even impulsive, pleasure and reward that comes form taking a drug more than delayed reward, such as a monthly paycheck from work. low constraint, high negative emotionality, neuroticism, low levels of agreeableness
cognitive behavioral factors that contribute to eating disorders
People with eating disorders may have maladaptive schemata that narrow their attention toward thoughts and images related to weight, body shape, and food.
Perfectionism
Perfectionism is multifaceted and may be self-oriented (setting high standards for oneself), other-oriented (setting high standards for others), or socially oriented (trying to conform to the high standards imposed by others).
Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration Disorder
Persistent or recurrent difficulties with at least one of the following: ●Inability to have vaginal/penetration during intercourse ●Marked vulvar, vaginal or pelvic pain during vaginal penetration or intercourse attempts ●Marked fear or anxiety about pain or penetration ●Marked tensing of the pelvic floor muscles during attempted vaginal penetration
Physical Consequences of Bulimia Nervosa
Potassium depletion (frequent purging) Diarrhea which can lead to changes in electrolytes and cause irregulartities in the heartbeat (overuse of laxatives) Menstrual problems (purging) Tearing of tissue in the stomach and throat (purging) Loss of dental enamel (purging) Salivary glands may become swollen (purging)
DSM-5 Criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of instability in relationships, self-image, and impulsivity from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Frantic efforts to avoid abandonment ●Unstable interpersonal relationships in which others are either idealized or devalued ●Unstable sense of self ●Self-damaging, impulsive behaviors in at least two areas, such as spending, sex, substance abuse, reckless driving, and binge eating ●Recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or self-injurious behavior (e.g., cutting self) ●Marked mood reactivity ●Chronic feelings of emptiness ●Recurrent bouts of intense or poorly controlled anger ●During stress, a tendency to experience transient paranoid thoughts and dissociative symptoms
DSM-5 Criteria for Histrionic Personality Disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of excessive emotionality and attention seeking from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Strong need to be the center of attention ●Inappropriate sexually seductive behavior ●Rapidly shifting and shallow expression of emotions ●Use of physical appearance to draw attention to self ●Speech that is excessively impressionistic and lacking in detail ●Exaggerated, theatrical emotional expression ●Overly suggestible ●Misreads relationships as more intimate than they are
●DSM-5 Criteria for Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Presence of five or more of the following signs of grandiosity, need for admiration, and lack of empathy from early adulthood across many contexts: ●Grandiose view of one's importance ●Preoccupation with one's success, brilliance, beauty ●Belief that one is special and can be understood only by other high-status people ●Extreme need for admiration ●Strong sense of entitlement ●Tendency to exploit others ●Lack of empathy ●Envious of others ●Arrogant behavior or attitudes
DSM-5 definition of substance abuse disorder
Problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning. Two or more symptoms within a 1-year period: ●Failure to meet obligations ●Repeated use in situations where it is physically dangerous ●Repeated relationship problems ●Continued use despite problems caused by the substance ●Tolerance ●Withdrawal ●Substance taken for a longer time or in greater amounts than intended ●Efforts to reduce or control use do not work ●Much time spent trying to obtain the substance ●Social, hobbies, or work activities given up or reduced ●Craving to use the substance is strong
psychological theories of etiology of sexual disorders
Psychological theories focus on impulsivity, poor emotion regulation, and distorted cognitions. Alcohol use and negative affect are often immediate triggers of inappropriate sexual behaviors.
Severity ratings for Bulimia Nervosa in the DSM-5
Rating # of Compensatory Behaviors Mild 1-3 compensatory behaviors per week Moderate 4-7 Severe 8-13 Extreme 14 or more
Severity Ratings for Anorexia Nervosa in DSM-5
Rating BMI - Range Mild - < 17 Moderate 16-16.99 Severe 15-15.99 Extreme <15
Nicotine Replacement Treatments and Medications
Reducing a smoker's craving for nicotine by providing it in a different way is the goal. via gum, patches, inhalers, or e-cigarettes
causes of delirium
Several causes of delirium have been identified: drug intoxications and drug-withdrawal reactions, metabolic and nutritional imbalances (as in uncontrolled diabetes, thyroid dysfunction, kidney or liver failure, congestive heart failure, or malnutrition), dehydration, infections or fevers (like pneumonia or urinary tract infections), neurological disorders (like dementia, head trauma, or seizures), and the stress of major surgery
strategies for motivation
Sex offenders often lack the motivation to change their illegal behavior. They may deny their problem, minimize the seriousness of their problem, and feel confident that they can control their behavior without professional assistance. Some blame the victim, even a child, for being overly seductive. Many refuse to take part in treatment, and even among those who begin treatment, many will drop out. To enhance motivation for treatment, a therapist can bolster the client's hope that he can gain control over his urges through treatment, highlight the potential legal and other consequences of continued engagement in the same sexual behavior, and note that plethysmograph assessments will make it hard to "fake" a recovery
communication training
Skills and communication training is particularly warranted when sexual dysfunction is specific to a given relationship and was not a concern with previous partners.
child abuse and eating disorders
Some studies have indicated that self-reports of childhood sexual abuse are higher among people with eating disorders than among people without eating disorders, especially those with bulimia nervosa.
