Absolutism, Early Modern Europe, Chapter 12: The Age of Religious Wars, Stuart England, 30 years' war, The Age of Exploration, The Commercial Revolution Quizlet, The Reformation, AP European History - New Monarchs and Expansion

Community

2/3 people lived in rural villages and city populations stayed down. Communities in villages were 500-700 and likely poor.

What was the Middle Passage?

A journey that brought slaves from Africa to the Americas and was known for its brutality and beyond poor conditions

How did the Commercial Revolution affect Asia?

England begun to control China for opium through India; Western Europe controlled all trade

Mary I Tudor

English Reformation "Bloody Mary", Mary Tudor (1516-1558) was the daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon. Queen of England from 1553 to 1558. She was the wife of Philip II of Spain and when she restored Roman Catholicism to England many Protestants were burned at the stake as heretics.

William Tyndale

English Reformation, Early reformer who created an English translation of the Bible in Europe and smuggled it to England. Burned at the stake. His version of the Bible would be adopted after the English Reformation.

Catherine of Aragon

English Reformation, First wife of Henry VIII. Mother of Mary I. Henry's wish to annul his marriage with her (due to her failure to produce a male heir) led eventually to England's break with the Roman Catholic Church. Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella and aunt of Charles V.

Lollards

English Reformation, Followers of John Wycliffe, who questioned the supremacey and priveleges of the pope and church heirarchy

Anne Boleyn

English Reformation, Henry VIII mistress during the time of the English Reformation, she gave birth to Elizabeth, future queen of England. One of the reasons Henry VIII wanted to get his marriage to Catherine annulled is so that he could marry her.

Supreme head "head governor"

English Reformation, In 1054, the pope said he was the ___________ of the Christian church, independent from any king or emperor.

Henry VIII

English Reformation, King of England from 1509 to 1547; his desire to annul his marriage led to a conflict with the pope, England's break with the Roman Catholic Church, and its embrace of Protestantism. Henry established the Church of England in 1532.

Act of Supremacy

English Reformation, Proclaimed King Henry VIII the supreme leader of the Church of England, which meant that the pope was no longer recognized as having any authority within the country, and all matters of faith, ecclesiastical appointment, and maintenance of ecclesiastical properties were in the hands of the king.

The liberty of Christian Man

A pamphlet written by Luther. Explained his principle of salvation by Faith alone.

Who subsidizes the Swedish?

Cardinal Richelieu

Old Imperialism

Characterized by the establishment of posts and forts along coastal regions for trade, but never really penetrating deep inland to conquer large regions and peoples.

How did James II become king?

Charles II died

Restoration

Parliament agreed to re-install Charles II as King in 1660

What advantages did Parliament have in the English Civil War?

Parliament had more money and resources

What steps were taken to secure a new line of kings?

Parliament passed the Act of Settlement

What issues existed between Charles II and Parliament?

Parliament was divided over hat powers to give Charles

Why did Charles I have issues with Parliament?

Parliament would not support his war efforts and requet to raise taxes

How did James VI of Scotland become king of England?

Queen Elizabeth died

Isabella of Castile

Queen of Spain from 1474 to 1504, highly Catholic and one of Christopher Columbus' patrons. Her marriage to Ferdinand of Aragon unified Spain.

Louis XI

First of the Valois kings that dealt ruthlessly with nobles, built a large army, increased taxes and heavily controlled the clergy. He did, however, actively promote economic growth by encouraging industries and immigration. Known as the "Spider King."

Heresy

Heresy is any provocative belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs. A heretic is a proponent of such claims or beliefs. Heresy is distinct from both apostasy, which is the explicit renunciation of one's religion, principles or cause, and blasphemy, which is irreverence toward religion. The term is usually used to refer to violations of important religious teachings, but is used also of views strongly opposed to any generally accepted ideas

How did the Commercial Revolution affect Western Europe?

It became wealthy and a center for trade; more urban centers and towns; bigger merchant class; more powerful European nations

Rights found in the bill of rights

•no law could be suspended by the King, no taxes raised without the consent of Parliament, •no army maintained except by parliamentary consent •no subject detained without due process.

guns

beneficial in combat for conquistadors because they frightened Native Americans with smoke and sound

the Spice Islands

center of the spice trade from which Portugal initially had exclusive trade with

Goa

city in India where a Portuguese port was set up by Admiral Albuquerqe

Francisco Pizzaro

conquistador who conquered the Inca Empire in South America

writing

gave Europeans ways to communicate and allowed for guidelines for exploration in the Americas

Frederick V should be associated with which side?

the Protestants

transubstantiation

the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist

Fertile Crescent

the area from which human civilization and farming first evolved (today known as the Middle East), its proximity to Europe caused the humans who migrated there to be more technologically advanced than those who moved to the Americas

Atlantic slave trade

the capturing, movement across the Atlantic, and the selling of African slaves

mercantilism

the economic theory that the world had only a fixed amount of wealth and to increase its own share, a country would have to take wealth away from another country; therefore, countries obtained imports (particularly raw goods) only from their colonies

What were long-term causes of the 30 years war?

the execution of Jan Hus in 1415 Rudolph II and the Letter of Majesty revoked rights Protestant church building

Bartholomeu Dias

the first European to discover the Cape of Good Hope, which allowed for an all water trade route to Asia, worked for Portugal

Christopher Columbus

the first European to reach the Americas and opened them up for exploration and colonization, worked for Spain

Vasco de Gama

the first European to use an all water route to Asia by rounding the Cape of Good Hope, worked for Portugal

the Middle Passage

the journey from Africa to America from which slaves were traded (called this because it was the middle step in the slave trade)

The Great Plague

the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England ended by the great fire of london

missionaries

went to North America in order to convert the Native Americans and control the conquistadors

germs

were spread by Europeans in America, leading to Indians being exposed to diseases they had no immunity to

Columbian Exchange

widespread exchange of food, spices, plants, animals, disease, ideas, and populations from the "Old World" to the "New World"

Mary Stuart

wife of William III rules in his absence dies of smallpox daughter of James II

Bourgeoisie

The economic middle class that emerged around the 16th century. This class was composed of entrepreneurs and investors who made up the rise of capitalism.

