Aboriginal Education Final

St Denis

"Aboriginal Education and Anti-Racist Education" ANTI RACISM IN ABORIGINAL EDUCATION

Marker calls for the recognitiion of creation stories as reality and not mythic othering:

"Educators who wish to take up the indigenous challenge must help their students to conceptually focus a mirror rather than a magnifying glass at native people...

Reyhner

"Indigenous language immersion schools for strong indigenous identities" LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

Ssipsis

"Its really something when you think about how often we think of white people, everyday and how very little if ever they think or consider us."

McLeod

"Rethinking Treaty 6" TREATIES

McCartney

"Revitalizing Indigenous languages in homogenizing times" LANGUAGE AND CULTURE

Blackstock

"The Canadian Human Rights Tribunal on FN Welfare" CHILD WELFARE POLICY AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC LEGACIES

Steinhauer

"The off-reserve schooling experience" "The significance of relationality, parental involvement and native teachers" CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ABORIGINAL EDUCATION

weber-pillwax

"lifeworlds as reflections of consciousness"

Taylor

"non-native teachers in native communities" CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN ABORIGINAL EDUCATION

St. Denis' calls for critical race analysis relates to

(1) a perverse ignorance of the facts of racism and oppression (2) delusions of superiority, motivated by fear of inadequacy (3) a vicious spiral of self-justifying action, as the blame is shifted to the victims who must be 'helped' that is controlled for their own good (4) denial that the oppressor profits from the oppression materially as well as by casting themselves superior, powerful, and altruistic person."

forced assimilation

(1877-1996) the federal government of Canada mandated every First Nations child to be placed in residential schools. parents were jailed for resisting the law and children as young as 4 were removed from their homes by strangers

Multiculturalism Act

(1988) legally established Canada as a multicultural nation; recognizes the rights of aboriginal peoples. English and French as the official languages of Canada though any language can be spoken. Minorities are protected and no one can be discriminated against for any reason.

high-context communication

(HC) mostly conveyed through action, physical context or internalized by the individual

Natural Law

(Kindness, Honesty, Sharing and Determination) which guides and maintains our distinct way of life.

low-context communication

(LC) mostly conveyed through speech --spoken word or explicit code

Multi-Ethnic Placement Act

(MEDA, 1994) in the U.S.; designed to reduce the practice of race-matching with adoptive placements

Principles of Indigenous Knowledge

1) Sustain ancestral connections 2) Honour and acknowledge Spirit connections 3) Acknowledge the individual and the collective 4) Acknowledge the significance of "home" or "place" in personal identity

Trade offs

1)unfair treatment (special needs) 2) low teacher expectations 3) racism 4)loss of opportunities for cultural teachings

Numbered Treaties have 7 common features - Morris 1880

1. A relinquishment...of all their right and title to the lands covered by the treaties, saving reservations for their own use. 2. In return, hunting and fishing rights in the ceded territory, except such portions of territory occupied by individuals. 3. Perpetual payment of annuities of five dollars per head to each Indian. Payment of twenty five dollars per Chief, fifteen dollars per Councillor. Suits of official clothing for the Chiefs and Councillors, British flags, silver medals. 4. Allotment of lands to the Indians, to be set aside as reserves for them for homes and agricultural purposes, and which cannot be sold or alienated without their consent, and then only for their benefit. Generally one section for each family of five. 5. Agricultural implements, oxen, cattle, and seed grain. 6. Establishment of schools on reserves for the instruction of the Indian children. This is a very important feature and deserving of being pressed with the utmost energy. The new generation can be trained in the habits and ways of civilized life... 7. The treaties all provide for the exclusion of the sale of spirits, or 'firewater' on the reserves...

Gasweda - Two Row Wampum

2 Boats traveling side by side, one European and one Indian, but neither would cross paths. B/2wn Iroquois and Dutch

What is Anti-racist Education?

Anti-racist education seeks to interrupt these relations by educating people to identify, name, and challenge the norms, patterns, traditions, ideologies, structures, and institutions that keep racism in place." Sensoy & DiAngelo (2012)

4 Reaction to Culture shock in Non-Aborignal teachers

Escape, Confrontation, Encapsulation, Integration

AFN FACT SHEET

First Nation children, on average, receive 22% less funding for child welfare services than other Canadian children.

$5600/$9600

How money goes to school for Children in on reserve, and off reserve schools?

Forced Assimilation

In 1877 until 1996, over 100 years the federal government of Canada mandated every First Nations child to be placed in residential schools, parents were jailed for resisting this law and their children as young as 4 years old were removed from their homes by strangers (Wotherspoon & Schissel, Muffins for Granny)

Indigenous Pedagogy

Meaning Semantics Culture - The best practices of a group of people specific to a place over time. (Meyer 2009) Inclusive Education Nurturing the child through Indigenous discipline

Right to health care.

Medicine Chest clause'

Why do some native parents not want to be involved?

Not welcome, fear, past history, not involved

3 Prerequisites for Success

Relationship building, Parental involvement, more native teachers

Relationship Building

Relationships between teachers, families, peers, and even to place are important and help to build environments that nurture growth. .