What are the four stages of DBT
Stage 1. Dangerously impulsive behaviors such as suicidality are addressed, with the goal of promoting greater control. The client is taught to identify triggers for these behaviors and to apply coping strategies when the triggers are present. Stage 2. Focus is on learning to modulate the extreme emotionality. This may involve coaching to help a person learn to tolerate emotional distress. Clients are taught to mindfully notice their emotions in a nonjudgmental manner, without rushing into impulsive actions. Stage 3: focuses on improving relationships and self-esteem Stage 4: promotes connectedness and happiness
Psychological and Lifestyle treatments
Supportive psychotherapy can help families and patients deal with the effects of the disease. The therapist provides accurate information and helps family members care for the person in the home. They also encourage a realistic rather than a catastrophic attitude in dealing with the many specific challenges this disorder presents. Interventions to increase exercise have modest benefits in improving cognitive function including in those already diagnosed with Alzheimers. Cognitive training programs that focus on improving memory, reasoning, or cognitive processing speed have shown to have modest benefits for elderly persons. Training in multitasking appears to improve ability to multitask and hold items in memory and sustain attention.
anxiety reduction and psychoeducation
Systematic desensitization and in vivo (real-life) desensitization have been employed with some success (Wolpe, 1958), especially when combined with skills training. Psychoeducation programs about sexuality also do a great deal to reduce anxiety. Both of these are effective for male erectile disorder and for women with orgasmic disorder or low sexual arousal
cognitive and behavioral treatments
Teach people and those close to them to reinforce behaviors inconsistent with drinking, for example taking the drug Antabuse, and avoiding situations associated with drinking in the past. They use a token system of reward. This therapy also teaches job hunting and social skills as well as assertiveness training for refusing drinks. For socially isolated people, assistance and encouragement are provided to establish contacts with other people who are not associated with drinking
controlled drinking
The encouragement of 'a pattern of alcohol consumption that is moderate, avoiding the extremes of total abstinence and inebriation'. people have more potential control over their immoderate drinking than they think and heightened awareness of the costs of drinking to excess as well as benefits of abstaining or cutting down can help. EX: Getting the person to delay 20 minutes before taking a 2nd or 3rd drink can help him or her reflect on the costs vs the benefits of drinking to excess.
Another study found that women with either anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa had greater expression of the dopamine transporter gene DAT
The expression of DAT influences the release of a protein that regulates the reuptake of dopamine back into the synapse. This study also found that women with either eating disorder exhibited less expression of another dopamine gene called DRD2. Other studies have found disturbances in the DRD2 gene only among women with anorexia (Bergen et al., 2005). These findings point to the role of dopamine in eating disorders and will need to be replicated in future studies.
methamphetamine
The most commonly abused stimulant drug and an amphetamine deritvative. Users get an immediate high, this includes feelings of euphoria as well as increased blood flow to the heart and other organs and an increase in body temperature. The high levels then crashed leaving the person agitated.
Differences between the DSM-5 model for personality disorders and the new model in the DSM-5 index
The new model reduces the number of personality disorders, incorporating personality trait dimensions, and diagnosing personalty disorders on the basis of extreme scores on personality trait dimensions. Interrater reliability is adequate for each of the 6 personality disorders included in the alternative system when assessed with a structured diagnostic interview Only 6 of the 10 personality disorders are in the new model. Schizoid, histrionic, and dependent personality disorders are excluded from the alternative system The new system is more dimensional than categorical
prevalence of dementia
The prevalence of dementia increases with advancing age. Across international studies, the prevalence of dementia has been found to be 1 to 2 percent in people aged 60 to 69 but increases progressively to more than 20 percent in those 85 or older
Psychological treatment of anorexia nervosa
Therapy for anorexia is generally believed to be a two-tiered process. The immediate goal is to help the person gain weight in order to avoid medical complications and the possibility of death. The person is often so weak and physiological functioning so disturbed that hospital treatment is medically imperative (in addition to being needed to ensure that the patient ingests some food). Operant conditioning behavior therapy programs (e.g., providing reinforcers for weight gain) have been somewhat successful in achieving weight gain in the short term . However, the second goal of treatment—long-term maintenance of weight gain—remains a challenge for the field. Beyond immediate weight gain, psychological treatment for anorexia can also involve CBT. One study that combined hospital treatment with CBT found that reductions in many anorexia symptoms persisted up to 1 year after treatment Other studies have found that CBT is effective after hospitalization in reducing the risk for relapse A recent randomized controlled clinical trial compared CBT with supportive psychotherapy plus education about anorexia and found that both were equally effective for women with anorexia nervosa in reducing eating disorder symptoms and depression Family therapy is another form of psychological treatment for anorexia and is based on the notion that interactions among members of the patient's family can play a role in treating the disorder
etiology of dyscalculia
There is evidence of some genetic influence on individual variations in math skills. In particular, the type of math disability that involves poor semantic memory is most likely to be heritable. Furthermore, the evidence suggests that any genes associated with dyscalculia are also associated with mathematics ability
5. Describe the efficacy of current medical treatments for dementia.
There is no cure, some drugs treat symptoms with bad side effects that lead to the patients ending treatment early. Psychotherapy helps patients and their families deal with symptoms. Exercise programs improve cognition before and after A's disease Cognitive programs also help treat people with A's disease as well as prevent it.
LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide)
There is no evidence of withdrawal symptoms during abstinence. Can alter a person's sense of time (it seems to go too slowly). A person using LSD may have sharp mood swings but can also experience an expanded consciousness such as that he or she seems to appreciate sights and sounds like never before. Many users experience intense anxiety after taking LSD because they fear they are going crazy, sometimes causing fullblown panic attacks.
True or False: Cognitive behavioral views of bulimia suggest that women judge their self-worth by their weight and shape
True
True or False: Dopamine has been studied in all the eating disorders
True
True or False: Prospective studies of personality and eating disorders indicate that the tendency to experience negative emotions is related to disordered eating
True
Drug replacement treatments and medications
Two widely used programs for heroin use disorder involve the administration of heroin substitutes, drugs chemically similar to heroin that can replace the body's craving for it, or opiate antagonists, drugs that prevent the user from experiencing the heroin high.
Onset/Prevalence/Gender of Anorexia
Typically begins in the early to middle teenage years, often after an episode of dieting and the occurrence of a life stress. Lifetime prevalence of anorexia is less than 1%, and this rate has been stable for several decades. Anorexia nervosa is at least 10x more frequent in women than in men
What is the key difference between anorexia and bulimia?
