Abnormal Psychology Psychological Disorders, Changes DSM 4 to DSM 5, Psych 313 Study Guide Complete, Psych 313 Final
Substance Use Disorder
The low to moderate experience with a substance that does not produce problems with social, educational, or occupational functioning.
Illness Anxiety Disorder
The obsessive, persistent, and irrational fear of suffering from a disease or serious medical condition.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
The presence within a person of two or more distinct personality states, each with it's own pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment itself.
Agoraphobia
fear of being in places in which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, is a frequent complaint of people with a panic disorder but a distinct disorder in DSM IV
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
group of severely disabling conditions that are the most difficult to understand and treat -result of structural differences in the brain that are usually evident at birth or become apparent as the child begins to develop
"My father and I swiggered to the beach yesterday." This is an example of a -delusion. -auditory hallucination. -negative symptom. -neologism.
neologism
Catatonia
no longer its own diagnoses, a specifier for many disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
Treatment of Addictions:
o Evidence based: ♣ CBT: recognize & avoid destructive thoughts & behaviors (triggers) ♣ Motivational interviewing: help clients ^ motivation to overcome abuse (how they wish to live vs how living) ♣ Contingency management: tangible incentives (rewards) ♣ Combine w/ pharmaceutical: drugs that mimic/ drugs that reduce high they get from the other drug
theory of mind
: able to infer other peoples mental states
Why is it important to have some understanding of what causes a psychological disorder?
The selection of treatment approach is largely determined by assumptions about causality.
Fetishistic
The sexual arousal (fantasies, urges, or behaviors) that involves nonliving objects (not limited to female clothing used in cross dressing).
Transvestic
The sexual arousal in men that results from wearing women's clothing and is accompanied by significant distress or impairment.
Dr. Francis has discovered that the more spaghetti people eat, the less likely they are to be diagnosed with depression. Based on the finding, what statement can be made about the relationship between spaghetti and depression?
There is a negative correlation between eating spaghetti and depression.
selective abstraction
cognitive bias where one detail is taken out of context and believed while everything else is ignored
Kinsey Scale:
conducted a study of thousands of people, concluded world is on a continuum (not just normal vs. abnormal) -gradiations (for ex. gay: bi)
A researcher who studies children who are homeschooled and compares them to children who attend school is using the
correlational research method
History of DSM
currently in 5th edition, Diagnostic Statistics Manual
anhedonia
decrease in pleasure you used to like
Carl is asked to provide information about his drinking. Despite the fact that he has had several arrests for driving while intoxicated, Carl reports that he has no problem with drinking. This is an example of
the problems with self report data.
Homosexuality and the DSM:
till 1970 regarded as a sickness, no longer removed from DSM-5 1973
Anxiety Disorders
unrealistic, irrational fears or anxieties of disabling intensity as their principle and most obvious manifestation
alogia
very little speech
Delusions
A false belief
Who is considered the founder of American psychiatry?
Benjamin Rush
Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Is a severe form of premenstrual syndrome (PMS).
Most mental health treatment
occurs in an outpatient setting.
An elementary school principal wants to know the best predictors of juvenile delinquency and dropping out of school in high school so she can provide preventive interventions. Your best advice is: -"Look for kids who are very popular because they are class clowns." -"Silent, depressed, loners tend to be dropouts because they are often depressed." -"There is no way to predict juvenile delinquency as early as elementary school." -"The best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection."
"The best predictor is aggression toward peers, which leads to peer rejection."
Traumatic Brain Injury Causes:
#1 cause for TBI is falling (most common in babies/elder) -car accidents (leading cause of death in TBI) -being struck by/against something -sports/recreational injuries -assault -firearms -child abuse (shaken baby syndrome)
Exposure Therapy
(type of behavior therapy) accomplished through guided exposure to anxiety provoking stimuli; slow with systematic desensitization, fast with flooding exposure can be real or imaginary
Major characteristics of the Personality Disorders:
- chronic interpersonal diff. & problem w/ identity (typical in all) must be pervasive and for long time causing distress/impairment to functioning
60 minutes video: Living to 90 and Beyond
- donations of elderly brains make new breaking discovery: -plaques & tangles thought to be tell-tale sign (might be due to something else causing the p&t= micro infarc: tiny strokes in brain) -40% over 90 misdiagnosed of having/not having -50% have p&t but no dementia -any age for onset --risk doubles every 5 yrs after 65
The case of Phineas Gage demonstrates - the role of the brain in determining personality. that even the most serious brain injuries need not lead to ---permanent alteration in behavior. -the role of the temporal lobe in controlling behavioral impulses. -the importance of a healthy cerebrovascular system.
- the role of the brain in determining personality.
Media Influence: Body Image
-- media in part responsible for rise > observational learning > people spend on average 9 yrs of their life on tv -report that (5th-12th) images (magazine) of ideal body makes them want to lose weight >>> more portrayal of unrealistic bodies than others
Stress slows the healing of wounds by as much as ___ to ___ percent. -5; 10. -12; 15. -24; 40. -55; 70.
-24; 40.
Dr. Simon, a psychiatrist, takes a biopsychosocial viewpoint of psychopathology. Which of the following treatments is he most likely to suggest for Julia's current state of depression? -Intense psychotherapy -A prolonged vacation -A combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs -Family therapy and a change in her work environment
-A combination of psychological therapy and antidepressant drugs
It has been observed that if a woman gives birth to a child with Down syndrome before the age of 35, she has an increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. Which of the following best explains this observation? -The same gene underlies both Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. -Women under 35 are not emotionally mature enough to manage a child with mental retardation. -Multiple copies of the APOE-4 allele increase the likelihood of both conditions. -A genetic mutation that increases susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease also increases the likelihood of passing on chromosomal abnormalities.
-A genetic mutation that increases susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease also increases the likelihood of passing on chromosomal abnormalities.
Which of the following statements is true about alcohol use? -Alcoholism is extremely serious but rarely fatal. -Alcoholism is more common in women that in men. -Alcoholism increases the risk of suicide. -Alcoholism is strongly associated with accidental death, but not with violent acts.
-Alcoholism increases the risk of suicide.
According to the text, which of the following has not been identified as a potential protective factor? -Exposure to moderate stressors -High intelligence -An introverted personality -A warm and supportive parent
-An introverted personality
Types of Eating disorders:
-Anorexia >> restricting type > eat only~ 300 calories >> binge-eating/purging-type: same as bulimia but underweight -Bulimia Nervosa >> purging type >>non-purge type -Binge-Eating disorder: (no purging)
Adam and Beth are both being treated for alcohol dependence by being given medications. Adam's medication makes him vomit if he drinks after taking it. Beth's medication reduces her craving for alcohol. Most likely Adam is taking ________; Beth is taking ________. -methadone; Naltrexone -Naltrexone; methadone -methadone; Antabuse -Antabuse; Naltrexone
-Antabuse; Naltrexone
Artiss developed conduct disorder early. Bertram developed conduct disorder late. This suggests that Selected Answer: -Artiss will have a higher level of intelligence. -Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder. -Bertram will have a higher likelihood of social dysfunctions. -Bertram will show more severe neuropsychological deficits and attentional problems.
-Artiss will have a higher likelihood of adult antisocial personality disorder.
What type of hallucinations are the most common? -Auditory -Tactile -Visual -Gustatory
-Auditory
Both of Mary's parents have been diagnosed with schizophrenia. Bob has an identical twin who has schizophrenia. Who is more likely to develop schizophrenia and why? -Bob, because he is male and has a family history of schizophrenia. -Mary, because all of her genes come from her parents and they both have the disease. -Bob, because he has inherited the same susceptibility that his twin is expressing. -Mary, because females are more susceptible than males to the genetic forms of schizophrenia.
-Bob, because he has inherited the same susceptibility that his twin is expressing.
Casey and Josh have both been bitten by strange dogs. Casey has a dog of his own at home that he loves. Josh has little experience with dogs. Which is likely to develop a phobia? -Both boys are likely to develop a phobia because of the traumatic nature of the event. -Casey is more likely to develop a phobia because his schema of dogs has been violated. -Casey is less likely to develop a phobia because he has had lots of earlier positive experiences with dogs. -It will depend on which boy is more sensitive to pain.
-Casey is less likely to develop a phobia because he has had lots of earlier positive experiences with dogs.
Which of the following summarizes the posttraumatic theory for the origin of DID? : -Therapists unwittingly reinforce role-playing of alter -identities. -Genetically programmed tendencies to dissociate are triggered by stress. -Children deal with severe abuse by creating alters who provide an "escape." -The rewards of avoiding punishment from the legal system induces people to fake symptoms.
-Children deal with severe abuse by creating alters who provide an "escape."
Derek's moods have always seemed to be unpredictable and irrational. Nancy, who has been diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder, never knows when he is going to come home and yell at her and the kids. In family therapy it is revealed that Derek's moods are really not irrational, but a reflection of the day's sales at his store. Which of the following would be most likely to decrease Nancy's anxiety? -Derek can commit more money to advertising so as to increase sales. -Derek and Nancy should separate. -Derek could call home each day and let Nancy know how the day went. -Derek should sell the business.
-Derek could call home each day and let Nancy know how the day went.
What is the link between dieting and eating disorders? -Dieting is a risk factor for both anorexia and bulimia. -Dieting is a risk factor for bulimia. -Dieting is not a risk factor for the development of eating disorder. -When done properly, dieting seems to decrease eating disorder symptoms for a while and then leads to a sharp increase in symptoms.
-Dieting is a risk factor for both anorexia and bulimia.
When a person experiences dissociative amnesia, one main type of memory is usually affected. Which? -Semantic memory (pertaining to language and concepts) -Procedural memory (how to do things) -Perceptual memory (the representation of things in images) -Episodic memory (the events we have experienced)
-Episodic memory (the events we have experienced)
Which statement about the treatment of eating disorders is most accurate? -There are very few options available in the treatment of eating disorders. -Family support and the patient's commitment to change are important to lasting recovery. -There are virtually no situations in which hospitalization is necessary to treat eating disorders. -Family involvement in treatment tends to undercut the chances of lasting recovery in the patient.