Treaty of Paris, 1760

Signed by England and France, England gained control of French territory ... Indians unhappy b/c made no deal with English

miyowichitowin

TREATIES ethical rationality

ataychkewin

TREATIES half way between a truth and a lie

kitchiwamanowuk

TREATIES peaceful co-existence Cree Understandings of Spirit and Intent

kiyaskiwin

TREATIES to tell a lie

acimowin

TREATIES to tell a truth

Indicators of Unfair treatment

The special-needs categorization, The blame-the-Native-student syndrome, The time spent in detention, The academic program streaming of Native students

High-Context/Low Context

Traditional Native Canadian culture is a high-context culture while Euro-Canadian society relies on low-context communication

Axiology

Values and ethics (ex: cheating, religion)

Legitimation or Universe-maintenance

a process by which people justify their reality or their concepts of 'the way things should'

discrimination?

action based on prejudice - guides our thoughts - acts

Escape:

avoid as much contact with the local Native community as possible

Response to culture shock

blame community for discontent, complain and find everything inadequate, easily frustrated and judgemental

racialization

brings attention to how race has been used and is continually used to justify inequality and oppression of aboriginal peoples

Practices related to principles

ceremonies, drumming, singing, hunting, fishing, knowledge creation and transmission

Racialization

concept that brings attention to how race has been used and is continually used to justify inequality and oppression of Aboriginal peoples. (Racial Profiling)

Evelyn Underhill

described the ultimate test of truth/good as the personal experience thats flows from it

ethical rationality

ecological understanding of human rationality that doesn't deny any differences; it is about how our different histories/experiences position us in relation to one another. It does not invisiblize social/cultural standpoints, but puts them in the forefront.

indigenous knowledge

experience is the basis of examinatory discernment for knowledge: this principles is often reflected in the actions/ practices of northern cree and metis ppl

3 ways teachers went to teach on-reserve schools

gain experience and to help get big job, pay off student loan (save $), go as an adventure

Basic Treaty Goals of Government

get cheap and easy land, rapid settlement = open up for farming, stop USA intrusions, respond to First Nation treaty requests

The Dish with 1 spoon Treaty

have equal share of the game roaming about in the hunting grounds and fields, and then everything will be peaceful among all of the people

knowing

how we understand knowledge, how we acquire knowledge and how we use knowledge in our daily lives

being

how we understand the source, how we understand the purpose of our beings, how we express our beings in our daily lives

genetically predisposed culture

idea that culture exists as an entity outside of people; as if culture can be preserved or revived

Prejudice

learned prejudgment toward social others - positive or negative - manifests in attitudes about an individual - sorting people into categories - It informs how we view others, and it necessarily informs how we act toward others

Integration:

making an effort to become part of the community while maintaining cultural identities "to fit together"

Confrontation

may take in the form of 'complaint sessions' in the evening at non-Native teachers' homes or may be directed openly at the community

Student response to teacher who doesn't want to work with community

perceive teacher as a jerk, unwanted classroom behavior, refuse to work with teacher, interpret as personal rejection, take it as disrespect to culture

subjective reality

personal understanding of and confidence in their reality of one's life and way of living

Treaty Goals of First Nations People

physical survival, peace-respect-equality, maintain integrity of culture, support transition to new life

relationality

positive relationships; kids need to feel valued and important. Exists between teachers, families, peers and place. Helps to build environments that nurture growth

racism

racism refers to White racial and cultural prejudice and discrimination, supported by institutional power and authority, used to the advantage of Whites and the disadvantage of people of colour

Key Prerequisites for Native Student Success

relationship building, parental involvement, Native teachers

School

rite of passage

Culture shock absorber

should be the community itself

Treaty 6 1876 Treaty 7 1877 Treaty 8 1899

signed before Indian act By examining Treaty Six through the struggle of Mistahi Maskwa, new perspectives about the moral foundations of Canada arise in terms of both the past and the present.

identity

social construction based on historical relations (place time and culture)

material culture

state and federally driven standards of culture-curriculum that practice information of native peoples or reinforce stereotypes of a static culture

culture shock

state of mind Unwillingness to adjust to their new surroundings can cause non-Native teachers to: ➢ blame community for discontent ➢ complain and find everything inadequate about the community ➢ Easily frustrated at students and judgmental

Effect of Non-native teachers

student self-image, perception of different cultural interaction, graduation chances (+/-), atmosphere

epistomology

study of how we know what we know

Istsist aohkotspi

the first we received money and gifts) was simply an alliance of peace between our people and the representatives of the government.

Ethical space Ethics - act accordingly

the handshake is the area between two entities, the points of contact that entangle and enmesh. It is a space of possibility

Encapsulation:

the practice of creating a 'culture bubble' in which to exist

60's Scoop

thousands of aboriginal children were removed from their birth families and placed in non-aboriginal homes and environments

Anti-racism

transcends multiculturalism, as a more critical and practical application of challenging systemic racism and racism in all of its forms that keep Indigenous peoples oppressed (Dei & Calliste, 2000).

Anti-Racism

transcends multiculturalism, as a more critical and practical application of challenging systemic racism and racism in all of its forms that keep Indigenous peoples oppressed

Mapping

was the first act of colonialism (decided names, places)

Ontological foundations

ways of being

Epistemological foundations

ways of knowing

Kaaksinnaihtsiimottsiimayaawa

we only formed a kindship with them); ihtsiksittoyii yaawa (for this they made promises). Our people were there for ten days.