Aristotle and 'natural slaves'

The idea that it was moral to enslave certain people because they were naturally suited for slavery. It was not okay to enslave everyone, just those built for manual labor.

Bourse

The stock market in Antwerp where investors could finance companies by purchasing shares. One of the first stock markets to emerge.

"God, Glory and Gold"

The three primary motives for adventurers of exploration and conquest in the New World.

Columbian Exchange

The vast trading exchange established between Europe and the New World, resulting in increased wealth and the rise of global empires in Europe, as well as catastrophe for Amerindians.

Consequences of the Thirty Years War

The war removed most of the Catholic rulers and reinstated the Peace of Augsburg which deemed "the ruler of the land determines the official religion of the land." Both Sweden and France continued to influence Germany's internal affairs until the end of the century in which France gained more territory. This kept Germany in a continued state of fragmentation and political weakness even into the modern period.

What is favorable balance of trade?

When a country exports more than it imports, making a profit and adding to their wealth

Catherine de Medici

(1519-1589) Named Queen of France for her minor son Charles IX in 1560. She unsuccessfully tried to reconcle the Protestants and Catholics. In order to maintain the monarchy, she consulted Protestant allies. In exchange for their support, Catherine issued the January Edict which granted Protestants freedom to worship publicly outside of towns in 1562.

The French Wars

(1562-1598) As the writings of Luther and Calvin began circulating in Paris, massive persecution of Protestants ensued. The Hugeunots protested by spreading Paris and other French cities with anti-catholic propaganda on October 18, 1534. Many Protestants were arrested.

Thirty Years War

(1618-1648) The last and most destructive wars of religion in Europe. The deep-seated hatred between Protestants and Catholics forced both sides to extreme levels of sacrifice to secure religious freedoms. Caused by the fragmentation of Germnay, the splits among both Catholics and Protestant believers, and the struggle for political advancement through Calvinism, the four periods of war drew in every major Western European nation. Hostilites finally were ended through the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648.

Guarantees of the Petition Right

-Only Parliament could levy taxes -No martial law during peacetime -Habeas corpus-prisoners could not be held indefinitely without trial; they had the right to go before a judge and hear charges -Soldiers could not be quartered (billeted) in private homes

Elector Frederick III of Saxony

..., After Charles V orders Luther arrested, this German prince had Luther taken to the Wartburg castle in Saxony to protect him from Charles V and Pope Leo X

The Babylonian Captivity

..., When the Babylonians took thousands of Jews from Judah to faraway Babylon where the Jews lived in exile

Pope Leo X

..., began to sell indulgences to raise money to rebuild St. Peter's Basilica in Rome; tried to get Luther to recant his criticisms of the church; condemned him an outlaw and a heretic when he would not do so; banned his ideas and excommunicated him from the church

Edward VI

1553 English Reformation, (1547-1553) King Henry VIII's only son. Sickly, and became King at 9 years old. Since he wasn't capable of governing his country the Protestant church was soon brought in through his advisers Cromwell and Cranmer.

Reconquista

1492, the massive Christianization of Spain. The goal was to remove the last of the Moors and Jews, but resulted in a significant decline in the middle-class.

German Peasant Revolt

1524-15225, peasants revolted because they thought that the nobles were unjust: taking land, making peasants give up animals, etc., said that the scriptures supported them and that Luther could vouch for them. Luther didn't want the revolt, didn't think scriptures supported, didn't want to oppose secular legal powers

Dissolution of Monasteries

1536-1589 English Reformation, (1536-1541) Under the authority of Henry VIII, the administrative and legal disbanding of the monasteries, appropriating their income and disposing of their assets., henry got rid of monasteries to get more land/money/power

Time Period of Absolutism

1550-1800

Thirty Nine Articles

1563 English Reformation, Issued by Elizabeth I, these provided for the foundation of the Anglican Church, maintaining all the outward appearances of Catholicism, but implanting Protestant doctrine into the Church of England.

Thirty Years War

1618-1648

When was the 30 years war fought?

1618-1648

Charles I

2nd son of James I became king of England in 1625 Popular at first, but married Catholic princess • signed Petition of Right His power struggles with Parliament resulted in the English Civil War in which he was defeated. He was tried for treason and beheaded in 1649.

Absolutism

A form of government, usually hereditary monarchy, in which the ruler has no legal limits on his or her power.

Sprezzatura

A certain nonchalance, so as to conceal all art and make whatever one does or says appear to be without effort and almost without any thought about it. A easy facility in accomplishing difficult actions which hides the conscious effort that went into them. (Baldassare Castiglione, The Book of the Courtier, 1528)

Antwerp

A city in Flanders that became the centre of banking and commerce during the 16th century. The commercial centre later moves to Amsterdam.

Guises

A powerful family in eastern France who lobbied to control the country following the unfortunate death of Charles V and his sickly son in 1560. The Guises had major influence through the Catholic hierarchy of cardinals and bishops. They supported the Catholics in order to keep their political power.