-Family support and the patient's commitment to change are important to lasting recovery.
What of the following are among the most common obsessive thoughts in people with OCD? -Worry about humiliating oneself in public -Fear of contamination and fear of harming others -Being the victim of crime and having a panic attack in public -Desire to get intoxicated on drugs and alcohol
-Fear of contamination and fear of harming others
Which of the following disorders affects men and women in equal numbers and is characterized by a chronic, progressive chorea? -AIDS -Alzheimer's disease -Huntington's disease -Parkinson's disease
-Huntington's disease
Which of the following is the type of attribution that is most likely to cause depression? -I am never going to make it through this course because it is too early in the morning and I'm having trouble getting up. -I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just can't learn the material. -I am never going to make it through this course because the professor is unfair. -I am never going to make it through this course because I just don't feel like studying lately.
-I am never going to make it through this course because I'm stupid and I just can't learn the material.
Juliet is a depressed child. When she wins a prize at school for her art project, how is she likely to explain it? -I was the best. -My teacher likes me. -I got lucky. -I worked hard.
-I got lucky.
Which of the following reactions to poor test performance suggests a cognitive diathesis for depression? -I'll do better next time. -I'll never understand this. -Why didn't I study more? -That test was way too hard.
-I'll never understand this.
Which of the following is a sociocultural explanation for the higher incidence of anxiety disorders in women? -Historically, women have had to stay and care for young. Thus, a hypervigilant state was adaptive. -Women have a natural tendency to be more cautious than men. -High levels of male hormones lead to aggression and fearlessness. -It is more acceptable for women to exhibit fear.
-It is more acceptable for women to exhibit fear.
Which of the following is most suggestive of dissociative identity disorder? -Grace's feelings about James switch from positive to negative instantly. -Peter could not explain why he didn't complete the project. -Delilah was never able to make up her mind. -Kyla could not recall where she had been or what she had done all day.
-Kyla could not recall where she had been or what she had done all day.
Which of the following is a criticism of traditional psychoanalytic theory? -Underemphasis on the sex drive -Overly positive view of women -Lack of scientific evidence -Too much focus on symptoms and not enough on underlying causes
-Lack of scientific evidence
Before the accident, Bob was unemployed and had few friends. Lionel, who suffered comparable head trauma, was a successful businessman and had just married. Which of these men should have the more favorable outcome and why? -Bob, because his lack of responsibilities will permit him to focus on getting well. -Bob, because he will benefit from relearning basic social skills. -Lionel, because he is more likely to be motivated to recover. -There is no reason to expect that these men will have different outcomes.
-Lionel, because he is more likely to be motivated to recover.
Which of the following is a good example of a person with an impairment of orientation? Joe, who once thought he was a homosexual but now thinks he is heterosexual. Karla, who cannot accurately draw objects or copy designs on a piece of paper. Lois, who must constantly be reminded of what to do next when she is getting dressed. -Marlon, who is not sure where he is or what month or year it is.
-Marlon, who is not sure where he is or what month or year it is.
Which of the following statements about Alzheimer's disease is true? -Multiple cognitive deficits exist, not just problems with memory. -Changes in mood are rarely seen. -Deterioration into a vegetative state occurs in two years or less. -The first symptoms involve delusions and assaultive behavior.
-Multiple cognitive deficits exist, not just problems with memory.
________ are a group of severely disabling conditions in children that are considered to be the result of structural differences in the brain and usually apparent at birth or as the child begins to develop. -Neurodevelopmental disorders -Symptom disorders -Conduct disorders -Tic disorders
-Neurodevelopmental disorders
Which of the following is not a condition found in the DSM? -Anorexia nervosa -Bulimia nervosa -Binge-eating disorder -Obesity
-Obesity
Dagmar is a musician and she loves the fact that she constantly hears new melodies in her head. In fact, she cannot remember a time when she did not hear music. Why is this NOT an example of an obsession? -Obsessions must be accompanied by ritualistic actions. -Obsessions must come on suddenly in response to a stressful life event. -Obsessions must be voluntary thoughts that a person knows are irrational. -Obsessions must be intrusive thoughts the person finds disturbing.
-Obsessions must be intrusive thoughts the person finds disturbing.
A therapist with a ________ orientation would emphasize the depressed person's need to improve his or her social skills. -behavioral -psychodynamic -cognitive -sociocultural
-behavioral
How common are delusions in schizophrenia? -They are experienced by approximately 50 percent of schizophrenics. -Delusions are an essential feature of schizophrenia; the presence of delusions is required for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -Over 90 percent of those with schizophrenia experience delusions. -While hallucinations are a common occurrence in schizophrenia, delusions are rare.
-Over 90 percent of those with schizophrenia experience delusions.
Which of the following disorders is characterized by motor symptoms such as resting tremors or rigid movements? -AIDS -Alzheimer's disease -Huntington's disease -Parkinson's disease
-Parkinson's disease
Which of the following best describes the person with paranoid schizophrenia? -Jake, who shows bizarre behavior, delusions, and disordered speech but has normal emotions. -Lincoln, whose schizophrenia involves a chronic pattern of wild excitement followed by muteness and immobility. -Constance, whose speech is incoherent and filled with invented words but whose emotions are inconsistent and inappropriate for the situation. -Pauline, who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief.
-Pauline, who is convinced that her husband is poisoning her food and can hear voices (that others cannot hear) calling her a liar and a thief.
Which of the following statements about rumination is true, according to the ruminative response styles theory? -Rumination is a protective factor against depression. -People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of depressive symptoms. -Gender differences in depression are explained by ruminative styles. -Biological factors have been most clearly linked to the development of rumination in those who do not have a family history of mood disorders.
-People who ruminate a great deal tend to have more lengthy periods of depressive symptoms.
Which of the following is a way to distinguish between someone with conversion disorder and someone who is malingering? -People with conversion disorder are very willing to talk about their symptoms, malingerers will be more cautious. -People with conversion disorder will be very cautious about talking about their symptoms, malingerers are very willing to talk about them. -People with conversion disorder are usually very defensive, malingerers will try to seem very open and trusting. -If their symptoms are shown to be inconsistent, people with conversion disorder become very defensive while malingerers do not.
-People with conversion disorder are very willing to talk about their symptoms, malingerers will be more cautious.
How do you distinguish between the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, purging type? : -The bulimic type involves throwing up, and the anorexic type involves fasting. -Altered eating and exercise habits result in missed periods in the bulimic type only. -The bulimic type results in more severe health consequences than the anorexic type. -People with the bulimic type are normal weight, people with the anorexic type are underweight.
-People with the bulimic type are normal weight, people with the anorexic type are underweight.
Which of the following complicates the study of personality traits and eating disorders? -Personality disorders are always seen in those with eating disorders. -Personality may be altered by malnourishment. -Eating disorders may merely be a symptom of a personality disorder. -Both personality disorders and eating disorders are highly subjective diagnostic categories, thus the collection of empirical data is tainted by the nature of these conditions.
-Personality may be altered by malnourishment.
After cheating on her husband, Julia accused her husband of cheating on her. Such behavior is explained by which of the following defense mechanism? -Sublimation -Displacement -Projection -Rationalization
-Projection
What is the prognosis for anorexia nervosa? -Relapse rates are high, but recovery can often happen in the long run. -Most people improve fairly quickly and don't relapse. -Anorexia has an excellent recovery rate, but the other disorders don't. -The prognosis is extremely poor, with few recovering from it.
-Relapse rates are high, but recovery can often happen in the long run.
Sam shows little emotion and is a loner. He has no social relationships, other than his family, and he seems to experience little pleasure, if any. What personality disorder might Sam have? -Paranoid -Schizoid -Borderline -Narcissistic
-Schizoid
Clyde is unmarried and has few friends. Why is he at greater risk for developing coronary heart disease than the general population? -He is unlikely to seek help if he notices problems. -Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease. -He has no knowledge of his problems. -He is socially awkward and thus has increased risks for disease.
-Social isolation has been associated with increased risk of the disease.
When it comes to cross-cultural similarities and differences concerning sexual behavior, which of the following statements is accurate? -Taboos on sex between close relatives are found in all known cultures. -Only in Western societies do men place greater emphasis on a partner's attractiveness. -In a specific culture, sexual attitudes and practices tend to be quite stable over hundreds of years. -In most cultures, people are highly tolerant of sexual nonconformity.
-Taboos on sex between close relatives are found in all known cultures.
Which of the following is the strongest predictor of a person developing bulimic symptoms? -The amount of control families tried to have over the person -The degree of overprotectiveness parents displayed -The amount of marital conflict between the parents -The amount of critical comments family members made about the person's appearance
-The amount of critical comments family members made about the person's appearance
Sexual variants illustrate a theme in abnormal psychology better than any other category of disorder. Which theme? : -The importance of stressors as the cause of disorder -The impact of disorder on one's occupational and social adjustment -The difficulty in defining the boundaries of normal and abnormal -The role of neurotransmitters in controlling thought and behavior
-The difficulty in defining the boundaries of normal and abnormal
Like many individuals with personality disorders, individuals with histrionic personality disorder are rarely able to maintain relationships over time. Why? -Their extreme distrust makes lasting relationships impossible. -Their self-reliance leads them to feel that they do not need anyone else. -Their exaggerated sense of self-importance is generally off-putting. -Their need for attention and manipulation is likely to drive others away.
-Their need for attention and manipulation is likely to drive others away.
Which of the following statements regarding divorce and psychopathology is true? -A causal relationship has been established between psychopathology and a parental divorce. -There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce. -The adverse effects of parental divorce are always temporary. -While a relationship between parental divorce and psychopathology has been established, there are no data to suggest that divorced persons experience an increased rate of psychopathology.
-There is a positive correlation between psychopathology and divorce
Which of the following is true of opposite sex alters in DID? -They are rare. -They are quite common.- -When they do occur, they usually assume the role of host. -They occur most commonly when sexual abuse has occurred.