Weight loss. People with anorexia nervosa lose a tremendous amount of weight, whereas people with bulimia nervosa do not.
who benefits the most from CBT in terms of anorexia nervosa sufferers?
Women who are older and who have more severe symptoms benefited the most from CBT
What part of the brain was activated when anorexic women viewed pictures of underweight women?
Women with anorexia sowed greater activation in the ventral striatum, an area of the brain linked to dopamine and reward.
Gender Influences of Eating Disorders
Women's bodies are often viewed through a sexual lens; women are defined by their bodies whereas men are esteemed more for their accomplishments.
nitrous oxide
a colorless gas that induces lightheadedness and a state of euphoria in most people. For some, important insights seem to flood the mind. Many find mundane events irresistibly funny. Someone can return to their normal state within minutes of breathing enriched oxygen or normal air.
dementia
a descriptive term for the deterioration of cognitive abilities to the point that functioning becomes impaired. Difficulty remembering things, especially recent events, is the most common symptom of dementia. People with dementia may lose control of their impulses; they may use coarse language, tell inappropriate jokes, shoplift, and make sexually inappropriate remarks. The ability to deal with abstract ideas deteriorates, and disturbances in emotions are common, including symptoms of depression, flatness of affect, and sporadic emotional outbursts. Delusions and hallucinations can occur Tends to develop slowly over a period of years.
Antabuse/Disulfiram
a drug that discourages drinking by causing violent vomiting if alcohol is ingested.
Buprenorphine (Suboxone)
a medication that does not produce an intense high, only mildly addictive, and lasts for as long as 3 days. Heroin users do not need to go to a clinic to receive this medication since it can be prescribed to individuals. Thus, the treatment avoids the stigma associated with visiting clinics. Effective at relieving withdrawal symptoms,
Interactions of genes in APD
a polymorphism of the MAO-A gene has been found to predict psychopathy among males who had experienced childhood physical or sexual abuse or maternal rejection
fetishistic disorder
a reliance on an inanimate object or a nongenital part of the body for sexual arousal. Refers to the object of these sexual urges, such as women's shoes or feet. The person has recurrent and intense sexual urges towards these fetishes, and the presence of the fetish is strongly preferred or even necessary for sexual arousal.
naltrexone
a synthetic drug, similar to morphine, that blocks opiate receptors in the nervous system and is used chiefly in the treatment of heroin addiction. First, people are gradually weaned from heroin. hen they receive increasing dosages of naltrexone, which prevents them from experiencing any high should they take heroin later on. This drug works because it has great affinity for the receptors to which opiates usually bind; their molecules occupy the receptors without stimulating them. This leaves heroin molecules with no place to go, and so heroin does not have its usual effect on the user.
Changing beliefs about the prevalence of smoking in young people Question 15 options: a) appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking. b) has shown little promise in delaying the onset of smoking. c) actually increases smoking in young people. d) is less effective than resistance training, such as DARE. Save
a) appears to be an effective strategy in delaying the onset of smoking.
3. Genetic research on substance dependence indicates that: a. Genetic factors may be the same for many drugs. b. Additional studies need to be done to determine heritability. c. The dopamine receptor DRD1 may be faulty. d. Twin studies show that the environment is just as important as genes.
a. Genetic factors may be the same for many drugs.
Choose the best answer. 1. A plaque is: a. a small, round beta-amyloid protein deposit b. a filament composed of the protein tau c. a buildup of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the hippocampus
a. a small, round beta-amyloid protein deposit
conduct disorder
aggression towards people and animals destruction of property deceitfulness. lack remorse, empathy, and guilt.
What does AA treat?
alcohol
cross-cultural studies of Eating Disorders
anorexia has been observed in a number of cultures and countries besides the US; China, Taiwan, England, Korea, Japan, Denmark, Nigeria, South African, Zimbabwe, Ethiopia, Iran, Malaysia, India, Pakistan, Australia, The Netherlands, & Egypt Anorexia observed in these diverse cultures does not always include the intense fear of gaining weight or being fat. Bulimia nervosa appears to be more common in industrialized societies, such as the US, Canada, Japan, Australia, and Europe
acamprosate
another drug used to treat alcohol use. Researchers believe that it impacts the glutamate and GABA neurotransmitter systems and thereby reduces the cravings associated with withdrawal.
antidepressant drugs and eating disorders
antidepressant drugs can be effective treatments for some people with anorexia and bulimia, are known to increase serotonin activity, adding to the possible importance of serotonin.
psychological treatments of drug use disorders
antidepressant medication Despramine - trade name Norpramine and cognitive behavioral therapy were both found to be somewhat effective in reducing cocaine use as well as improving a person's family, social, and general psychological functioning. CBT is better for people with a high degree of dependence and despramine is better for those with a low degree of dependence. motivational enhancement therapy - a combination of CBT techniques and techniques that help clients generate solutions that work for themselves are found effective for both alcohol and drug use disorders. Self-help residential homes are another psychological approach to treating heroin and other types of drug use disorders. They separate people from previous social contacts. Its a comprehensive environment in which drugs are not available and continuing support is offered. Charismatic role models of people who used to be dependent on drugs but are no longer. A setting in which the person is respected as a human being rather than stigmatized as failures or criminals.
medications
antidepressants are helpful when depression appears to contribute to diminished sex drive. SSRIs have also been found to be useful in treatment of premature ejaculation. PDE-5 inhibitors-the most common intervention for erectile disorder. EX: Viagra, Cialis, Levitra. These relax smooth muscles and thereby allow blood flow into the penis, creating an erection during sexual stimulation but not in its absence.
treatments of childhood depression
antidepressants combined with CBT
specific treatment for schizotypal personality disorder
antipsychotic drugs (risperidone-Resperdal), have shown effectiveness with schizotypal personality disorders, especially helpful for reducing unusual thinking.