Montmorency-Chatillons

A powerful family who controlled the center of France. This family also supported the Huguenots in combating the Catholic Guises in France.

Cultivated Landscapes

A specific regime of land use in which Native Americans created areas for animal domestication. They did not live in close proximity to animals like Europeans did but kept them in a nearby habitat that Europeans mistook for forests.

After the French enter the war what occurs?

A stalemate of sorts, neither side having enough power to knock the other out until 1643

Patronage

A system in which a powerful person provides continuous social, material or financial support to a less powerful person. In the Renaissance the client was often an artist, writer or musician. Important because it illustrates the hierarchy of society. Art had to be commissioned, it had to be supported by a higher class Also important to note that the church was the most powerful and important patron

Encomienda System

A system with the goal of reducing savage exploitation of Amerindians. It involved Amerindians working for an owner for a number of days a week while still owning small parcels of land for themselves.

Tenant Farmer

A tenant farmer traditionally refers to a farmer who does not own the land that he lives on and works, but rather it is owned by a landlord. Generally, the landlord contributes the land, capital, and management, while the tenants contribute their labor, and possibly some capital. Many tenant farmers became affluent and socially well connected, and employed a substantial number of laborers and managed more than one farm. Tenancy could be either in perpetuity or rotated by the owners. Important for understanding social stratification.

Theocracy

A theocracy is essentially a government where god is the supreme ruler and the laws are only those that are interpreted by religious leaders. An example of theocracy during this period was Geneva, Switzerland under John Calvin. He reformed the church there, and exiled all who didn't agree with him, and frequently punished those who did not follow is religious laws devoutly.

What was the Triangular Trade?

A three part journey in which Europeans forced Africans to sail to the Americas, where they were sold to plantation owners; the products of their work were shipped to Western Europe

Wittenberg

A town in eastern Germany on the Elbe River northeast of Leipzig. It was the scene in 1517 of Martin Luther's campaign against the Roman Catholic Church that was a major factor in the rise of the Reformation.

Mercantilism

A type of economy developed in the 17th century. Involved a balance of trade where exports were far greater than imports. The goal was a self-sufficient economy.

War of the Roses

A war between the noble families of York and Lancaster for the throne. The House of York was victorious, giving rise to the Tudor dynasty.

Edict of Restitution- Define

All Protestant land was given back to the Catholics, hence being "restored" Only Catholicism and Lutheranism was allowed

The Holy Roman Empire

Also known as the Hapsburg Empire, it consisted of about 300 semi-autonomous German states. The Empire was generally Catholic.

Involvement of Spain

Although both Phillip II and Elizabeth desired to avoid conflict, the two contries inevitably declared war following the duke of Alba's invasion of the Netherlands as a leapstone to invade England. Elizabeth was also "excommunicated" for allowing England to become Protestant, and thereby adding more bitterness to their relations.

Hanseatic Leage

An association between numerous cities and towns of German states formed in the Middle Ages. It eventually controlled trade in much of Northern Europe well into the 16th century.

Bartolome de las Casas

An early Spanish historian and Dominican missionary in the Americas, who was the first to expose the oppression of the Indian by the European and to call for the abolition of Indian slavery. His several works include Historia de las Indias (first printed in 1875). A prolific writer and in his later years an influential figure of the Spanish court, Las Casas nonetheless failed to stay the progressive enslavement of the indigenous races of Latin America.

Define Capitalism

An economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state

The Commercial Revolution

An economic revolution from 1500 to 1700 with its roots in the Middle ages. It involved massive population growth, a "price revolution," increased supplies of goods and the rise of capitalism.

Anne Stuart

Anne, second daughter of James II, was given the throne in 1712 Anne had no living heir to the throne

Bourbons

Another powerful family in the south and west of France. In league with the Montmorency-Chatillon, the Bourbons supported the Huguenot protesters to battle the Guises for political reasons.

Anti-clericalism

Anti-clericalism refers to historical movements that opposes the clergy for reasons including their actual or alleged power and influence in all aspects of public and political life and their involvement in the everyday life of the citizen, their privileges, or their enforcement of orthodoxy. Not all anti-clericals are irreligious or anti-religious, some anti-clericals have been religious and have opposed clergy on the basis of institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the Protestant Reformation. Anti-clericalism in one form or another has existed through most of Christian history. Some philosophers of the Enlightenment, including Voltaire, attacked the Catholic Church, its leadership and priests claiming moral corruption of many of its clergy.

Imperial Spain

As a part of the Hagsburg kingdom, imperial Spain controlled the lands of Austria, Bohemia, and Hungary. Their newfounded colonies in South America, coupled with their additional wealth and military prowress deemed them a major world power. The new wealth from the colonies was concentrated among the few wealthy families of Spain while the peasants became more and more destitute. Under Phillip II's rule, he kept Spain piously Catholic and repressed all other religious including Islam among the invading Moors in Granada. King Phillip II's failure to conquer parts of northern Europe ended the possibility of Spain becoming a world empire. This and other later defeats began unraveling Spain as a European power.

War Over Calvinism

As more an more of the French aristocracy sided with the Huguenots (Calvinists), the French monarchy resorted to violence in order to preserve the Catholic country.

Political/Religious Turmoil

As the religious reformers gained support from the aristocratic families such as the Bourbons and the Monmorency-Chatillons, the French monarchy, especially under Catherine de Medici, was forced to choose sides in order to maintain peace. The St. Bartholomew's massacre, the massacre at Vassy, and the assassination of Conde and the duke of Guise are only a few of the hostilites during the French Wars.