-They are quite common.-
What was the purpose of the early asylums? -To remove those who could not care for themselves from society -To provide exorcisms -To offer humanitarian treatment to those afflicted with mental illnesses -To offer biological approaches to the treatment of mental disorders
-To remove those who could not care for themselves from society
In the DSM-5, PTSD will become a part of a new diagnostic category called ________. -Anxiety Disorders -Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders -Depressive Disorders -Transient- and Chronic Distress Disorders
-Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
In which of the following countries are at least one-third of adults obese? -China -Japan -United Kingdom -United States
-United States
Who is considered to be the "father" of behaviorism? -Pavlov -Freud -Wundt -Watson
-Watson
I often find that when I am ill, I am not able to cope effectively with the normal hassles of life. I find myself becoming irritated by things that I would usually be able to ignore. Which of the following would explain this phenomenon? -When using resources to deal with one stressor, the ability to tolerate additional stressors may be compromised. -Major life changes may impair the ability to cope effectively with daily hassles. -During the exhaustion phase of the general adaptation syndrome illness becomes likely. -Allostatic load leads to psychological and biological vulnerability.
-When using resources to deal with one stressor, the ability to tolerate additional stressors may be compromised.
When Bleuler coined the term "schizophrenia," the kind of split he believed was central to the disorder was -a division of personality within the person. -a divergence between the person's chronological age and his or her intellectual performance. -an inability to make an intimate connection with other people. -a break with reality.
-a break with reality.
Gradual exposure to feared cues is -a common component of treatment for all anxiety disorders. -likely to make someone with an anxiety disorder worse in the long term. -a useful treatment for phobias but not other anxiety disorders.
-a common component of treatment for all anxiety disorders.
About half of the individuals with borderline personality disorder also qualify for a diagnosis of ________ at some time. -antisocial personality disorder -schizophrenia -a mood disorder -histrionic personality disorder
-a mood disorder
Behaviorism was -a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis. -a reaction to the lack of moral and spiritual factors in most theories at the time. -an attempt to focus on the thinking styles of people with mental illness. -a spin-off theory that elaborated on the psychoanalytic viewpoint.
-a reaction to what the behaviorists perceived as a lack of scientific rigor in psychoanalysis.
Psychosis is a striking and essential feature of schizophrenia. Psychosis means -a tendency to be unpredictably violent. -a significant loss of contact with reality. -an inability to know right from wrong. -an abrupt shift in personality from one pattern to another
-a significant loss of contact with reality.
Arielle was in a terrible car accident in which several people were killed. A few weeks later, she began to talk about what happened. She told the story to anyone who would listen. This seems to be -a way to reduce anxiety and desensitize herself to the experience. -a maladaptive coping response that will heighten her distress. -a sign that she is beginning to develop PTSD. -a sign that she is in the shock stage of disaster syndrome.
-a way to reduce anxiety and desensitize herself to the experience.
The central principle of classical conditioning is that -after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally causes a response, a neutral stimulus will cause a similar response. -we repeat those actions that we see others engage in. -the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated. -the interaction of genetics and social factors best explains human behavior.
-after repeated pairings with a stimulus that naturally causes a response, a neutral stimulus will cause a similar response.
Bertha has been drinking to excess for many years. She is malnourished. This is because -alcohol has few calories. -alcohol impairs the body's ability to utilize nutrients. -alcoholism impairs her ability to choose healthy foods. -alcoholism causes people to lose their appetites.
-alcohol impairs the body's ability to utilize nutrients.
Some things seem to be consistent across all the different forms that obsessive-compulsive disorder takes. These include -a tendency to have an aggressive, impulsive personality. -an overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others for which they are responsible. -a strong resistance to depressive and other mood disorders. -an inability to see that the compulsive actions they engage in are unnecessary and ridiculous.
-an overwhelming fear that something terrible will happen to the person or to others for which they are responsible.
PTSD Risk Factors
-being female, having a low system of support, problems, with depression, anxiety and substance abuse -women with PTSD have a higher baseline cortisol levels than women without -high IQ may lower risk
Someone who binges and purges and is severely underweight is diagnosed as anorexic, not bulimic. Treating physicians must be precise with this diagnosis because -the patient will eventually stop bingeing and purging and start fasting. -anorexia is considered the more reliable diagnosis. -anorexia has a much higher death rate than bulimia. -bingeing and purging are not considered very important symptoms.
-anorexia has a much higher death rate than bulimia.
After the car accident, Sherry was unable to remember what happened from the time of the crash until the following morning. Sherry appears to have experienced -amnestic disorder. -anterograde amnesia. -retrograde amnesia. -dissociative fugue.
-anterograde amnesia.
All of the following were likely to be part of moral treatment in the 1800s EXCEPT -manual labor. -spiritual discussions. -character development. -antipsychotic medication.
-antipsychotic medication
Early criminal behavior is most characteristic of -antisocial personality disorder. -borderline personality disorder. -schizoid personality disorder. -schizotypal personality disorder.
-antisocial personality disorder.
The finding that prenatal viral exposure, rhesus incompatibility, and early nutritional deficiency are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia indicates that -genes do not play a role in vulnerability to schizophrenia. -anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia. -environmental factors are more important than genetic factors when it comes to determining who is likely to develop schizophrenia. -the results of twin studies reflect the impact of a shared prenatal environment, not shared genes.
-anything that interferes with normal brain development might lead to a greater risk of schizophrenia.
Caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease -experience "social death." -are at extraordinarily high risk for depression. -show high levels of ApoE, even if they do not show any outward anxiety symptoms. -are likely to show signs of cognitive deterioration.
-are at extraordinarily high risk for depression.
Histrionic personality disorder is most likely to be diagnosed in people who -are emotionally unexpressive and prefer living alone. -later develop schizophrenic symptoms. -are attention-seeking and overly emotional. -depend on others because they do not feel competent.
-are attention-seeking and overly emotional.
In autistic children, head banging, spinning in circles, and rocking are behaviors that -are exceedingly rare. -are common forms of self-stimulation. -are believed to be ways of communicating without language. -are used because these children find repetitive routines very aversive.
-are common forms of self-stimulation.
Extrapyramidal side effects -are involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs. -are often fatal side-effects from second-generation antipsychotic drugs. -are an increase in mood (reduction in depression) that occurs in people with schizoaffective disorder. -are voluntary, unusual movements that result mainly from taking second-generation antipsychotic drugs.
-are involuntary movements that result mainly from taking first-generation antipsychotic drugs.
Children from lower-SES families -are more likely to be resilient adults that those from higher-SES families. -show no signs of ill effects if there is an increase in SES before age 5. -are not affected by SES status unless persistent employment is the reason for the economic hardships of the family. -are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.
-are less likely to show ill effects of SES status if they possess a high IQ and develop healthy attachments to adults and peers.
Brigid has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder. Brigid is the host personality. We can expect that the alter identities -are very much like Brigid. -are strikingly different from Brigid. -only "come out" when there is no stress in the environment. -are very much like one another.
-are strikingly different from Brigid.
The behavioral patterns of individuals with personality disorders -tend to fluctuate over time. -tend to normalize with experience as an individual matures. -are thought to be relatively consistent over time, with little adaptation to new kinds of experiences. -are remarkable in their tendency to shift dramatically from one kind of disorder to another.
-are thought to be relatively consistent over time, with little adaptation to new kinds of experiences.
Which of the following could occur as a result of exposure to formaldehyde? -high blood pressure -epilepsy -asthma. -attention deficits
-attention deficits
Among children, the most commonly diagnosed disorders are -attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders. -psychotic conditions such as schizophrenia. -depression and phobic conditions. -obsessive-compulsive disorder and conduct disorder.
-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and separation anxiety disorders.
George is in second grade and is having trouble. He frequently is out of his seat, looking at the work of other students and annoying them by making comments. He interrupts the teacher, blurts out answers before she finishes the question, and usually needs directions repeated multiple times. At home, his mother says he is always "on the go." The most likely diagnosis for George is -conduct disorder. -oppositional defiant disorder. -separation anxiety disorder. -attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
-attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
If Ronald is typical of people with hypochondriasis, he will -avoid accepting a psychological explanation for his problems. -avoid visiting a physician. -have bizarre delusions about his body rotting out. -feel relieved when his doctor tells him he is healthy.
-avoid accepting a psychological explanation for his problems.
Dana's mother suffers from serious depressive episodes. Dana is likely to -be at risk for depression herself. -become a happy-go-lucky child because she had to cope with so much. -act in an aggressive, criminal manner. -have intense attachments to her mother.
-be at risk for depression herself.
Most boys with gender dysphoria -become transvestites in adulthood. -become transsexual adults. -are readily accepted by their peers. -become homosexual adults who no longer wish to -change their gender.
-become homosexual adults who no longer wish to -change their gender.
Carleen comes to therapy because she is feeling sad. Carleen says her she has often had periods of extreme sadness in the past and they typically last between 6 and 8 months. During those times she overeats, has trouble sleeping, feels exhausted all the time, and thinks a lot about dying. At other times, however, Carleen says she feels wonderful. During those times, which last about a week, she gets a lot done, feels as if she could do anything, talks a lot and quickly, doesn't sleep, but doesn't feel tired. Carleen says her "up" times are great and have never caused her any trouble. Carleen's most likely diagnosis is -major depressive disorder. -dysthymia. -bipolar I. -bipolar II.
-bipolar II.
Loretta has a long history of first idealizing men and then feeling they have abandoned her. Feelings of emptiness change into reckless acts of sexual promiscuity, gambling, and suicide attempts. She feels that she has never had a sense of self. Loretta probably has ________ personality disorder. -narcissistic -histrionic -dependent -borderline
-borderline
The main difference between borderline personality disorder and antisocial personality disorder is that -while both have impulsive sex, the person with borderline personality disorder uses others and the person with antisocial personality disorder really cares about others. -both avoid abandonment, the person with borderline personality disorder because they love others and the person with antisocial personality disorder because they need others to love them. -both exploit others but the person with borderline personality disorder does it due to an angry reaction to disappointments and the person with antisocial personality disorder does it for gain and without guilt. -both show suicidal behavior, the person with borderline personality disorder because he or she wants to die and the person with antisocial personality disorder to get attention.