3. Police contact you to let you know that they have arrested Sam, one of your employees. He was caught at a bank trying to cash a $10,000 company check on which he had forged the signature. You learn that Sam had previously defrauded three other companies. When you meet with Sam, he does not seem the least bit sorry.
antisocial personality disorder
Comorbid disorders of depression in childhood
anxiety
comorbid disorders of CD
anxiety and depression
paranoid personality disorder
are suspicious of others, including strangers, casual acquaintances, and even family members. They expect to be mistreated or exploited and thus are secretive and continually on the lookout for signs of trickery and abuse. They are often hostile and angry in response to perceived insults.
How do values about social relationships change as people age?
as we age we value our close relationships such as with family and close friends, and wish to improve those rather than working on expanding our social circle as we did when we were young.
social selectivity
as we age, our interests shift away from seeking new social interactions to cultivating a few social relationships that really matter to us, such as those with family and close friends.
You are the director of human resources for a large corporation. You are asked to review a set of situations in which employees had interpersonal and task-focused problems that were severe and persistent enough to raise concerns in the workplace. Name the most likely personality disorder for each of the following. 1. Mariana refuses to meet with customers. She states that she is terrified that they will see that she does not know much. It turns out that she has called in sick the last three times her boss scheduled an appointment with her, and her colleagues barely know her name. When asked, she says that meeting with any of these people makes her feel horribly nervous about potential rejection of her ideas. She asks for a position that would involve little social contact.
avoidant personality disorder
specific treatments for avoidant personality disorder
avoidant personality disorder appears to respond to the same drugs used for social anxiety disorder: antidepressant medications as well as cognitive behavioral treatment. Cognitive behavioral treatment might involve helping a person challenge his or her negative beliefs about social interactions by teaching behavioral strategies for dealing with difficult social situations and by exposure treatment, in which the person gradually takes part in feared social situations.
2. A neurofibrillary tangle is: a. a small, round beta-amyloid protein deposit b. a filament composed of the protein tau c. a buildup of the myelin sheath surrounding neurons in the hippocampus d. a small white spot on a brain scan
b. a filament composed of the protein tau
1. Which of the following is not one of the sociocultural factors implicated in the etiology of substance use disorders? a. the media b. gender c. availability of a substance d. social networks
b. gender
3. FTD involves profound changes in: a. memory b. social and emotional behavior c. motor control d. attention
b. social and emotional behavior
Prevalence of Alcohol Use Disorder
because its a new diagnosis we do not have prevalence estimates just yet. Research indicates ~ 8.5% of the US population has met the criteria for DSM-4 categories of alcohol dependence and alcohol abuse in 2012.
couples therapy
behaviorally oriented marital or couples therapy has been found to achieve some reductions in problem drinking, even a year after treatment has stopped, as well as some improvement in couple's distress generally. Treatment combines skills covered in individual cognitive behavior therapy, with a focus on the couple's relationship and dealing with alcohol related stressors together as a couple
amphetamines
benzedrine, dexedrine, and methedrine, produce their effects by causing the release of norepinephrine and dopamine and blocking the reuptake of these neurotransmitters.
Physical Consequences of Anorexia Nervosa
blood pressure falls heart rate slows kidney and gastrointestinal problems develop bone mass declines skin dries out nails become brittle hormone levels change mild anemia may occur some lose hair from scalp, but may develop lanugo- a fine, soft hair, on their bodies
4. Which personality disorders have been related to impulsivity?
borderline personality disorder antisocial
paralells between those with schizophrenia and people with schizotypal personality disorder
both have enlarged ventricles and less temporal lobe gray matter.
2. Which of the following statements best captures the link between wanting, liking, and drinking according to a prospective study? a. Wanting, but not liking, predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers. b. Wanting predicted more drinking for heavy drinkers; liking predicted more drinking for light drinkers. c. Wanting and liking predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers. d. Sedation predicted less drinking for all types of drinking.
c. Wanting and liking predicted more drinking among heavy drinkers.
2. What is the most common symptom of delirium? a. anxiety b. memory loss c. frank disorganization d. sad mood
c. frank disorganization
etiology of FTD
can be caused by Pick's disease, the presence of Pick bodies (spherical inclusions) within neurons. FTD patients also can show high levels of tau, the protein filaments that contribute to the neruofibriillary tangles observed in A's disease, but others do not. FTD does have a strong genetic componenet
cognitive effects of marijuana
can interfere with cognitive functioning, including areas such as planning, decision making, working memory, and problem solving. Decreases IQ in chronic users.
Exposure of a nonsmoker to secondhand smoke Question 5 options: a) is less harmful than smoking because of the lower levels of nicotine and tar in secondhand smoke. b) has been shown to have far fewer negative effects than the media has suggested. c) can lead to lung damage. d) has negative effects on the fetuses of pregnant nonsmokers but not on the women themselves.
can lead to lung damage
negative self-views about aging
can predict earlier death, even controlling for baseline health status and many other potential confounds. We need to change our negative stereotypes, they only hurt us
vascular dementia
caused by cerebrovascular disease. Most commonly, strokes cause a blod clot, which then impairs circulation and results in the death of neurons. About 7% of people will develop dementia in the year after a first stroke, and the risk of dementia increases with recurrent strokes High cholesterol, cigarette smoking, and elevated blood pressure increase risk factors. These are far more common in African Americans than in Caucasians. The onset of symptoms is usually more rapid in vascular dementia than in other forms of dementia.
antabuse
causes vomiting if a person consumes alcohol
PCP aka angel dust
coded as phencyclidine use disorder in DSM-5. Generally causes serious negative reactions; severe paranoia, and violence. Coma and death are also possible. PCP affects multiple neurotransmitters in the brain, and chronic use is associated with a variety of neuropsycholigcal deficits.