Life Expectancy and Child Mortality

Average life expectancy: 35 1/2 all children die before 10 1/3 die before the age of 1 Life expectancy low partially because of female death during childbirth Varied by class: peasants how lower mortality rates Male aristocrats often died through violence

Frederick V was the new ____ prince

Calvinist

German Peasants' War

Biggest peasant revolt prior to the French Revolution From 1524 to 1526 - short lived Begins as a local uprising between peasants and lords - peasants right to fish in a local stream Turned violent quickly and spread across Germany People had been restricting peasant activities, raised taxes, forced labor Peasants across Germany band together to form regional paramilitary groups - peasant armies Seize castles, towns, some monasteries Sights of secular and religious power sources

Russian name for king

Czar

What were the four phases of the Thirty Years War?

Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, and French

Religious Persecution

Both reformations lead to the mass increase in the persecution of religious minorities Against Jews Witch hunts and trials Unleashed massive amounts of religious violence The Holy Roman Empire, encompassing present-day Germany and portions of neighboring lands, was the single area most devastated by the Wars of Religion. The Empire was a fragmented collection of semi-independent states with an elected Holy Roman Emperor as its head; after the 14th century, this position was usually held by a Habsburg.

Abolition of the Veneration of Saints and the Virgin Mary

Calvinists advocated for the abolition of all superstitious ceremonies, which they claimed confused simple Christians.

Europe

Cannot treat Europe as a homogeneous thing Europe exists as an idea and as a culture Continents exist as imagined communities Patterns shared across the space: Christianity as a shared religious history Roman Law and shared legal structure Shared history of colonization

Name given to Russian nobles

Boyars

Vasco da Gama

Building on Dias' route in 1488, he completed an all-water route around Africa to India in 1498, bringing back Indian goods and creating huge demand in Europe.

What is a joint-stock company?

Business in which investors combining their wealth and economic risks for a purpose and sharing profits after accomplishment

How did the Irish rebellion cause trouble between Charles I and Parliament?

By provoking a crisis over whether King or Parliament should control the army that was needed to quell the rebellion.

Concordat of Bologna

By this decree, the king of France was given the power to appoint bishops to the Gallican Church. This was a major blow to papal influence, but was one reason why France remained Catholic.

Dominant Religion

Catholic

Phillip II Religion

Catholic

Henrietta Maria

Catholic Wife of Charles I

What occurs at the Battle of WhiteMountain? Who gains the upperhand?

Catholic forces crush the Protestants. The Jesuits attempt to win over Protestants who weren't fighting.

What rule regarding church lands angered Protestants?

Catholics forbade Protestants to build churches where they hadn't already existed

Gunpowder plot

Catholics tried to assassinate James I and blow up Parliament Plot failed and conspirators were executed

Charles V Aunt

Cathrine of Argon

Why did Parliament put Charles I on trial?

Charles attempted to provoke a war between England and Scotland

How did James II and Charles II differ in their leadership abilities?

Charles- could hold his own James- dull, slow

The Puritan "War on Christmas"

Christmas celebrations in New England were illegal during part of the 1600s, and were culturally taboo or rare in Puritan colonies from foundation until the 1850s. The Puritan community found no Scriptural justification for celebrating Christmas, and associated such celebrations with paganism and idolatry. "Christmas occupied a special place in the ideological religious warfare of Reformation Europe." Most Anabaptists, Quakers, and Congregational and Presbyterian Puritans, he observes, regarded the day as an abomination while Anglicans, Lutherans, the Dutch Reformed and other denominations celebrated the day as did Roman Catholics. Attacked it saying that: First, no holy days except the Sabbath were sanctioned in Scripture Second, the most egregious behaviors were exercised in its celebration Third, December 25 was ahistorical. The Puritan argued that the selection of the date was an early Christian hijacking of a Roman festival, and to celebrate a December Christmas was to defile oneself by paying homage to a pagan custom

The inquisition

Church court that punished people suspected of heresy

The Radical Reformation

Composed mostly of lower class people with very little education and none ordained. Anti-church, state, class hierarchy and really profound change. The Radical Reformation was the response to what was believed to be the corruption in both the Roman Catholic Church and the expanding Magisterial Protestant movement led by Martin Luther and many others. the radical Protestant groups rejected the authority of the institutional "church" organization, almost entirely, as being unbiblical.

Spanish Inquisition

Conceived by Isabella of Castile. A mass enforcement of the authority of the Catholic Church in Spain that involved the expulsion of Jews across the country.

What would countries provide for their colonies and what did they gain in return?

Countries gave colonies protection and manufactured goods; Colonies gave countries raw materials

Italian Wars

Created by the Counter Reformation A series of wars in which France and Italy fought for control of the Italian Peninsula. King Charles VIII invaded France around the time Savonarola was executed (monk who tried to change the church from within) Expanded the Italian Renaissance throughout Europe. Troops returned home carrying ideas they were exposed to in Italy. Artists from Italy fled to the north, bringing new techniques and styles.

During which phase was the Edict of Restitution put in place?

Danish phase

During which phase did the Habsburgs peak?

Danish phase (1630)

What occurs after Adolphus' death?