-both exploit others but the person with borderline personality disorder does it due to an angry reaction to disappointments and the person with antisocial personality disorder does it for gain and without guilt.
It is important that mental health professionals have an understanding of the effects of brain damage because -most of their patients will have brain damage. -brain damage can result in symptoms that look like psychological conditions. -many of the medications used to treat psychopathology cause brain damage. -the effects of most forms of brain damage are reversible.
-brain damage can result in symptoms that look like psychological conditions.
Eating Disorders characteristics:
-characterized by persistent disturbance in eating behav. -compuslive eating habits, obsessive thoughts Both anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa are characterized by an intense fear of becoming fat and a drive for thinness. -Patients with anorexia nervosa are severely underweight. This is not true of patients with bulimia nervosa.
It is a hot day and a child sprays you with a garden hose. You might react with amusement (and even thanks!) or considerable anger. The fact that one event can be interpreted in different ways is central to the ________ approach to therapy. -operant conditioning -classical conditioning -cognitive -sociocultural
-cognitive
Betty is hyper-aware of such bodily sensations as heart rate and respiration rate. When she perceives heart or breathing as getting faster she becomes afraid that she is having a heart attack. These thoughts make her symptoms worse and she has a panic attack. Betty's pattern of thinking best illustrates -cognitive theory of panic. -the psychoanalytic theory of panic. -the importance of perceived control in panic disorder. -the role of the locus coeruleus in panic.
-cognitive theory of panic.
Lori has periods of dejection and apathy that are not as severe as are seen in major depression. She also has periods when she abruptly becomes elated and has little need for sleep. Her symptoms never reach the level of psychosis, but the mood swings have been recurrent for over four years. The best diagnosis for Lori is -schizoaffective disorder. -bipolar I disorder. -recurrent dysthymia. -cyclothymia.
-cyclothymia.
A common sign of bulimia nervosa is -lanugo. -intolerance to cold. -kidney failure. -damaged teeth and mouth ulcers.
-damaged teeth and mouth ulcers.
According to Bowlby, -despair is a normal response to separation. -the display of despair in response to separation is indicative of an insecure attachment. -frequent parental separation in infancy contributes to the development of resiliency. -the failure to experience normal parental separations in infancy contributes to an inability to tolerate relationship-related stressors in adulthood.
-despair is a normal response to separation.
The new DSM classification, which omits the concept of neurosis, is an improvement because -each category now has a specific effective treatment. -now anxiety disorders are identified regardless of whether anxiety symptoms are expressed. -diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined. -each category is made up of symptoms that have one causal origin.
-diagnostic criteria are now based on shared, observable symptoms and are more clearly defined.
After being hit on the head, Bob experienced some retrograde amnesia. Those who were there knew this because he -was unconscious. -had a concussion. -could not remember his name. -did not know what happened.
-did not know what happened.
In research studies, in addition to failing to learn to avoid punishment, psychopaths -did not cognitively understand the connection between a behavior and its consequence. -felt a great deal of anticipatory anxiety about punishment, leading to impulsive behaviors. -did not show normal fear potential startle responses. -showed larger than normal fear potential startle responses.
-did not show normal fear potential startle responses.
Alicia developed a fear of spiders after being bitten by one. However, she has no problems looking at pictures of spiders. This is an example of -discrimination. -generalization. -instrumental conditioning. -intrapsychic conflict.
-discrimination.
A person with two or more well-developed identities has the disorder called -fugue state. -depersonalization disorder. -dissociative identity disorder. -localized psychogenic amnesia.
-dissociative identity disorder.
Delusions are -perceptions with no basis in reality. -only seen in schizophrenia. -necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -disturbances in the content of thought.
-disturbances in the content of thought.
A recent in-depth study by Lewis and colleagues of 12 convicted murderers diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder looked into their backgrounds. The study found strong evidence that -each was a pathological liar long before showing signs of dissociative disorder. -disordered thinking was associated with abnormal brain functioning. -each was severely abused, both physically and sexually. -each had vivid memories of being tortured and neglected by strangers.
-each was severely abused, both physically and sexually.
Lasting negative effects of abuse on psychological functioning are most likely when the abuse occurs in -early childhood. -adolescence. -early adulthood. -old age.
-early childhood.
The influence of television on the attitudes toward eating in Fiji demonstrate that -biological factors play a minimal role in the etiology of eating disorders. -environmental factors can alter societal attitudes such that the risk of developing eating disorders is increased. -definitions of beauty are not changed over time. there is no relationship between physical standards of -beauty and desirable personality traits.
-environmental factors can alter societal attitudes such that the risk of developing eating disorders is increased.
Families of people with anorexia -do not have any characteristic features. -tend to provide few rules and limits. -exhibit tendencies towards perfectionism. -emphasize individuality.
-exhibit tendencies towards perfectionism.
A common treatment for mental illness during the Middle Ages in Europe was -exorcism. -fresh air and supportive surroundings. -banishment. -an early form of psychoanalytic dream interpretation.
-exorcism.
Most people with obsessive-compulsive disorder -experience obsessions, but compulsions are relatively rare. -experience compulsions, but obsessions are relatively rare. -experience both obsessions and compulsions. -develop compulsions in childhood, and obsessions in adolescence or adulthood.
-experience both obsessions and compulsions.
The text presented the case of Catherine, a woman with bulimia nervosa. She is typical of such individuals because she -had suffered few health problems. -had few thoughts of food except when she was eating. -experienced shame, guilt, and self-deprecation. -did not realize that her eating habits were abnormal.
-experienced shame, guilt, and self-deprecation.
Behaviorists suggest maladaptive behavior can be a result of -extinction. -lack of generalization of behaviors. -a poor response-outcome expectancy. -failure to learn adaptive behaviors.
-failure to learn adaptive behaviors
The individual with avoidant personality disorder is unlikely to develop lasting relationships as a result of his or her -callousness. -fear of rejection. -desire to control others. -lack of interest.
-fear of rejection.
When Kenneth was a young boy he went to a dentist who treated him uncaringly and inflicted a good deal of pain. Even years later, he has an uncontrollable and intense fear of not only dentists but physicians, too. This best illustrates how phobias might be the result of -generalization in classical conditioning. -observational conditioning. -secondary gain. -the inflation effect.
-generalization in classical conditioning.
Amber feels anxious almost all the time. She finds herself worrying that her husband will leave her (although he has never shown any indication that he would), that she chose the wrong job, that her children might not be safe at their school, and that she might get sick and leave her family in financial ruin. She calls her husband almost everyday to find out when he will be home. She complains to her physician that she is always tired but cannot sleep or relax. Amber's most likely diagnosis is: -generalized anxiety disorder. -generalized social phobia. -panic disorder with agoraphobia. -obsessive compulsive disorder.
-generalized anxiety disorder.
Avoidant personality disorder is extremely similar to and hard to distinguish from -generalized social phobia. -schizoid personality disorder. -generalized anxiety disorder. -paranoid personality disorder.
-generalized social phobia.
Highly coordinated children are picked out at an early age by coaches and given special opportunities to excel at sports. Extraverted children seek out social situations and become unusually comfortable with strangers. Both of these phenomena illustrate -the power of the phenotype over the genotype. -genotype-environment correlations. -the polygenic effect of chromosomes on behavior. -how the environment shapes one's genetic endowment.
-genotype-environment correlations.
Most transsexuals -are autogynephilic. -had gender dysphoria as children. -are exclusively heterosexual. -derive their sexual gratification from cross-dressing in public.
-had gender dysphoria as children.
Hattie has a dependent personality disorder. This means that she -experiences little distress in her life. -has difficulty in initiating relationships. -has acute discomfort when she is alone. -prefers being alone rather than being with people who might criticize her.
-has acute discomfort when she is alone.
Joe has a delusional belief. When people argue with him, -he admits he could be wrong. -he only admits he is wrong after being shown more proof than most people would need. -he doesn't admit he is wrong to other people, but he admits it to himself. -he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown.
-he doesn't admit he could be wrong, no matter what proof he is shown.
The four parenting styles described in the text differ along two dimensions, warmth and control. The style associated with the most positive developmental outcome is best described as ________ in warmth and ________ in control.: -high; low -low; low -high; moderately high -low; moderately high
-high; moderately high
Phenylketonuria can be used to illustrate -the dramatic effects of prenatal malnutrition. -the importance of early detection of chromosomal anomalies. -why women should give birth at an early age. -how nature and nurture interact.
-how nature and nurture interact.
The best predictor of overall functioning over time for someone with schizophrenia is -how much impairment the person suffers. -how severe the person's positive symptoms are. -how severe the person's negative symptoms are. -how much therapy the person gets.
-how severe the person's negative symptoms are.
According to the revisions made for the DSM-5, most people previously diagnosed with ______________ will be diagnosed with complex somatic symptom disorder. -hypochondriasis -factitious disorder -somatization disorder -body dysmorphic disorder
-hypochondriasis
When examining heredity, mental disorders are almost always -influenced by one particular gene. -influenced by multiple genes. -influenced by recessive genes. -not influenced by genes.
-influenced by multiple genes.
It was once believed that masturbation caused -infertility. -insanity. -narcissism. -schizophrenia.
-insanity.
Cirrhosis of the liver -is a rare complication of alcoholism. -is due to an allergic-type reaction of the body to alcohol. -is caused by overworking the liver trying to assimilate large amounts of alcohol. -is debilitating but rarely fatal.
-is caused by overworking the liver trying to assimilate large amounts of alcohol.
Dorothea Dix -urged that religious conversion was a primary means of treatment for the mentally disturbed. -was a major impediment to the mental hygiene movement in this country. -was a leading force in the emphasis on finding biological cures for mental disorders. -is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries.
-is credited with establishing numerous humane mental hospitals in many countries.
Unlike the person with paranoid schizophrenia, the person with paranoid personality disorder -becomes delusional in response to an actual betrayal or hurtful incident with another person. -has persistent loss of reality contact. -tends to confide in others and assume the loyalty of his or her friends. -is in contact with reality, although he or she may have transient psychotic symptoms.
-is in contact with reality, although he or she may have transient psychotic symptoms.