Which age group is alcohol use most frequent with?
college - age adults. This is also true for binge drinking. Among male and female students, heavy-use prevalence rates were 39.5% and 12.7% respectively in 2012
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
combines client-centered empathy and acceptance with cognitive behavioral problem solving, emotion-regulation techniques, and social skills training. In one sense, it refers to the seemingly opposite strategies that the therapist must use when treating people with BPD—accepting them as they are and yet helping them change. 2. In the other sense, it refers to the patient's realization that splitting the world into good and bad is not necessary; instead, one can achieve a synthesis of these apparent opposites. For example, instead of seeing a friend as either all bad (thesis) or all good (antithesis), the friend can be seen as having both kinds of qualities (synthesis).
cocaine
comes from the leaves of the coca shrub. Acts rapidly on the brain, blocking reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas. Yields pleasurable states because of the dopamine left in the synapse facilities. Can increase sexual desire and produce feelings of self-confidence, well-being, and indefatigability. An overdose may bring on chills, nausea, and insomnia, as well as paranoia, and terrifying hallucinations of insects crawling beneath the skin.
treatment of delirium
complete recovery is possible if the underlying cause is treated promptly and effectively. The physician must treat the underlying medical conditions. The most common treatment is atypical antipsychotic medication. It usually takes 1-4 weeks for the condition to clear.
poly drug use
concurrent use of more than one drug
time of measurement effects
confounds that arise because events at a particular point in time can have a specific effect on a variable that is being studied. EX: people tested right after experience the 2005 earthquake in Haiti might demonstrate heightened anxiety
disorientation
confusion with respect to time, place, or identity. The person may easily become lost, even in familiar surroundings.
marijuana
consists of dried and crushed leaves and flowering tops of the hemp plant Cannabis Sativa. It is most often smoked, but it may be chewed, prepared as tea, or eaten in baked goods.
separation anxiety
constant worry that some harm will befall their parent or themselves when away from parents.
Borderline personality disorder
core features are impulsivity and instability in relationships and mood. People with this disorder may shift from blissful happiness to outraged explosions in the blink of an eye. Attitudes and feelings towards other people may also change drastically, inexplicably, and quickly from passionate idealization to contemptuous anger
Question 11 (1 point) Question 11 Unsaved In the 1980's a new form of cocaine which comes in a rock crystal form was introduced and called Question 11 options: a) amphetamine. b) methamphetamine. c) crack. d) freebase.
crack
Which 2 major research designs are used to asses developmental change?
cross-sectional and longitudinal
3. Which of these personality disorders is most common in clinical settings? a. obsessive-compulsive b. schizotypal c. antisocial d. borderline
d
Which of the following are characteristics of both anorexia and bulimia? a. They involve a good deal of weight loss. b. They are more common in women than men. c. They have physical side effects (e.g., menstrual irregularities). d. All of the above but a are correct.
d. All of the above but a are correct.
3. Mary, a 70-year-old woman, was hospitalized for hip surgery. Although there were no immediate complications from the surgery, her son became concerned when he visited her that night because she was not making any sense. She thanked him for checking her into the Ritz Carlton and laughed giddily when he told her that she was in the hospital. Half an hour later, she began sobbing. Although she seemed fine the next morning, symptoms of acute confusion reemerged by lunchtime. Which diagnosis is most likely for Mary? a. Alzheimer's disease b. frontotemporal dementia c. mania d. delirium
d. delirium
What happens to chronic users of meth?
damages the brain, affecting both dopamine and serotonin systems. Damages the hippocampus, the volume of the hippocampus becomes smalls and thus memory becomes more poor.
Lacking empathy
defined as the capacity to share the emotional reactions of others, could be the central deficit driving the callous exploitation of others observed in psychopathy
personality disorders
defined by enduring problems with forming a stably positive identity and with sustaining close and constructive relationships
3. Note one challenge to the validity of the Kaplan sexual response cycle phases as applied to women.
definition of excitement may be overly biological desire and excitement phases may not be distinct of each other in women
Exhibitionistic Disorder
●For at least 6 months, recurrent, intense, and sexually arousing fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving showing one's genitals to an unsuspecting person ●Person has acted on these urges to a nonconsenting person, or the urges and fantasies cause clinically significant distress or interpersonal problems exposing one's genitals to an unwilling stranger, sometimes a child. As with voyeuristic disorder, there is seldom an attempt to have other contact with the stranger. Many exhibitionists masturbate during the exposure. In most cases, there is a desire to shock or embarrass the observer. The urge to expose seems overwhelming and virtually uncontrollable to the exhibitionist and is apparently triggered by anxiety and restlessness as well as by sexual arousal. In the tension of the moment, many describe symptoms of anxiety, including headaches, palpitations, and derealization. Because of the compulsive nature of the urge, the exposures may be repeated often and even in the same place and at the same time of day.