Defeatism in Sweden

Twelve Articles

Demands by peasants who were uprising as a way to end the war: Call for guaranteed rights Elimination of the bureaucratic system Ask for lower taxes Right for every community to choose their own priest and ensure he is Godly Religious, political, economic, social reform all in one Appeals to lower classes to make critique Frame demands as religious reform

Granada, 1492

During this time Ferdinand and Isabella seized Granada and claimed possession of the Iberian Peninsula. They expelled all remaining Muslims and Jews from the former Al-Andalus.

Christopher Columbus

Eager to compete with the Portugese, he sought financial support from Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain for a voyage to the New World. He reached the Bahamas in 1942.

Early Modern

Early modern Europe is the period in the history of Europe which spanned the centuries between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the late 15th century to the late 18th century.

What religion did Russians follow?

Eastern Orthodox

Define Mercantilism

Economic theory; a nation's wealth/power based on ownership of gold and silver and that colonies exist to help the mother country by producing raw materials

Elizabeth I

English Reformation, This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England, This queen of England chose a religion between the Puritans and Catholics and required her subjects to attend church or face a fine. She also required uniformity and conformity to the Church of England

Jane Seymour

English Reformation, Was Henry VIII's third wife, married him very shortly after the execution of Anne Boleyn in may of 1536, she would die soon after giving Birth to Edward VI that October.

Anglican Church

English Reformation, church that King Henry VIII of England creates so that he can marry and divorce as he pleases

Six Articles

English Reformation, known as the whip with six stings it reaffirmed transubstantiation, enforced clerical celibacy and provided private masses and continued confession

John Cabot

English explorer who explored the northeast coast of North America. One of the very few famous English explorers.

What is the Columbian Exchange?

Europe and the Americas exchanged ideas and products that spread to the rest of the world

the Old World

Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East

Portugal

European nation that initially was at a disadvantage in trade because of its position, but went on to dominate exploration and trade with Asia

animals

Europeans had access to kinds of ______ which could be used for labor, while the Native Americans did not; also, exposure to animals gave Europeans immunity to the diseases that came from them, while Indians did not

God

Europeans wanted to spread Christianity and convert the native people of the New World. Also, missionaries played an important role in colonies, as they prevented mistreatment of the Indians, one of the three Gs

The Holy Roman Emperor, _____, used funds of the _____ ____ and the ______ ____ to build an army. Fill in the blanks.

Ferdinand II Catholic League Spanish Habsburgs

Who were the main characters in the French phase?

Ferdinand II Wallenstein

Prince Henry the Navigator

Financed numerous Portugese expeditions along the West African coastline with the goal of finding gold. He initiated a new era of exploration.

Glory

Finding new lands would bring honor and fame to explorers who found them and the countries who sponsored them, one of the three Gs

Establishment of the Anglican Church

Following King Henry VIII's split with the Catholic Church, combined with the Protestant reforms of his close advisors Cranmer and Cromwell, England became a Protestant nation. During the reign of Queen Elizabeth (the daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn), she tried to enforce a compromise between the Catholic and Protestant extremists. Although she was supported Protestant theologies, she kept many Catholic practices such as ceremonial vestments and direct alliance of bishops to the Roman papacy. These and other grievances of "popery" were disliked by the growing number of Puritans who wished to "purify" the English church from such practices.

Rise of Henry Nevarre

Following joining in alliance with the Catholic French King Henry III, this Protestant politique succeeded him after the assassination of the king by a friar. Although a Protestant, his philosophy as a politique urged him to achieve piece in France by maintaining a tolerance of Catholicism. His charisma and easygoing manner helped win him great support and therfore granted him support to take the throne.

Dutch East India Company

Founded in 1602, it became the major force behind Dutch imperialism. It expelled the Portugese from Ceylon, now Sri Lanka, as well as other Spice Islands.

Angela Merici

Founded the Ursuline Order; They taught girls and believed education was the key to strengthening the Catholic Church.

Who were the main characters in the Bohemian phase?

Frederick V Ferdinand II Wallenstein

Estates General

French Congress

Huguenots

French Protestants

Huguenots

French Protestants who went under major persecution during the French Wars. Many like John Calvin were driven into exile.

What is the Commercial Revolution?

From the Middle Ages to the Industrial Revolution; Expansion of trade and business; Western Europe became wealthier

Martin Luther

German Catholic monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation; emphasized the primacy of faith in place of Catholic sacraments for gaining salvation; rejected papal authority.,Doctrine of Faith and Justification& 95 Thesis, posted in 1517, led to religious reform in Germany, denied papal power and absolutist rule. Claimed there were only 2 sacraments: baptism and communion.

Girolamo Savonarola

Girolamo Savonarola was a reformer and monk who tried to change the Catholic Church from within. Eventually Pope Alexander excommunicated then executed him. Italian Dominican friar and preacher active in Renaissance Florence, and known for his prophecies of civic glory, destruction of secular art and culture, and calls for Christian renewal. He denounced clerical corruption, despotic rule and the exploitation of the poor.

Name given to time period that Phillip II ruled Spain

Golden Age

Cahokia

Had the biggest population in this part of the world until the late eighteenth century, around 20,000. Cahokia represents a large complex of late Mississippian culture. Involved the construction of large earth mounds, and, like most civilizations, concentrated in river valleys for reasons of trade, communications, and subsistence. The river valleys attract game, as well as being a source for fish. A road network had evolved that covered the valleys, and beyond. Maize culture arrived in the Mississippi and Ohio valleys through the road system, as did sea shells, highly prized for ornamentation. Surrounded by agricultural land, controlled by the city. Very stratified and hierarchical. Prior to Columbus, lifespans the same as Europe. Hernan DeSoto was the first white explorer to reach the valleys, and the Angel Mounds site was still occupied when he made his headquarters camp nearby. Important because it laid inland and population had dramatically dropped before de Soto got there. Influences European attitudes about Native American land and people.