Childhood suicide -is common. -has been declining since the early 1980s. -is one of the top ten causes of death for children in the United States. -most commonly is seen in victims of early onset schizophrenia.
-is one of the top ten causes of death for children in the United States.
A relationship between depression and marital dissatisfaction -has yet to be established. -only exists due to the submissive behavior of depressed wives. -is only seen when depression leads to substance abuse. -is well-established.
-is well-established.
Which of the following is a behavioral explanation for depression? -lack of environmental reinforcers -insecure attachment -pessimistic tendencies -reliance on depressogenic schemas
-lack of environmental reinforcers
The majority of cases of schizophrenia begin in -late adulthood or old age. -late adolescence or early adulthood. -late childhood or early adolescence. -there is no age where the majority of cases begin.
-late adolescence or early adulthood.
Punitive approaches to antisocial youth are -likely to make problems worse. -effective when intervention occurs before adolescence. -not the norm. -effective at "teaching the child a lesson."
-likely to make problems worse.
Brittany came to a therapist complaining that she just doesn't enjoy life lately. She says that for the past couple of months, she finds she just doesn't feel like doing the things that she used to love to do. She has also lost a lot of weight and sleeps much more than usual but still feels tired all the time. She says she just can't concentrate on anything. However, she denies feeling sad. Brittany's most likely diagnosis is -dysthymic disorder. -bipolar II disorder. -major depressive disorder. -no disorder.
-major depressive disorder.
Consciously faking symptoms is characteristic of -malingering. -hypochondriasis. -somatization disorder. -somatic symptom disorder.
-malingering.
Misdiagnoses are common when looking at potential personality disorders because -the diagnostic criteria are objective. -many of the personality disorders share common features. -most of those in treatment for personality disorders are heavily medicated. -it is usually not possible to determine when the problematic behavior began.
-many of the personality disorders share common features.
Comfort food -does nothing physiologically, any effects are due to expectation. -may help reduce activation in the stress response system. -changes the hormonal balance of the body and makes people want to eat more. -affects the brain in such a way as to make it unable to tell when the body is full.
-may help reduce activation in the stress response system.
Diane's treatment for depression included training in meditation techniques that helped her become aware of her unwanted negative thoughts and to accept them as just thoughts. She was undergoing -mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. -psychodynamic therapy. -behavioral activation therapy. -transcranial magnetic stimulation.
-mindfulness-based cognitive therapy.
Suppose you were the director of a mental health center that provided treatment for children. Based on research, you would expect that -more girls would be diagnosed with disorders than boys. the most common disorders diagnosed would be eating -disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder. -the average age of your child clients would be around 5 or 6. -more boys would be diagnosed with disorders than girls.
-more boys would be diagnosed with disorders than girls.
The most recent studies of satisfactory outcome from sex reassignment surgery find -most individuals are satisfied -few individuals are satisfied -satisfaction depends upon whether the operation involves a male-to-female or a female-to-male change. -satisfaction depends on the length of time that individuals live as the gender they wish to become prior to the surgery.
-most individuals are satisfied
Jenny has an IQ in the average range. However, at school she is doing very poorly. She has consistently scored at two or more grade levels below the grade she is actually in. From this, a diagnostician would hypothesize that Jenny -most likely has an anxiety disorder. -most likely does not have a learning disability because her IQ is only average. -most likely has a learning disability. -most likely has intellectual disability.
-most likely has a learning disability.
The most common cause of traumatic brain injury is -stroke. -motor vehicle accidents. -drug abuse. -Alzheimer's disease.
-motor vehicle accidents.
Efforts to find the gene or genes that underlie bipolar disorder suggest that -multiple genes are involved. -the underlying gene is on the Y chromosome. -the underlying gene is on the X chromosome. -there is a genetic basis for bipolar disorder, but not for cyclothymia.
-multiple genes are involved.
Dissociative identity disorder was formerly known as -psychogenic amnesia. -multiple personality disorder. -conversion hysteria. -neurasthenia.
-multiple personality disorder.
At a young age, children are not able to understand that the world that others experience is different from their own. Children also tend to overestimate their own abilities. A failure to outgrow these youthful characteristics might explain the development of ________ personality disorder. -antisocial -borderline -histrionic -narcissistic
-narcissistic
Hope believes that she is the "star" of her graduate class and that the other students dislike her because they are jealous of her superior intelligence. She believes that she is entitled to be exempted from an important exam because of her outstanding performance in class. Hope probably suffers from -histrionic personality disorder. -narcissistic personality disorder. -dependent personality disorder. -schizoid personality disorder.
-narcissistic personality disorder.
Norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are all -hormones that affect behavior. -catecholamines that inhibit nerve impulses. -neurotransmitters that are involved in psychopathology. -forms of neurotransmitters called amino acids that can cause brain damage.
-neurotransmitters that are involved in psychopathology.
Which of the following accounts for more morbidity and mortality than all eating disorders combined? -anorexia nervosa -bulimia nervosa -binge-eating disorder -obesity
-obesity
Due to ________, we can learn from the experiences of others. -classical conditioning -generalization -instrumental conditioning -observational learning
-observational learning
Removal of the three classifications of Schizophrenia: (types of schizo)
-paranoid -disorganized -catatonic now viewed that one can hold all three classifications at different stages of their life, so the diagnosis isn't exactly one but fluid of all
Amphetamine psychosis resembles -acute hypertension. -Korsakoff's syndrome. -paranoid schizophrenia. -borderline personality disorder. -
-paranoid schizophrenia.
Effective treatments for conduct disorder usually involve -removing the child from the environment that has fostered the maladaptive behavior. -legal intervention. -teaching the child basic moral lessons. -parental participation.
-parental participation.
One of the most important factors in the treatment of children and adolescents is -the type of disorder they have. -their intellectual level. -parental willingness to be involved in treatment. -their response to medications.
-parental willingness to be involved in treatment.
Unlike disorders like depression and PTSD, -personality disorders develop gradually. -multiple causal events can be identified when a personality disorder has developed. -those with personality disorders experience considerable subjective distress. -personality disorders are found on Axis III.
-personality disorders develop gradually.
The fact that episodes of mass madness peaked at the time of the Black Death illustrates that -mass hysteria usually has a biological basis. -mental and physical illnesses commonly occur together. -phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health. -mental illnesses really are caused by imbalances in the four bodily humors.
-phenomena that impact the society and its structure may also affect mental health.
Which of the following will lessen the impact of a stressful situation? -holding unrealistic expectations about the stressor -minimizing the use of social support -preparing for the stressor -being uncertain as to how long the stressor will persist
-preparing for the stressor
Cross-cultural research on stress demonstrates that -depression is a common response to life challenges in all countries studied. -stress rarely leads to any evidence of illness in non-Western cultures. -responses to stress vary cross-culturally. -culture-specific reactions are not seen to alterations in the environment.
-responses to stress vary cross-culturally.
There is some debate as to whether ________ is a variant of schizophrenia or a form of mood disorder. -residual type -schizoaffective disorder -schizophreniform disorder -undifferentiated type
-schizoaffective disorder
Thought and speech oddities comparable to those seen in schizophrenia have been documented in ________ personality disorder. -paranoid -schizoid -schizotypal -borderline
-schizotypal
Tom tells you that he can make his roommate take out the trash by simply thinking about his roommate doing it. He agrees with you that this could sometimes just be a coincidence, but he seems to truly believe he can sometimes get people to do things just by thinking about it. You find him understandable when he talks, but sometimes hard to follow. His clothes are messy and don't match. Tom tells you not to tell anyone about his power, because he knows that other people don't like him because they are jealous and they would hurt him if they could. The best diagnosis for Tom is -borderline personality disorder. -paranoid personality disorder. -schizotypal personality disorder. -schizoid personality disorder.
-schizotypal personality disorder.
Controlled drinking - teaching alcoholics to drink in moderation - -has been generally accepted as a useful treatment. -seems to work for some people with less severe alcoholism. -works better than complete abstinence. -seems to work well for all types of alcoholics.
-seems to work for some people with less severe alcoholism.
Debbie receives her paper back from her instructor. It is marked with an A grade and has several positive comments. The instructor also suggested Debbie reword one small section. Debbie becomes extremely upset and tells her friends her instructor hated the paper and wants her to redo it. This is an example of -selective abstraction. -dichotomous thinking. -arbitrary inference. -learned helplessness.
-selective abstraction.
Hallucinations are -sensory experiences with no basis in reality. -only seen in schizophrenia. -necessary for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. -disturbances in the content of thought.
-sensory experiences with no basis in reality.
Serial killers tend to be -pedophiles. -masochists. -voyeurs. -sexual sadists.
-sexual sadists.
The text presented the case of Mary Kendall, who suffered from dissociative identity disorder. She is typical of individuals with this disorder in that -she has periods of "lost time." -she was socially inept as a child. -she was aware of her separate personalities prior to beginning treatment. -she tended to express her emotional distress in complaints about her body.
-she has periods of "lost time."
Martin is afraid to fly. He knows his boss wants him to take a trip for the business. Martin feels miserable, because he wants to keep his job but cannot even imagine getting on a plane. The most likely diagnosis for Martin is -agoraphobia without history of panic disorder. -social phobia. -specific phobia, situation type. -panic disorder with agoraphobia.
-specific phobia, situation type.
Alzheimer's disease characteristics:
-starts w/ mild cognitive impair -have more memory problems than normal for age - also more prob. w/ movement & senses -fully developed= cant remember who they are, what to do, or have done, cant perform daily tasks to survive -results in delirium & death
Suicide Risk
-stressful life events -access to lethal means -exposure to another person's suicide (copy-cat) -family history -serious or chronic health condition -substance abuse risk for all types of depression
Our current knowledge of the efficacy of treating eating disorders -is quite thorough because there are many controlled studies comparing long-term outcomes. -is much more detailed for anorexia nervosa than for bulimia nervosa. -suggests that hospitalization is most effective for long-term maintenance of treatment gains. -suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice.
-suggests that cognitive-behavioral therapy is the treatment of choice.