intellectual disability
●Intellectual deficits (e.g., in solving problems, reasoning, abstract thinking) determined by intelligence testing and broader clinical assessment ●Significant deficits in adaptive functioning relative to the person's age and cultural group in one or more of the following areas: communication, social participation, work or school, independence at home or in the community, requiring the need for support at school, work, or independent life ●Onset during child development
●DSM-5 Criteria for Delayed Ejaculation
●Marked delay, infrequency, or absence of orgasm on at least 75 percent of sexual occasions
DSM-5 Criteria for Major Neurocognitive Disorder
●Significant cognitive decline from previous levels in one or more domains based on both of the following: ●Concerns of the patient, a close other, or a clinician ●Substantial neurocognitive impairment (i.e., below the 3rd percentile on formal testing) or equivalent clinical evaluation ●The cognitive deficits interfere with independence in everyday activities ●The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium and are not due to another psychological disorder
●DSM-5 Criteria for Premature Ejaculation
●Tendency to ejaculate during partnered sexual activity within 1 minute of penile insertion on at least 75 percent of sexual occasions
delirium
derived from the Latin words de, meaning 'out of' and lira, meaning 'track'. The term implies being off-track or deviating form the usual state. The two most common symptoms are extreme trouble focusing attention and profound disturbances in the sleep/wake cycles. Patients, sometimes rather suddenly, have so much trouble focusing attention that they cannot maintain a coherent stream of thought. They may have trouble answering questions because their mind wanders. As the sleep/wake cycle becomes disturbed, patients become drowsy during the day, yet awake and agitated at night. Vivid dreams and nightmares are common. People with delirium may be impossible to engage in conversation because of their wandering attention and fragmented thinking. ●Disturbance in attention and awareness ●A change in cognition, such as disturbance in orientation, language, memory, perception, or visuospatial ability, not better accounted for by a dementia ●Rapid onset (usually within hours or days) and fluctuation during the course of a day ●Symptoms are caused by a medical condition, substance intoxication or withdrawal, or toxin perception disturbances are frequent. Visual hallucinations are common. Swings in activity and mood are common. People can be come erratic, ripping off their clothes one moment, lying on the floor lethargic the next. Most common in children and older adults, especially common in nursing homes.
preventative programs - fast track
designed to help children academically, socially, and behaviorally, focusing on areas that are problematic in conduct disorder, including peer relationships, aggressive and disruptive behavior, social information processing, and parent child relationships Most intensive in years 1-5 and less intensive in years 6-10
2. List Kaplan's four phases of the sexual response cycle.
desire, excitement, orgasm, resolution
A major goal of inpatient hospital-based treatment for alcohol abuse is Question 7 options: a) to focus upon sobriety as a major criteria for discharge. b) helping the individual admit there is a problem. c) increasing nutrition and creating a behavior that inhibits alcohol consumption. d) detoxification.
detoxification
Wanda drinks frequently and requires more alcohol now than she did six months ago to achieve the same effect. She reports that she can out-drink most people. Wanda is probably Question 4 options: a) genetically predisposed to alcoholism. b) developing a physiological dependence on alcohol. c) acquiring behavioral skills in modulating her drinking. d) deluding herself. This is not physically possible.
developing a physiological dependence on alcohol
specific learning disorder
difficulties in learning basic academic skills (reading math, writing) inconsistent with person's age, schooling and intelligence persisting 6 months+
3. Research on prevention programs has shown that two programs show promise up to 3 years after the intervention: _____ intervention and ____________ intervention.
dissonance - teaching the girls to ignore society's standards of beauty & healthy weight
schizoid personality disorder
do not desire or enjoy social relationships, and they usually have no close friends. They appear dull, bland, and aloof and have no warm, tender feelings for other people. They rarely experience strong emotions, are not interested in sex, and have few pleasurable activities. Indifferent to praise or criticism, people with this disorder are loners who pursue solitary interests.
neurobiological factors of addiction
dopamine pathways in the brain are linked to pleasure and reward, and drug use typically results in rewarding or pleasurable feelings via using the dopamine system Sometimes people continue to take drugs to avoid the bad feelings associated with withdrawal
The diagnostic criteria for all sexual dysfunctions specify that:
dysfunction should be persistent and recurrent and should cause clinically significant distress or problems with functioning. A diagnosis of sexual dysfunction is not made if the problem is believed to be due entirely to a medical illness (such as advanced diabetes, which can cause erectile problems in men) or to another psychological disorder (such as major depression).
which learning disorder is most prevalent
dyslexia affects 5-15% of school children
dyslexia
dyslexia involves problems in language processing. These problems include perception of speech and analysis of the sounds of spoken language and their relation to printed words Early fMRI studies supported the idea that children with dyslexia have a problem in phonological awareness. These studies show that areas in the left temporal, parietal, and occipital regions of the brain are important for phonological awareness, and these same regions are centrally involved in dyslexia
Mild cognitive impairment
early signs of decline noted before functional impairment is present. Subtle cognitive and behavioral deficits can be detected well before the person shows any noticeable impairment. ●Modest cognitive decline from previous levels in one or more domains based on both of the following: ●Concerns of the patient, a close other, or a clinician ●Modest neurocognitive decline (i.e., between the 3rd and 16th percentile) on formal testing or equivalent clinical evaluation ●The cognitive deficits do not interfere with independence in everyday activities (e.g., paying bills or managing medications), even though greater effort, compensatory strategies, or accommodation may be required to maintain independence ●The cognitive deficits do not occur exclusively in the context of delirium and are not due to another psychological disorder
After taking a particular drug, Hal began feeling that time was passing very slowly, and he began having profound thoughts about the nature of time and the universe. While this first experience was at first deeply moving, leading to feelings of elation, the next time Hal tried this drug, he felt anxious and depressed. What drug did Hal probably take? Question 8 options: a) marijuana b) ecstasy c) heroin d) cocaine
ecstacy
The 2 main hypothesized factors - ____ & ______ - interact with each other in a dynamic fashion
emotional dysregulation and invalidation
cognitive behavioral theories of anorexia nervosa
emphasize fear of fatness and body image disturbance as the motivating factors that powerfully reinforce weight loss. perfectionism and a sense of personal inadequacy may lead a person to become especially concerned with his or her appearance, making dieting a potent reinforcer Another important factor in producing a strong drive for thinness and a disturbed body image is criticism from peers and parents about being overweight people with anorexia may experience a positive emotion such as pride very intensely after losing weight or by avoiding eating a piece of cake at a party. This may in turn be indistinguishable from happiness or success and is referred to as low positive emotion differentiation.
long term smoking medical problems
emphysema, cancers of the larynx and esophagus, pancreas, bladder, cervix and stomach; complications during pregnancy, SIDS, periodontitis, and cardiovascular disorders
directed masturbation
enhance women's comfort with and enjoyment of their sexuality.