When Charles became king, what were his beliefs about his authority to rule?

He believed in the divine right of kings

How did Charles II deal with money matters?

He called parliament

Martin Behaim

He created the first terrestrial globe in 1492.

In what ways did james II repeat his father's mistakes?

He dissolved Parliament He abused his authority

Alphonso d'Albuquerque

He laid the foundation for Portugese imperialism by establishing the strategy of creating coastal bases to control the Indian Ocean, establishing an empire in the Spice Islands and becoming governor of India.

Francis Xavier

He led the Portugese Jesuit missionaries to Asia where, by 1550, thousands of natives were converted to Christianity in India, Indonesia and Japan.

How did the 30 years war affect Ferdinand II?

He lost political power

What did the King do to defend himself at his trial?

He refused to answer the charges

What eventually happened to James II?

He remained in France until he died

After becoming king, James II relationship with Parliament deteriorated. Why?

He set about reversing protestant policies

Why did Charles V give up and divide the Hapsburg throne?

He thought it was too big to be ran by just one man

What step did Charles I take to try and regain his throne?

He tried to secure help from Scotland

What were Charles's views on religion?

He was a Catholic. Did not like Puritans

Who was Albrecht von Wallenstein?

He was born a Czech Protestant, however when the Thirty Years' War came around he offered his services to the Holy Roman Emperor (obviously on the Catholic side), angling for land and titles. He was a great leader of the Catholics but ended up murdered by his own mercenaries after attempting retaliation for his dismissal.

First Bourbon Monarch

Henry IV

De Soto Expedition

Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador who led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama and most likely Arkansas), and the first documented European to have crossed the Mississippi River. A vast undertaking, de Soto's North American expedition ranged throughout the southeastern United States searching for gold, silver and a passage to China.Brave leadership, unwavering loyalty, and ruthless schemes for the extortion of native villages for their captured chiefs became de Soto's hallmarks during the Conquest of Central America. He gained fame as an excellent horseman, fighter, and tactician, but was notorious for the brutal treatment of Native Americans. When he found it in 1539 he declared it very populous but when others visited the next century populations were gone.

Ferdinand Magellan

His ship was the very first to circumnavigate the globe. He, unfortunately, did not finish the trip. Instead, he was killed in a mutiny mid-voyage.

Ruling monarchy of Prussia

Hohenzollern Family

Who was Rudolph II?

Holy Roman Emperor (Also King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria), a member of the Habsburgs. His Letter of Majesty was partly a cause of the Thirty Years' War

Who was William III?

Husband of James II daughter

Abolition of Feast Days

In June 1647, a further Parliamentary ordinance abolished the feasts of Christmas, Easter and Whitsun, and substituted as a regular holiday for students, servants and apprentices, the second Tuesday of every month. Calvinists advocated for the abolition of all superstitious ceremonies, which they claimed confused simple Christians. It entailed the purging of traditional feast days and liturgy as well as extensive iconoclasm.

Geneva - Theocracy

In the 1500s, Calvin was asked to go to Geneva, Switzerland, to lead them. Important b/c he sets up a theocracy, rule by god, in Geneva.

Calicut

Indian city, which Vasco de Gama reached, and from which the first Portuguese-Indian trade was conducted

Religious Perceptions of Native Americans

Infidels: non-Christian (Indians were like Muslims or Jews). Worshipped the wrong religion but could be converted. Edenic Innocents: Adam and Eve lost wanderers, could easily be informed to believe anything. Soulless Beasts: Not even considered human

Taille

Instituted by Francis I, this head tax was directly placed on all land and property, allowing the French to expand its budgets.

Humanism

Intellectual Movement shaped by colonization that was used to describe the style and type of education during the Renaissance, which was based above all on the close study of classical texts. Plato, Aristotle, Virgil Not just about the past but very much concerned with modern day problems Was incredibly important because it led to the questioning of biblical history and how people fit into the narrative, which just led them to readapt the model of the bible Mapping out new territories, people who didn't fit the part or did but shouldn't have

What was the Peace of Westphalia?

It ended the Thirty Years' War, upheld the Peace of Augsburg, but added calvinism, nullified the Edict of Restitution

John Calvin/Calvinism

It is a major branch of Protestantism that follows the theological tradition and forms of Christian practice of John Calvin and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists broke with the Roman Catholic Church but differed with Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things. Strong belief that human beings are inherently sinful and they can only we wiped clean by the grace of God. Five Points of Calvinism (TULIP): "Total depravity" asserts that as a consequence of the fall of man into sin, every person is enslaved to sin. People are not by nature inclined to love God but rather to serve their own interests and to reject the rule of God. "Unconditional election" asserts that God has chosen from eternity those whom he will bring to himself not based on foreseen virtue, merit, or faith in those people; rather, his choice is unconditionally grounded in his mercy alone "Limited atonement," implies that only the sins of the elect were atoned for by Jesus's death. "Irresistible grace," asserts that when God sovereignly purposes to save someone, that individual certainly will be saved. "Perseverance of the saints" asserts that since God is sovereign and his will cannot be frustrated by humans or anything else, those whom God has called into communion with himself will continue in faith until the end. Series of rules for: Blasphemy Drunkenness Songs and Dances Games Celebration of Marriage Used to quell the activities of the middle and lower classes

How did the English Bill of Rights limit the power of English monarchs?

