Absolutism and Constitutionalism

Long Parliament

(1640-1648) desperate for money after Scottish invasion of northern England-Charles finally agreed to demands by Parliament: Parliament could not be dissolved w/o its own consent; had to meet a min. of once every 3 years; ship money abolished; leaders of persecution of Puritans to be tried and executed; Star Chamber abolished; common law courts supreme to king's courts; refused funds to raise army to defeat Irish revolt-Puritans came to represent majority in Parliament

Dutch Economic Prosperity

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Cardinal Richelieu

..., This was the man who influenced the power of King Louis XIII the most and tried to make France an absolute monarchy

Parlements

15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily, French regional courts dominated by hereditary nobility; the most import waws the ___ of Paris, which claimed the right to register royal decrees before they could become law. Louis XIV permitted regional ))) to exercise considerable authority over local administration and taxation

Treaty of Aix-la-Chappelle

1668, the treaty gave Louis XIV control of certain towns bordering the Spanish Netherlands. Ended the War of Devolution.

Peace of Ryswick

1697. Ended War of League of Augsburg at Ryswick in Netherlands. Louis lost most of gains made in war but did get to keep Alsace and Strasbourg; the secured the borders of Holland and ended Louis XIV's expansion into Germany

Act of Settlement

1701 law by Parliament stating that should William III die heirless, Mary's Protestant sister, Anne, would take the throne, thereby protecting Protestant rule in England.

Hampton Court Conference

A meeting between King James and Puritan leaders. James I refused to acknowledge any of their grievances, so this meeting was largely fruitless.

Test Act

An act forbidding anyone except members of the Church of England from holding political office or entering the professions

Grand Alliance

An alliance between the English, Dutch, Austrians, and Prussians against the expansionist wars of Louis XIV.

William Laud

Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I in England. He tried to force the Scottish to use the English Book of Common Prayer. He was later executed by Parliament during the English Civil War.

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes

Campaign against Huguenots in order to unify France.

War of Spanish Succession

Caused by the death of the last Spanish Hapsbug and the succession of the Bourbon family to the Spanish throne in 1701; ended by the Treaty of Utrecht in 1713; resulted in recognition of Bourbons, territorial loss, and grants of commercial rights to English and French.

Thomas Wentworth

Charles I's most trusted adviser, who later became the earl of Stafford. He favored absolutism, and imposed the "Through" policy.

English Civil War

Conflict from 1640 to 1660; included religious and constitutional issues concerning the powers of the monarchy; ended with restoration of a limited monarchy.

Petition of Right

Document prepared by Parliament and signed by King Charles I of England in 1628; challenged the idea of the divine right of kings and declared that even the monarch was subject to the laws of the land

Triple Alliance

England, Dutch Republic, and Sweden

oliver cromwell

English military, political, and religious figure who led the Parliamentarian victory in the English Civil War (1642-1649) and called for the execution of Charles I. As lord protector of England (1653-1658) he ruled as a virtual dictator.

Impositions

English taxes on customs, which mainly affected merchants. Unlike milliones, this was a tax on only luxury goods, not necessities.

Declaration of Indulgence

In an attempt to unite the people behind the war with Holland, Charles II issues a declaration suspending all laws against Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants

"Glorious Revolution"

In this bloodless revolution, the English Parliament and William and Mary agreed to overthrow James II for the sake of Protestantism. This led to a constitutional monarchy and the drafting of the English Bill of Rights.

War of Devolution

Invasion of Spanish Netherlands by the French, French vs. Spain, Dutch Republic, England and Sweden, ended with the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle

Duke of Buckingham

James I's secret lover. His closeness to James I made many of the members of his court upset. He encouraged James to enforce impositions

Mississippi Bubble

John Law's economic folly in France. He tried to restore the economy by giving the debt to the Mississippi company. Then over-speculation of their bonds occurred. The stock rose, and people sold the bonds for paper money. When they tried to exchange the paper money with gold, there was not enough gold to support this, and the economy went in the crapper.

Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bousset

King Louis's tutor and devout theorist; important source for Louis's concept of royal authority; he was a big supporter of the "divine right of kings"; which said that just as only God could judge a pope, so could only He judge a king.

English Bill of Rights

King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people.

james I

King of England (1603-1625) and of Scotland as James VI (1567-1625). The son of Mary Queen of Scots, he succeeded the heirless Elizabeth I as the first Stuart king of England. His belief in the divine right of kings and his attempts to abolish Parliament and suppress Presbyterianism in Scotland created resentment that led to the English Civil War.

William of Orange

King of England and Scotland and Ireland, he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; when James fled, William III and Mary II were declared joint monarchs (1650-1702)

Charles I

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1625-1649). His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War (1642-1648) in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649

Charles II

King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (1660-1685) who reigned during the Restoration, a period of expanding trade and colonization as well as strong opposition to Catholicism

King George I

King of Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1727. Founder of the Hanoverian dynasty, he was the first English monarch whose claim to reign depended upon an act of Parliament.

L'etat c'est moi

Louis XIV's declaration of "I am state."

Duke of Orleans

Nephew of Louis XIV who served as a regent for Louis XV. He allowed parlements to and leading nobles have a greater say in government upon the Sun King's death.