Histrionic (cluster B - dramatic/erratic)
excessive emotionally and attention seeking
treatments of anxiety in childhood and adolescence
exposure is the main focus. CBT can be helpful. EX: Coping Cap- treatment used to focus on confrontation of fears, developing new ways to think about fears, exposure to feared situations and relapse prevention. Parents are also included in some sessions. Individual and family CBT therapy
social anxiety disorder
extremely quiet and shy. Often these children will play only with family members or familiar peers, avoiding strangers both young and old. Their social anxiety may prevent them from acquiring skills and participating in a variety of activities enjoyed by most of their peers, for they avoid playgrounds and stay out of games played by other children. Extremely shy children may refuse to speak at all in unfamiliar social circumstances, a condition called selective mutism.
2. The best treatment for premature ejaculation is Viagra.
false
True or false? 1. A person who experiences a brief problem with sexual arousal, orgasm, or desire is likely to meet the criteria for a sexual dysfunction.
false
True or false? Methamphetamine is a less potent form of amphetamine and so is less likely to be associated with brain impairment
false
True or false? The use of OxyContin began in urban areas but quickly spread to rural areas.
false
true or false diagnosis of a substance use disorder requires both tolerance and withdrawal
false. it requires at least 2 symptoms, that do not HAVE to be either of those two things (though they would be acceptable)
True or false? 1. Withdrawal from heroin begins slowly, days after use has been discontinued.
false...within 8 hours?
Any kind of psychological disorder is _____ in people of the age 65+
far less common. prevalence rate of 8.5% for any disorder at 65+ vs 27 and 22% respectively for 18-44 and 60-64
2 Immediate causes of sexual dysfunction
fears about performance adopting a spectator role
head start
federally funded with the goal to prepare children from low SES to succeed in the regular school setting. Community based education, focusing on early development of cognitive and social skills. Provides health and dental services and parent training
crack
form of cocaine, comes in rock crystal form that is is then heated, melted, and smoked.
detoxification
from alcohol typically takes place in hospitals, but other treatment is more commonly done in outpatient settings. Inpatient is too expensive and thus not covered often and not very common today.
frontotemporal dementia (FTD)
frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is caused by a loss of neurons in frontal and temporal regions of the brain. The neuronal deterioration of FTD occurs predominantly in the anterior temporal lobes and prefrontal cortex. FTD typically begins in the mid- to late 50s, and it progresses rapidly; death usually occurs within 5-10 years of the diagnosis. FTD is rare, affecting less than 1 percent of the population Memory is not severely impaired in FTD. include deterioration in at least three of the following areas at a level that leads to functional impairment: empathy, executive function (cognitive capacity to plan and organize), ability to inhibit behavior, compulsive or perseverative behavior, hyperorality (tendencies to put nonfood objects in the mouth), and apathy FTD strikes emotional processes more profoundly than A's disease does and in doing so does more damage to social relationships.
What is new to substance related and addictive disorders in the DSM -5?
gambling disorder was added.
.....
gap - ends at bottom of page 310
The "stepping-stone" theory of drug use is also referred to as the Question 2 options: a) correlational theory. b) multi-determined theory. c) social facilitation theory. d) gateway theory.
gateway theory
mood alteration
generally assumed one of the main motives for drug use because it enhances positive moods or diminishes negative ones. ex: alcohol reducing anxiety.
etiology of ADHD = genetics
genetic component with heritability as high as 70-80%
etiology of childhood depression
genetic factors play a role. 4x more likely with one depressed parent.
Adoption studies have shown that genetic, behavioral, and family influences are very hard to disentangle:
genetically influenced antisocial behavior of the child can provoke harsh discipline and lack of warmth, even in adoptive parents, and these parental characteristics in turn exacerbate the child's antisocial tendencies.
LSD is a(n) Question 12 options: a) amphetamine. b) methamphetamine. c) stimulant. d) hallucinogen.
hallucinogen
ecstacy
hallucinogen like substance. Contains compounds from both the hallucinogen and amphetamine families, but it is currently classified as 'other hallucinogen use disorder'. Ecstasy acts primarily by contributing to both the release and subsequent reuptake of serotonin. It may have neurotoxic effects on the serotonin system. Users report E enhances intimacy and insight, improves interpersonal relationships, elevates mood and self-confidence, and promotes aesthetic awareness. It can also cause muscle tension, rapid eye movements, jaw clenching, nausea, faintness, chills or sweating, anxiety, depression, depersonalization, and confusion.
People with BPD cannot bear to be alone...
have fears of abandonment, and experience chronic feelings of depression and emptiness. They may experience transient psychotic and dissociative symptoms when stressed.
Fetal alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
heavy alcohol consumption by a woman during pregnancy is the leading known cause of ID among children. The growth of the fetus is slowed, and cranial, facial, and limb anomalies can be produced
chronic use of cocaine can cause...
heightened irritability, paranoid thinking, disturbances in eating and sleeping. Is a vasoconstrictor, causing the blood vessels to narrow. Higher doses can cause a heart attack. Also increases a person's risk of stroke and causes cognitive impairments such as difficulty paying attention and remembering.
heritability of alzheimer's disease
heritability estimate of 79%, meaning 79% of the variance appears to be related to genes, and about 21% of the variance appears related to environmental factors
etiology of anxiety disorders in childhood and adolescence
heritability estimates range from 29-50%
etiology of dyslexia
heritable component
etiology
heritable temperamental characteristics that interact with other neurobiological difficulties and environmental factors
Mark is experiencing the following symptoms after taking a drug: he feels an initial rush of ecstasy, has great self-confidence and has lost all his worries and fears. At the same time, he is feeling drowsy and relaxed. Which of the following drugs is Mark most likely to have taken? Question 6 options: a) heroin b) alcohol c) marijuana d) cocaine
heroin
prevalence of marijuana use
higher in men than women, with 12% of men and 6.6% of women 18+ reporting use in the past month in 2012.