It said that no law could be suspended by the King, no taxes raised without the consent of Parliament,

What was the Letter of Majesty?

It was issued by Rudolf in 1609 and it granted freedom of religion (to all statuses), but he died before it was put into effect and oppression followed

Marco Polo

Italian explorer who reached China and influenced the Renaissance view of exploration

Amerigo Vespucci

Italian explorer who sailed down South America and was the first to realize that the Americas were their own separate continents from Asia

James I

James I, first of Stuart dynasty to rule in England • View of absolute monarchy caused conflict with Parliament • Previous wars, own spending left him low on funds • From Scotland, considered outsider

Who was Mary II?

James II daughter

What did James II do during most of the English Civil War?

James II fought with both the french and spanish armies

Why was his religion an issue for James II ?

James II was Catholic

Once William arrived, what did James II do?

James fled to france

What was the Dutch East India Company?

Joint-stock company controllling the spice trade in the East Indies

What were the major events of the Danish phase?

King Christian IV of Denmark enters the war in aid of the Protestants (although his army is ineffective) The Edict of Restitution The Habsburg's Peak

Charles V's Grandparents

King Ferdinand and Queen Elizabeth of Spain

Who were the main characters in the Swedish phase?

King Gustavus Adolphus Wallenstein Cardinal Richelieu

What were the major events of the Swedish phase?

King Gustavus Adolphus comes into the war to help the protestants and to expand (is subsidized by the French). He is successful Wallenstein returns Adolphus dies and the Swedes+defeatism

3 Key Components of Absolutism

Strong Central Government, Strong Military, and Mercantilism

Phillip II

King of Spain and ruler of the Hagsburg kingdom, this successful politique and devout Catholic governed the strong empire with harsh military and heavy taxes on peasants to pay revenues for his bankers and mercenaries. Although he led many successful military expeditions, his attempts to conquer the Netherlands, England and France failed therefore ending his attempt to create a world empire.

Ferdinand of Aragon

King of Spain from 1478 to 1516. Highly Catholic, and was one of the patrons of Christopher Columbus. He initiated the Reconquista.

Valladolid debate

Las Casas vs. Sepulveda about whether Native Americans should be enslaved. Both sides use the classics to prove their points. Sepulveda quotes Aristotle and says that it was moral to enslave certain people because they were naturally suited for slavery, a point that Las Casas does not refute 1550

Why was there a rebellion in Scotland?

Laud and Charles I tried to introduce a new prayer book in scotland

Laissez-faire

Literally means "let it be." Capitalism that is completely free of governmental control.

Diet of Worms 1521

Luther's Heresy trial before Charles V in the Holy Roman Empire in which Luther was expected to recant . He did not, and the Diet issued the Edict of Worms: banishment from the H.R.E.

Confession of Augsburg

Lutheran protestant was officially formulated here, 1530 Meeting that formulated official Protestant Lutherian thought.

Katherine Von Borra

Luthers wife, escaped from a convent

Arranged Marriage

Marriage was later for the poor because they needed children to help with farming and kids would leave once they were married Couldn't start own household until a parent died Family unit only thing keeping people alive - houses needed to maintain a gender balance so all activities were gendered Marriage determined all aspects of future and often arranged by parents Peasants had more freedom

Maximilian I

Married Mary of Burgundy to gain territory in eastern France for the Holy Roman Empire. This marriage sparked the fierce struggle between the Valois and the Hapsburgs.

95 Theses

Martin Luther's ideas that he posted on the chuch door at Wittenburg which questioned the Roman Catholic Church. This act began the Reformation

Ottoman Turks

Middle Eastern power that acted as the middle man in trade between Europe and Asia and blocked land routes

Pope Paul III

Most important pope in reforming the Church and challenging Protestantism. He sought to improve church disciple through existing doctrine, rather than making new ones., Italian pope who excommunicated Henry VIII, instituted the order of the Jesuits, appointed many reform-minded cardinals, and initiated the Council of Trent.

How did the Commercial Revolution affect the Americas?

Much of the native population was killed by disease or violence; introduced to new ways of thinking

the New World

North and South America

How was England governed once there was no King?

Oliver Cromwell was named lord protector • England became commonwealth, government based on common good of all people

Saint Bartholomew's Massacre, cause and consequence

On the feast day of St. Bartholomew August 24, 1572, 20,000 Huguenots were killed in Paris. The massacre changed the entire nature of the Protestant-Catholic conflict. It was no longer an internal political struggle between aristocratic families; the Huguenots now viewed it as their duty to sanction their religious freedoms at any means of resistance necessary.

Hierarchy

Only a handful in the village could be considered wealthy and literate: inn keeper, estate manager and priest. No one outright owned land except the overseer, everyone else succumbed to the hierarchy.

The Commons

Originally in medieval England the common was an integral part of the manor, and was thus legally part of the estate owned by the lord of the manor, but over which certain classes of manorial tenants and others held certain rights. A commoner would be the person who, for the time being, was the occupier of a particular plot of land. Some rights of common were said to be unconnected with tenure of land. Most land with appurtenant commons rights is adjacent to the common or even surrounded by it, but in a few cases it may be some considerable distance away.

What did some think caused the war? (This was disallowed in treaties as part of the Peace of Westphalia)

Papal meddling in German religious affairs

Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Augsburg was the first permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg. The Diet determined that in the future no ruler in the empire should make war against another on religious grounds and that this peace should remain operative until the churches were peacefully reunited. Only two churches were recognized, the Roman Catholic and the adherents of the Augsburg Confession—i.e., the Lutherans. Moreover, in each territory of the empire, only one church was to be recognized, the religion of the ruler's choice being thus made obligatory for his subjects. Any who adhered to the other church could sell his property and migrate to a territory where that denomination was recognized.