Suicide Psychosocial Factors
-suicide -impulsivity -aggression -pessimism -family psychopathology or instability -genetics
Studies of the brains of individuals with DID -find no differences in brain activity associated with different identities. -support the assertion that DID is a real disorder. -do not indicate any explanation for interpersonal amnesia. -have provided no consistent findings.
-support the assertion that DID is a real disorder.
The only treatment that has been shown to be effective in treating gender dysphoria is -long-term psychodynamic therapy. -aversion therapy. -surgical sex reassignment. -medication to alter hormone production.
-surgical sex reassignment.
The "clusters" of personality disorders found in the DSM-5 are grouped based on -similar etiologies. -level of dysfunction. -symptom or feature similarities. -expected prognosis.
-symptom or feature similarities.
Panic disorders are often misdiagnosed because -the symptoms overlap so much with major depression. -the symptoms are so chronic and mild, they do not seem like serious forms of psychopathology. -patients are so embarrassed by their problems, they do not make them known to professionals. -symptoms are so somatic they are treated by physicians for medical problems.
-symptoms are so somatic they are treated by physicians for medical problems.
An individuals with amnestic disorder is likely to be unable to ____________. -tell you whom he or she met 5 minutes ago -describe the house he or she grew up in -repeat an address he or she was just told -demonstrate how to ride a bike
-tell you whom he or she met 5 minutes ago
The role of learning is the central theme in -Breuer's approach to treating people with mental disorders. -Wundt's approach to psychological research. -the psychoanalytic approach. -the behavioral perspective.
-the behavioral perspective.
If trait is highly heritable, it would be expected that -the concordance rate for dizygotic twins and monozygotic twins would be comparable. -the concordance rate for dizygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for monozygotic twins. -the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for dizygotic twins. -the concordance rate for dizygotic twins would be close to 100%.
-the concordance rate for monozygotic twins would be greater than the concordance rate for dizygotic twins.
"Normal"feelings of depression becomes a mood disorder when -there is no identifiable cause for it. -the degree of impairment is judged severe enough -to warrant a diagnosis. -it lasts for more than a month. -it ceases to be justified and adaptive.
-the degree of impairment is judged severe enough -to warrant a diagnosis.
Neural plasticity is -the process by which neurotransmitters are broken down in the brain. -the flexibility of the brain-existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made. -strong evidence of brain damage, leading to the development of a mental disorder. -the best indicator of temperament and its effect on the personality development of a child.
-the flexibility of the brain-existing neural circuits can change or new ones can be made.
John Bowlby's attachment theory emphasized -the social environment in forming attachments. -the quality of parental care in forming attachments. -the quality of early reinforcers and stimulation in forming attachments. -the necessity of independence from parental figures in forming attachments.
-the quality of parental care in forming attachments.
Ian was predisposed to being very aggressive with his peers in school, who responded by rejecting him. Later in life Ian began to associate with other aggressive youth and to participate in a variety of delinquent behaviors. This is an example of -phenotypic vulnerability to aggression. -a phenotypic diathesis. -polygenic expression. -the way the genotype may shape the phenotype.
-the way the genotype may shape the phenotype.
Individuals with delusional disorder differ from those with schizophrenia in that -they behave relatively normally other than the delusions. -their delusions are not well-formed. -they know their delusions are delusions. -they rarely act on their delusions.
-they behave relatively normally other than the delusions.
Procedural memory often is intact in patients with amnestic disorder. This means -they will eventually recover their short-term memory. -they will eventually recover their memory for the most important personal events in their lives, but will still have problems with short-term memory. -they can still learn routines and skills and may be able to be taught tasks that will enable them to work. -the memory pathways in the brain are still intact, so patients can be retaught how to remember things.
-they can still learn routines and skills and may be able to be taught tasks that will enable them to work.
According to the behavioral viewpoint, compulsions are repeated because -they act of engaging in the behavior is pleasurable. -they serve to reduce anxiety. -they are reflexive responses that can't be controlled. -they permit the expression of repressed urges.
-they serve to reduce anxiety.
At low levels, alcohol's effect on the brain is ________; at higher levels, alcohol's effect is ________. -to inhibit glutamate (an excitatory neurotransmitter); release opium-like endorphins -too minimal to have an impact; massive and excitatory depressive; excitatory -to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; depress brain functioning
-to activate the brain's "pleasure centers"; depress brain functioning
Pivotal Response Training
-treatment in natural environment -family involvement - Pivotal Behaviors: -motivation, self-initiation, self management, multiple cues -theory of mind- able to infer other people's emotions and mental states
Treatment/ Prevention of Suicide
-treatment of the person's current mental disorder -crisis intervention -working with high-risk groups -hotlines
According to your textbook, which of the following is most stressful to people and animals? -constant stressors -predictable stressors -uncontrollable stressors -physical stressors
-uncontrollable stressors
Ruth experienced a stroke that severely damaged her occipital lobe. We can expect that she has an impairment in her ability to -think and talk using good judgment. -walk in a coordinated fashion. -understand what she sees. -do mathematical and word problems.
-understand what she sees.
Freud's view of mental disorders was that they were a result of -unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego. -genetic abnormalities that influence people's ability to cope with their environment. -problematic tendencies we develop while dealing with our early interpersonal environments. -learned maladaptive behaviors that were rewarded with attention.
-unresolved conflicts between the id, the ego, and the superego. genetic abnormalities that influence people's ability to cope with their environment. problematic tendencies we develop while dealing with our early interpersonal environments. learned maladaptive behaviors that were rewarded with attention.
Nicole's mother is terribly afraid of snakes. Although Nicole has never actually seen a snake, her mother has told her time and again to be careful to look for them when she is walking. Now Nicole has an intense fear of snakes and refuses to walk in the grass. This is an example of -vicarious conditioning of a phobia. -classical conditioning of a phobia. -operant conditioning of a phobia. -unconscious displacement of anxiety onto a phobic object.
-vicarious conditioning of a phobia.
Freud suggested that depression -was actually a healthy adaptation to stress. -was a result of overly high self-esteem. -involved the anal stage of development. -was anger turned inward.
-was anger turned inward.
Brendan has been using marijuana daily for more than six years. If he stops using the drug, we may expect -withdrawal-like symptoms such as nervousness and changes in sleeping and eating. -a period of extreme depression and lethargy, but no physiological symptoms. -a potentially lethal withdrawal phase. -slowed reaction times, increased heart rate, and memory dysfunction.
-withdrawal-like symptoms such as nervousness and changes in sleeping and eating.
The majority of individuals who ATTEMPT suicide are ________ and the majority of those who COMPLETE suicide are ________. -women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65 -men and people over age 65; women and people between age 18 and 24 -adolescents; the elderly -the elderly; adolescents
-women and people between age 18 and 24; men and people over age 65
Media influence on Eating Disorders and Body Image:
-young women ^ dissatisfaction than young men -42% of 1st-3rd graders want to lose weight (80% for 10yr)
Cluster B
1. Antisocial 2. Borderline 3. Histrionic 4. Narcissistic
Cluster C
1. Avoidant 2. Dependent 3. Obsessive - Compulsive
Three Major Symptoms of Schizophrenia
1. Hallucinations 2. Delusions 3. Disorganized Speech
Intoxication/Withdrawal
1. Intoxication - The acute effects of substance abuse. 2. Withdrawal - A set of symptoms associated with physical dependence on a drug that occur when the drug is no longer taken.
Cluster A
1. Paranoid 2. Schizoid 3. Schizotypal
60 Minutes: The War Within
1/5 veterans have PTSD -depression, anxiety, survivor's guilt -many cope with these feelings using alcohol -prolonged exposure: new therapy makes them remember everything they're trying to forget, repeat 5 times, record it and replay Cognitive Process Therapy: write out memories, feelings etc, read in front of other veterans
Trichotillomania
A compulsive desire to pull out one's hair
Catatonia
A condition in which a person is awake but non responsive to external stimulation.
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
A condition involving obsessions (Intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses), often combined with compulsions (repetitive behaviors) that can be extensive, time consuming and distressful.
Schizotypal
A consistent pattern of social problems marked by significant deficits in the ability to maintain close relationships.
Autism Spectrum Disorder
A developmental disorder that involves a wide range of problematic behaviors including deficits in language and perceptual motor development, inability to function in social situations, defective reality testing, self stimulation
Hallucinations
A false sensory perception
Derealization
A feeling of unfamiliarity or unreality about one's physical or interpersonal environment.
Major Depressive Disorder
A persistent sad or low mood that is severe enough to impair a person's interest in or ability to engage in normally enjoyable activities.
Delusional
A person has a non bizarre delusion, no other psychotic symptoms, and few changes in overall functioning other than the behaviors immediately surrounding the delusion.
Selective Mutism
A person who is normally capable of speech does not speak in specific situations or to specific people.
Sexual Masochism
A person's consistent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving actual acts of being humiliated, beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer.
Schizophrenia
A severe psychological disorder characterized by disorganization in thought, perception, and behavior.
Panic Disorder
A. A person who has had at least one panic attack worries about having more panic attacks. - without agoraphobia. B. Panic attacks combined with avoidance of places where escape (in case of a panic attack) may be difficult or impossible.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder
A. Emotional distress following a traumatic experience B. Persistent symptoms of increased sympathetic nervous system arousal
________ was once thought to be a fear of crowded places, but now is seen as a complication of having panic attacks in public. -Agoraphobia -Claustrophobia -Generalized anxiety disorder -General social phobia
Agoraphobia
Fred refuses to speak at school, although he speaks normally at home. His therapist plans out a treatment where Fred is given a gold star every time he answers his teacher, and he can then trade the stars for prizes. Fred begins speaking in class. The therapist then tells the teacher to stop the program for a couple of weeks. Fred stopped talking during that time. The teacher then started giving Fred stars again, and Fred again began to talk. This is an example of
An ABAB experimental design study.
General Personality Disorder
An enduring pattern of inner experience and behavior that deviates from the norm, is pervasive and inflexible, has an onset in adolescence or early adulthood, is stable across time, and leads to distress or impairment.
Gambling Disorder
An inability to control the impulse to gamble, even when it's hurting the patient or their loved ones.