For anorexia___ may be required to get the patient to gain weight. There are not many ____ that have been shown to be effective. The most common type of therapy used to treat anorexia is ____.
hospitalization medications family therapy
Studies on the effects of smoking marijuana on the brain have shown that it is associated with Question 13 options: a) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. b) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion. c) impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention. d) impaired long-term memory and decreased blood flow to brain regions associated with attention.
impaired short-term memory and increased blood flow to brain regions associated with emotion.
Downside of nicotine gum
in doses that deliver an amount of nicotine equivalent to smoking one cigarette an hour, the gum causes cardiovascular changes, such as increased blood pressure, that can be dangerous to people with cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, some experts believe that even prolonged, continued use of the gum is healthier than obtaining nicotine by smoking, because the carcinogens are avoided Abstinence rates are only at about 50% at 12 month follow ups.
childhood depression
inability to experience pleasure, fatigue, concentration problems, suicidal ideation. Occurs in 2-3% of school children under age 13. By adolescence, rates range from 6-16% of girls and 4-7% of boys.
ADHD
inattention present at leastt 6 months. 6 or more manifestations of hyper-impulsive present for 6 months. Presented before age 12. Significant impairment in social, academic, or occupational functioning 17 and older, only 5 signs of inattention or hyperactivity are need to meet the diagnosis.
schizotypal personality disorder
include eccentric thoughts and behavior, interpersonal detachment, and suspiciousness. People with this disorder might have odd beliefs or magical thinking—for instance, the belief that they can read other people's minds and see into the future. They are often suspicious of others and concerned that others might hurt them. They might also have recurrent illusions (inaccurate sensory perceptions), such as sensing the presence of a force or a person that is not actually there. In their speech, they might use words in an unusual and unclear fashion
excitement phase
increased blood flow to the genitalia. = erections in men, enlargement of the breasts and changes in the vagina (lubrication) in women
What are some statewide comprehensive tobacco control programs?
increasing taxes on cigarettes, restricting tobacco advertising, conducting public education campaigns, and creating smoke-free environments (these appear to be reducing teenage smoking)
tolerance
indicated by either 1. larger doses of the substance being needed to produce the desired effect or 2. the effects of the drug becoming markedly less if the usual amount is taken
genetic factors
individuals with short allele of serotonin transporter gene and who have had life stress are more likely to have MDD than people who have a short allele but no stress, or people who have had life stress but have a long allele gene.
Multisystematic treatment MST
involves delivering intensive and comprehensive therapy services in the community, targeting the adolescent, the family, the school, and the peer group.
internalizing disorders
inward focused experiences and behaviors such as depression, social withdrawal, and anxiety. Includes childhood anxiety and mood disorders
voyeristic disorder
is an intense and recurrent desire to obtain sexual gratification by watching unsuspecting others in a state of undress or having sexual relations. Voyeuristic fantasies are quite common in men, but as with the other paraphilic disorders, fantasies alone do not warrant a diagnosis. For some men with this disorder, voyeurism is their only sexual activity; for others, it is preferred but not absolutely essential for sexual arousal
Sexual Sadism Disorder
is on inflicting pain or psychological suffering (such as humiliation) on another, and the focus of desire in sexual masochism disorder is on being subjected to pain or humiliation. Some sadists achieve orgasm by inflicting pain, and some masochists achieve orgasm by being subjected to pain. The manifestations of sexual masochism disorder are varied. Examples include physical bondage, blindfolding, spanking, whipping, electric shocks, cutting, humiliation (e.g., being urinated or defecated on, being forced to wear a collar and bark like a dog, or being put on display naked), and taking the role of slave and submitting to orders and commands. Most sadists establish relationships with masochists to derive mutual sexual gratification. Although many people are able to take both dominant and submissive roles, masochists outnumber sadists.
list 3 of the therapeutic benefits of marijuana
it can ease nausea and appetite loss as well as pain
schizotypal (cluster A - odd/eccentric)
lack of capacity for close relationships, cognitive distortions, and eccentric behavior
environmental hazards
lead and mercury
perinatal/prenatal factors that cause ADHD
lead exposure, high blood pressure levels, nicotine
common comorbid disorders for people with dependent personality disorder?
likely to develop depression after interpersonal losses, and when depressed, are more suicidal than other depressed patients. Elevated risk for developing anxiety disorders and bulimia
Answer the questions. 1. What is the most prominent symptom of Alzheimer's disease?
loss of memory decreased cognitive function
ANS abnormalities
low skin conductance, low heart rate= low arousal levels than children without CD
List 3 types of cancer caused by smoking
lung, esophageal, larynx, bladder, pancreatic
vaginal plethysmograph
measures women's physiological arousal via measuring increased blood flow to the vagina.
biological treatments
medications. Hormones that reduce testosterone MPA< CPA are used for paraphilic disorders
Question 10 (1 point) Question 10 Unsaved Among college students, binge drinking is more common in Question 10 options: a) men. b) women. c) the prevalence of binge drinking is equal in men and women. d) state schools versus private schools.
men
heritability of personality disorders
moderately high Paranoid .66 Schizoid .55 Schizotypal .72 Antisocial .69 Borderline .67 Histrionic .63 Narcissistic .71 Avoidant .64 Dependent .66 Obsessive-compulsive .77
opiates
morphine, heroin, codeine. Drugs that in moderate doses, relieve pain and induce sleep. slow the activities of the body and in moderate doses, are used to relieve pain and induce sleep. Heroin has been a focus of concern because usage is up and stronger varieties have become available. Dependence on prescription pain medication has skyrocketed.
hydrocodone
most often combined with other drugs such as acetaminophen, to create prescription pain medicines such as vicodin, zydone, or lortab.