Unigenitus

Papal bull that condemned Jansenism. Parliament of Paris refused to register the edict.

Battle of Newburn

Presbyterian scots invaded england and defeated english army resulting in charles I reconvening parliament (long parliament)

John Law

Scottish financier who set up an official trading comapny for North America and a state bank that issued paper money and stock (both crashed and burned)

Louis XIV

The French King who built the palace at versailles, The longest standing King of France "Sun King",, One of the most powerful monarchs of Europe, ruling 72 years. He was famous for his quote,"I am the state." Moved capital to Versailles which became a symbol of power.

Calvinist Reform Church

The Netherlands were a tolerant country, but this was the name of the recognized Dutch church

Political Absolutism

The main king or ruler rules by himself as an absolutist monarch

Peace of Nijmwegen

This ended the hostilities of Louis's invasion of the Netherlands. There were various minor territorial adjustments, but no clear victor except the United Netherlands, which retained all of its territory.

Versailles

This enormous, ostentatious monument to the power of the French Monarchy, built by Louis XIV over a long period of time, served as a manifestation of the power of absolute monarchy. Meant to impress and scare nobility, foreigners, and commoners alike, this palace was where Louis XIV moved his court in order to keep them under his control and away from the uncontrollable social scene in Paris.

Louis XV

This great-grandson of Louis XIV ruled France from 1715-1774 -- He was an ineffective ruler who engaged in financially-ruinous wars, including the Seven Years War in which France lost most of its overseas empire -- The French nobility also began to reclaim some of the power it had lost under Louis XIV, resisting his efforts to impose taxes upon them

League of Augsburg

This was a military alliance that was created in 1686 by all of the major European nations except for France and England. The purpose of the alliance was to prevent France from dominating Europe, and England joined the alliance when William took the throne in 1689 (he ran the league)

James II

This was the Catholic king of England after Charles II that granted everyone religious freedom and even appointed Roman Catholics to positions in the army and government

Presbyterians and Independents

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Cavaliers vs Roundheads

When Charles I asked Parliment for funds for an army in Scotland and was declined, he invaded parliment with his supporters known as the Cavaliers who fought against the Parlimentary forces known as the Roundheads who would have the victory

Sir Robert Walpole

a British Whig statesman, considered to the first prime minister, who dominated politics in the reigns of George I and George II

parliamentary monarchy

a state headed by a monarch who is not actively involved in policy formation or implementation (i.e., the exercise of sovereign powers by a monarch in a ceremonial capacity); true governmental leadership is carried out by a cabinet and its head - a prime minister, premier, or chancellor - who are drawn from a legislature (parliament).

Treaty of Dover

alliance between England and France by which Charles II promised to convert to Catholicism in return for funds from France

Cardinal Mazarin

became dominant power in the government. Continued the centralizing powers of Richelieu, but in 1648 his unpopular attempts to increase royal revenues and expand the state bureaucracy resulted in a widesread rebellion known as the Fronde.

Parliament of Paris

council in Paris of men who would not agree with the king's wishes to increase taxes on the people, were exiled and disbanded by the king only to be brought back because they had the general will of the people in mind. The Parliament of Paris had previously consisted of nobles in charge, but now they were from the working class, which brought more approval from the urban poor and the workers.

Cornelius Jansen

created Jansenism, called for a return to the austere early Christianity of Saint Augustine, attracted catholic followers eager for religious renewal, especially in france

Jansenism

developed by Cornelius Jansen, erroneous belief that man was entirely free in the state of innocence and his will tended to do what was right. According to him, original sin made him a slave to sin and all his actions corrupted him. His only hope was God's grace, which could save him and he taught that God only granted salvifiv grace to a small number of "predestined" people.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

financial minister for Louis XIV, furthered prosperity by promoting good farming methods, building roads and canals (infrastructure), promoted existing industries with tariffs, aided new industries with subsidies, and increased mercantilism by establishing French trading posts in India and North American colonies

Popish plot

hysteria over the belief that Charles II's wife was plotting to kill him and put his brother, James, an open Catholic, on the throne

Cardinal Fleury

most important advisor of Louis XV, trying to help stablize France, try to isolate France, so can work on economy, debt because nobles were not paying taxes, greates failure was when France got involved in the War of Austrian Succession (last year of life), England was able to isolate because island (trying to copy England)

Short Parliament

parliament called when the king was forced to call parliament because of the Scots' rebellion; was immediately disbanded because they refused to fund the king unless he addressed ther grievances

Fronde

series of violent uprisings during the minority of Louis XIV triggered by oppressive taxation of the common people, ambitions of the nobles, and efforts of the parlement of Paris (highest French judicial body) to check the authority of the crown; the last attempt of the French nobility to resist the king by arms.

"Gallican Liberties

the special rights of the French crown over the Church. It gave the French crown control over the appointment of bishops and deprived the Pope of French ecclesiastical revenues.

Clarendon Code

these laws imposed penalties for attending non-Anglican services and excluded non-Anglicans from the religious and political life of England

Plymouth and Massachusetts bay colonies

were settled for Religion and Freedom