Dissociative Amnesia
An inability to recall important information, usually of a personal nature, that follows a stressful or traumatic event.
Body Dysmorphic Disorder
An overwhelming concern that some part of the body is ugly or misshapen.
Agoraphobia- Anxiety Disorder
Anxiety about being in places from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing goes to great lengths to avoid a variety of feared situations like streets, bridges, and crowded public places
What is the most prevalent group of psychological disorder?
Anxiety disorders
In the United States, the standard for defining types of mental disorders is contained in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Types of Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Autism, Intellectual Disorders, Communication Disorders, ADHD, Specific Learning Disorder, Motor Disorder (Tourettes)
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autistic Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder and Asperger's Disorder were combined in DSM 5 as dimensions of ASD now the spectrum ranges from mild to severe
Local History
Camarillo State Hospital- mad house to 7000 patients, 700 staff, largest in world Shut down in 1993
Gender Identity terms:
Cisgender- gender and biological sex match up, "gender normative" Transgender- gender is "opposite" of biological sex Genderqueer: Mix of male and female
Personality Types: (3 Clusters)
Cluster A: (odd,eccentric) > paranoid > schizoid: >schizotypal: Cluster B: > historonic: >narcissistic: >antisocial >borderline Cluster C: >avoidant >dependent >obsessive compulsive
characteristics of the Cluster A Personality Disorders:
Cluster A: (odd,eccentric) > paranoid: distrust/suspicion of others; see self as blameless, on guard for attacks by others >> negative, controlling, grudgeful, jealous > schizoid: detached from relationships, restrict in emotional expression -lack desire, loners, unaffec. by criticism/motivat. >schizotypal: acute discomfort in close relation. & peculiar in nature, pre-occupied w/ paranormal phenomenon; have oddities in speech -familiarity doenst decrease anxiety
characteristics of the Cluster B Personality Disorders:
Cluster B: (dramatic, emotional, erratic) > historonic: excess emotional / attention seek; dramatic; over concerned w/ attractiveness, irritable & temper outbursts if attention seeking is frustrated; easily influenced >narcissistic: grandious, wants admiring attention, self-promoting, lacks empathy >antisocial: pervasive disregard for self & others, cant follow approved models of behave., deceitful, shamelessly manipulate others >borderline: instability of interpersonal relation. & self image, inappropriate/intense anger, drastic mood shifts, chronic feeling of boredom & emptiness, attempts self mutilation /suicide
characteristics of the Cluster C Personality Disorders:
Cluster C: (anxious, fearful) >avoidant: social inhibition, feel inadequate, hypersensitive to rejection/social derogation, feel shy, insecure in social interactions/initiations >dependent: difficulty separating relationships, discomfort at being alone, passive, indecisive, pessimistic, have self-doubt >obsessive compulsive: excess concern w/ order, rules, details, are perfectionists, lack warmth/expressiveness, excess devotion to work & productivity often pack rats
Reactive Attachment Disorder
Condition found in children who have not received appropriate care and do not form a healthy emotional attachment with their primary caregivers -- usually their mothers -- before age 5.
Somatic Symptom Disorders
DSM IV- believed these were all in head and you need a medical diagnoses to explain it DSM V- you don't need a medical disorder, or any minimum symptoms, just meet 1/3 of requirements -disproportionate thoughts about symptoms -high levels of anxiety about health -excessive time or energy devoted to health concern
The case of David Reimer:
David Reimer, born boy, doctor botched circumcision, in age of social reconstruction, thought they could condition the child to be a specific gender (female) ♣ Raised a girl, parents never told him, tried keeping him away from boys & in female gender roles, always felt off • Cant change someone's gender identity • Not socially constructed returned to male, has kids, married
Gender Dysphoria characteristics:
Degree of dysphoria can fluctuate over time -diagnosis in adolescence/adulthood or childhood >>> typically clear in puberty ♣unable to identify w/ their own body (remember this into childhood) ♣ a strong preference for cross-gender roles in play, toys, games, or activities (in boys, strong avoidance of rough & tumble play) ♣ a strong preference for playmates of the other gender o most common outcomes of gender dysphoria in childhood is homosexuality (or heterosexuality) w/o gender dysphoria
Acute Stress Disorder
Emotional distress that occurs within one month after exposure to a traumatic event. (e.g., witnessing a death or serious accident).
Social Anxiety Disorder
Excessive and unreasonable fear of social situations. Anxiety and self-consciousness arise from a fear of being closely watched, judged, and criticized by others.
Agoraphobia
Extreme or irrational fear of crowded spaces or enclosed public places.
Depersonalization
Feelings of being detached from one's body or mind, a state of feeling as if one is an external observer of one's own behavior.
Cyclothymic
Fluctuations that alternate between hypomanic symptoms and depressive symptoms.
Bipolar I
Full blown mania that alternates with episodes of major depression. Also includes single manic episode with or without periods of depression.
Adjustment Disorder
Group of symptoms, such as stress, feeling sad or hopeless, and physical symptoms that can occur after you go through a stressful life event. The symptoms occur because you are having a hard time coping.
History of Autism Spectrum Disorder
Historical Interventions of ASD -children with ASD originally considered uneducable, barred from schools Field of Applied Behavior Analysis -Discrete Trial Training (DDT) (flashcard drilling) Naturalistic Behavioral Interventions -Pivotal response treatment/training (best treatment
Bipolar II
Hypomania that alternates with episodes of major depression.
Bipolar I vs Bipolar II
I: Includes at least one manic or mixed episode II: Includes hypomanic episodes but not full blown manic or mixed episodes
Schizoaffective
In addition to all of the symptoms of schizophrenia, the patient suffers from a major depressive, manic, or mixed episode disorder at some point during the illness.
Disorganized Speech
In schizophrenia includes: 1. Loose associations - Rapidly shifting from topic to topic, with no connection between one thought and the next. 2. Neologisms - Made-up words or phrases that only have meaning to the patient.
Substance Induced Disorder
Includes medical conditions that can be directly attributed to the use of a substance. (Intoxication/Withdrawal)
Persistent Depressive Disorder
Is a chronic (ongoing) type of depression in which a person's moods are regularly low. But, symptoms are not as severe as with major depression.
Why are correlational research designs often used in abnormal psychology?
It is often unethical or impossible to directly manipulate the variables involved in abnormal psychology
What is wrong with someone being labeled as "schizophrenic"?
Labels should be applied to disorders, not people.
Delirium, Dementia, and Amnesic and Other Cognitive Disorders is now
Neurocognitive Disorders: -new subsections based on severity are "delirium, major/mild neurocognitive disorder" -DSM changes: section deals with changes that arise out of changes in brain structure, function or chemistry -Amnesic Disorder no longer in DSM5
Obsessive Compulsive and Related Disorders
No longer an anxiety disorder New category to DSM 5 includes: -obsessive compulsive disorder -body dysmorphic disorder -hoarding disorder -hair-pulling disorder -skin picking disorder
Hoarding Disorder
Persistent difficulty parting with possessions because of a perceived need to save them.
Specific Phobia
Persistent fear of specific objects/cues.
Dependent
Pervasive and Excessive need to be taken care of that leads to submissive and clinging behavior - fears of separation.
Paranoid
Pervasive distrust and suspiciousness of others, no support for beliefs, preoccupation with these ideas, not just during schizophrenic episodes.
Schizoid
Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships - restricted emotions, coldness.
Antisocial
Pervasive pattern of disregard, violation of rights of others, deceitful, lie - irritable - aggressive - reckless.
Histrionic
Pervasive pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking - beginning early - inappropriate sexually seductive or provocative behavior - use of physical appearance to draw attention to self - less real use of voice - suggestible - easily influenced by others.
Narcissistic
Pervasive pattern of grandiosity - need for admiration - lack of empathy - grandiose view of self - preoccupied with fantasies of success or power or love - seeks constant admiration.
Borderline
Pervasive pattern of instability but intense with interpersonal relationships - self - image/sense of self & affect - marked impulsivity beginning in early adulthood, could be suicidal or self mutilating.
Obsessive - Compulsive
Pervasive pattern of preoccupation with orderliness - perfectionism - mental or interpersonal control - preoccupied with rules, lists, order - perfectionism interferes with completing tasks.
Avoidant
Pervasive pattern of social inhibition - feelings of inadequacy - hypersensitivity to negative evaluations - avoids situations unless seen as successful or would be likely - views self as inept.
Schizotypal
Pervasive pattern of social/interpersonal deficits - discomfort with reduced capacity for close relationships, cognitive/perceptual/distortions/eccentric.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Physical symptoms are present with no medical explanation
What trend was observed during the Middle Ages in Europe? -Belief in theology was declining. -Approaches to mental disorders were becoming increasingly scientific. -Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity. -Humane treatments were developed.
Supernatural explanations for mental disorders grew in popularity.
Positive vs Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Positive: an excess or distortion in a normal type of behavior such as hallucinations, delusions, disorganized speech Negative: absent or deficit of normally present behaviors alogia: very little speech avolition: inability to persist in goal-directed activities asociality: lack of social behaviors flat affect: blunted emot express anhedonia: decrease in ability for pleasure (dont like what you did)
Change in Terminology
Retarded is removed as a descriptor and replaced intellectual disability
Risk Factors for Schizophrenia
Risk factors include -having a relative with this condition -prenatal exposure to influenza virus -nutritional deficiencies -urban living -1st and 2nd generation immigration
What did Seiglman find by studying dogs exposed to uncontrollable shock?
Seligman found uncontrollable shock led the dogs to behave much like depressed humans
Conduct Disorder:
Severe aggressive and antisocial behavior repetitive/persistent violation for rules & others rights
Separation Anxiety Disorder
Severe and unreasonable fear of separation from a parent or care giver.
Gender Dysphoria
Strong & persistent cross gender identification and persistent discomfort with one's own biological sex.
Conversion Disorder
Sudden dramatic physical symptoms (paralysis, blindness, mutism, etc.) that are not intentionally produced or faked but cannot be medically explained
Pedophilic
The consistent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving sexual activity with a child or children not yet 14 years old; the person involved is at least 16 years old and at least 5 years older than the child or children.
Frotteuristic
The consistent and intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a non consenting person.
Voyeuristic
The consistent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors centered on observing an unsuspecting person who is naked, disrobing, or engaging in sexual activity.
Sexual Sadism
The consistent sexual arousal that occurs when one inflicts acts of humiliation, beating, or bondage, or acts of suffering on another person.
In a study of the effects of ice cream on mood, the mood after ice cream can be described as what?
The dependent variable
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
The excessive worry about future events, past transgressions, financial status, and the health of ones self and loved ones.
What does the mandatory notation of p<.05 next to correlation mean?
The probability that a correlation would occur purely by chance is less than 5 out of 100
Exhibitionistic
The recurrent fantasies, urges, or behaviors involving exposing one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger.
There is debate as to the relationship between DID and abuse because -few of those who develop DID have a history of abuse. -there is little evidence of a link between trauma and psychopathology. -other factors correlated with abuse may be the true causal factors in DID. -most reports of abuse are faked.
There is debate as to the relationship between DID and abuse because -few of those who develop DID have a history of abuse. -there is little evidence of a link between trauma and psychopathology. -other factors correlated with abuse may be the true causal factors in DID. -most reports of abuse are faked.
Famous Cases of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Three Faces of Eve Sybil -found to be fake, therapist was suggestive Hershell Walker- football player, did not have distinct personalities until he went to therapy
Clinical Diagnosis of Schizophrenia
Two or more of the following: delusions hallucinations disorganized speech grossly disorganized/ catatonic behavior negative symptoms
According to the DSM, when is deviant behavior viewed as indicative of a mental disorder?
When it is a symptom of a dysfunction in the individual
Who established the first experimental psychology laboratory? -Wundt -Watson -Freud -Kraepelin
Wundt
Brett persistently injects himself with pain killers. This has greatly increased his chance of overdosing and dying. His behavior harms no one else. According to the DSM, is Brett's behavior consistent with the definition of a mental disorder?
Yes, because he is persistently acting in a way that harms himself.
De-personalization
a feeling of being detached from one's body (losing sense of self)
De-realization
a feeling that external world is strange or unreal
Comorbidity means
a person has two or more disorders
Psychological Assessment
a procedure by which clinicians, using psychological tests, observation and interviews develop a summary of the clients symptoms and problems
Mental Health
a state of well being in which the individual realizes his or her own capabilities can cope with the normal stresses of life, work fruitfully and can make a contribution to his/her community
Attention Deficit Disorder
age of onset raised from 7 to 12 years old
Characteristics of Schizophrenia
array of diverse symptoms, including extreme oddities in perception, thinking, action, sense of self and manner of relating to others hallmark: loss of contact with reality: Psychosis
Philippe Pinel -believed that mental illness was due to possession by demons and exorcism was the only useful treatment. -believed that mental patients needed to choose rationality over insanity, so treatment was aimed at making their lives as patients uncomfortable. -believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring. -believed that mental illness was purely a physiological phenomena, and could only be treated by physical means such as bloodletting.
believed that mental patients were ill and needed to be treated as such - with kindness and caring.
What is the term for the procedure that aims to make a patient more aware of such things as their heart rate, level of muscle tension, or blood pressure? -relaxation -meditation -hypnosis -biofeedback
biofeedback
flat affect
blunted emotional expressivesness
psychoanalysis
bring repress into mind consc. vs. uncons. -dream analysis & free assoc.
Psychodynamic Approach
broad treatment approach that focuses on individual personality dynamics, usually from a psychoanalytic perspective -classical psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy
3 Christs of Ypsilanti
brought together 3 men who believed they were Christ, since there can only be one, thought this would cure them of their beliefs, each ended up explaining why they were the true Christ; was not an ethical experiment
Traumatic Brain Injury characteristics: (TBI)
characteristics vary: by site & extent of injury, length of coma (if coma), & stage of maturity when TBI occurred -kids under 4 more cognitive impairment than ^ 4 -early ages also = ^ levels internal/externalizing behav. changes that can occur from TBI: - ^ risk for challenges in inhibition, stopping, or redirecting ongoing activities -problems making friends/recognizing emotions -challenges in executive functions (attention, memory, prob. solve, etc)
Oppositional Defiant
difficulty following rules and behaving in a socially acceptable way
behavioral approach
direct and active treatment that recognizes importance of behavior, acknowledges the role of learning, and includes a thorough assessment and evaluation
Social Anxiety Disorder - Anxiety Disorder
disabling fears of one or more specific social situations fear of exposure to scrutiny and potential negative evaluation by others
Mindfulness Training
doesn't try to alter thought like cognitive therapy, uses training in mindfulness mediation techniques aimed at developing patients awareness of their unwanted thoughts, feelings and sensations to accept them for what they are (just thoughts, not reality)
PTSD
estimates lower prevalence rate in DSM 5: 3.5 % instead of 8.7% because traumatic experience must be directly experienced by person and they must have one avoidance symptom
malingering
faking symptoms for avoidance
Panic Disorder - Anxiety Disorder
frequent panic attacks and intense anxiety focused on the possibility of having another one recurrent, unexpected attacks
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
from 4 to 5, lost requirement of psychotic element oddities in speech, personality, interests trouble with acute relationships but no break with reality
Kraepelin is credited with -discovering that penicillin was an effective treatment for malaria. -determining the cause of senile dementia. -identifying different types of mental disorders. -writing the first edition of the DSM.
identifying different types of mental disorders.
psychosis
impairment in ability to tell what is real and not real
in-vivo exposure vs. imaginal exposure
in-vivo real life vs. imagined
avolition
inability to initiate/persist goal directed activities
Gender Dysphoria
is discomfort with one's sex-relevant physical characteristics or with one's assigned gender.
a-sociality
lack interest in social activities
Red Flags for Diagnosing Autism in Young Children
limited eye contact, no joint referencing to share, limited babbling, no response to name, no showing, no smile, no following a point, pre-occupation with objects, not people, engaged in solitary play
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
mostly experience a general sense of diffuse anxiety and worry about many potentially bad things that may happen; may experience occasional panic attack but not focus of their anxiety
DSM Criteria for Depression
must have 5 depressed mood, weight loss/gain, insomnia/ hypersomnia, psychomotor agitation, fatigue, diminished interest/ pleasure, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, recurrent thoughts of death, diminished ability to think/ concentrate
classical conditioning
pair neutral w/ unconditioned stimulus for an unconditioned response
Dissociative Identity Disorder Characteristics
patient manifests two or more distinct identities or personality states -alteration in affect, behavior, memory, perception, -gaps in recall of every day events, personal info or traumatic events -formerly multiple personality disorder
The trend toward de-institutionalization in recent years means that
people are hospitalized more briefly and then treated on an outpatient basis
Placebo Effect
positive or negative (nocebo) effect experience after an inactive treatment is administered in such a way that a person thinks they are receiving treatment can have actual physiological effects
It has been demonstrated that those who were prenatally exposed to the influenza virus are more likely to develop schizophrenia. In other words, prenatal exposure to the influenza virus is
positively correlated with developing schizophrenia
Alcoholism:
preferred alcohol dependence syndrome - a psychic, & physical state, charac. by behav. & other responses that = impulse to drink on a regular basis for the psychic effects -and some drink to avoid the discomfort from not — tolerance may or may not be present"
The study of hypnosis and its relationship to hysteria was the starting point for -the medical model. -the biological classification of mental disorders. -psychoanalysis. -the mental hygiene movement
psychoanalysis.
Adjustment Disorder
psychological response to a common stressor that results in clinically significant behavioral/emotional symptoms -can be from single/multiple events -must experience more distress than would be expected given the circumstances -impairment in social function -not normal bereavement (6 months for children, 12 months for adults)
operant conditioning
reinforce to ^^ repetition in similar occasions -strength modified by consequences
Obesity:
relative BMI (height vs. weight) too high >> bMI 25-29 = obese leading cause of death for eating dis
Symptoms of Manic Episodes
remarkably elevated and euphoric mood, interrupted by occasional outbursts of intense irritability or even violence moods must persist for at least a week for diagnosis -inflated self esteem -decreased need for sleep -more talkative than usual -flight of ideas -distractibility -increase in goal-directed activity (socially, at work or school, sexually) -excessive involvement in high risk activities
Single Case Experimental Designs
same individual is studied over time, behavior or performance at one point in time can then be compared to behavior at later point in time, after a specific intervention is introduced
A(n) ________ serves to guide our processing of information and may serve to distort memories. -attribution. -conditioned stimulus -schema -unconditioned stimulus
schema
Schizophrenia
spectrum ranges from mild to severe
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
stem from both cognitive psychology (with its emphasis on the effects of thoughts on behavior) and behaviorism (with its rigorous methodology and performance oriented focus) no single set of techniques defines this approach two main themes:(1) cognitive processes influence emotion, motivation and behavior and (2) use of cognitive-behavior change techniques in a pragmatic (hypothesis testing) manner
Specific Phobia- Anxiety Disorder
strong and persistent fear recognized as excessive and unreasonable triggered by specific object or situation
The central principle of operant conditioning is that -certain reflexes cause us to engage in habitual behavior. -we repeat those actions that we see others engage in. -the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated. -the interaction of genetics and social factors best explains human behavior.
the consequences of behavior influence its likelihood of being repeated.
Person first language
their disorder doesn't define them- person with depression not depressed person
Systematic Desensitization
therapy that pairs a pleasant stimulus with an anxiety provoking stimulus to teach to relax in a gradual manner to fear
Dr. Gordon finds that heroin adults almost always smoked cigarettes and drank alcohol when they were young adolescents. Knowing this strong association we can conclude that
there is an association among the variables, but no causal inferences should be drawn.
A psychologist reports a single case of a disorder, detailing the persons feelings and responses. This research strategy is
weak because it rarely provides information we can generalize to other's with the disorder
Elyn Saks Ted Talk
woman who is able to be a functioning person with schizophrenia, describes the degrading nature of restraints and hospitalization, pro-psychiatry and anti force; stop criminalizing mental illness