Document that ended the French/Indian War and 7 years war?

Peace of Westphaila

Diet, Health and Class

Peasants actually healthier: active physical labor, exposed to more pathogens (animals in houses). Cities were highly unsanitary so diseases spread often and easily - Plague returned every year. Elites don't eat vegetables because they are considered low class (eaten by peasants and animals) so only ate bread and meat. Demonstrates the cultural Great Chain of Being: brought forth from the earth are the lowest Fat was attractive by high class standards Peasants subject to food scarcity

Mestizos

People born of Spanish and Amerindian parents.

When Parliament began raising an army, who supported the King?

People of high-born status and of extravagant wealth Catholics

Amerigo Vespucci

Perhaps the first European explorer to realize that he had in fact discovered an entirely new continent when he explored Brazil.

Potato

Perhaps the most important new staple crop from the Americas a few centuries after Columbus' journey due to the Columbian Exchange.

Religious Wars

Period of religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics during the first half of the seventeeth century in Europe. Conflicts included France, the Netherlands, England and Scotland where Calvinists fought out against their Catholic rulers. The causes were both religious and political as both denominations battled for the right to practice freedom of religion. The first beginnings of violence was the Vassy Massacre in March 1562, where the duke of Guise (Catholic) ordered the congregation of Protestants to be killed.

Perspective

Perspective: The representation of 3D objects on a 2D surface, especially in order to create the illusion of space, depth or distance Develops because they are being commissioned to create images of urban spaces Virtuosic: trying to show off their plethora of talents under a specific commissioned painting

Mary I married who?

Phillip II

Pope Paul III

Pope Paul III, born Alessandro Farnese, was Pope from 13 October 1534 to his death in 1549. He came to the papal throne in an era following the sack of Rome in 1527 and rife with uncertainties in the Catholic Church following the Protestant Reformation. During his pontificate, and in the spirit of the Counter-Reformation, new Catholic religious orders and societies, such as the Jesuits, the Barnabites, and the Congregation of the Oratory, attracted a popular following. He convened the Council of Trent in 1545. He was a significant patron of the arts and employed nepotism to advance the power and fortunes of his family. The fourth pope during the period of the Reformation, Paul III became the first to take proactive reform measures in response to Protestantism. One of the most significant artistic works of Paul's reign was the depiction of the Last Judgement by Michelangelo in the Sistine Chapel of the Vatican Palace

Brazil

Portugal's major colony in the New World, discovered and explored by Vespucci.

cartographers

Portuguese map makers who incorporated information gathered by travelers and explorers in order to make maps more reliable

Name 5 things that Europe received from the Columbian Exchange.

Possible Answers: Avocados, Beans, Bell/Chili peppers, Cacao, Corn, Cotton, Peanuts, Pineapples, Potatoes, Rubber, Squashes, Sunflowers, Sweet potatoes, Tobacco, Tomatoes, Turkeys

Name 5 things the Americas received from the Columbian Exchange.

Possible Answers: Bananas, Barley, Cabbages, Chickens, Coffee, Cows, Horses, Lemons, Lettuce, Olives, Oranges, Peaches, Pigs, Rice, Sheep, Sugarcane, Turnips, Wheat

Council of Trent

Post-Reformation meeting of the world's Catholic bishops to reform the Church and clarify Catholic teaching

Predestination

Predestination, in theology, is the doctrine that all events have been willed by God. Explanations of predestination often seek to address the "paradox of free will," whereby God's omniscience seems incompatible with human free will.

Bartholomew de las Casas

Priest and former conquistador. He wrote "A Brief Account of the Destruction of the Indies," where he criticized the ruthlessness with which Columbus and other explorers treated the Amerindians.

Peace of Augsburg 1555

Princes in Germany could choose either Protestantism or Catholicism. "Whose the region, his the religion."

Printing Revolution

Propaganda during the Reformation, helped by the spread of the printing press throughout Europe, and in particular within Germany, caused new ideas, thoughts, and doctrine to be made available to the public in ways that had never been seen before the sixteenth century. The printing press was invented in approximately 1450 and quickly spread to other major cities around Europe; by the time the Reformation was underway in 1517 there were printing centers in over 200 of the major European cities. These centers became the primary producers of Reformation works by the Protestants, and in some cases anti-Reformation works put forth by the Roman Catholics.Pamphlets or leaflets were one of the most common forms of propaganda during the reformation period. Pamphlets usually consisted of approximately eight to sixteen pages and were relatively small and easy to conceal from the authorities, thus making them very useful to reformers whose ideas were not accepted by the Roman Catholic authorities. The majority of these pamphlets promoted the Reformation and the Protestant ideas; however pamphlets were also used by Roman Catholic propagandists, but not to the same effect. Propagandists from both groups attempted to publish documents about church doctrine, to either retain their believers or influence new believers. Occasionally these printed texts also acted as manuals for lay people to refer to about the appropriate way to conduct themselves within the church and society. They called for a change in the way that the church was run and insisted that the buying and selling of indulgences and religious positions be stopped as well as the papal corruption that had been allowed to occur. idea that every person should be granted access to the Bible to interpret it for themselves; this was the primary reason why Luther translated and published numerous copies of the New Testament during the Reformation years. Printing press: able to mobilize geographically broad support Deeply concerned on shining a light of the problems of poverty (especially contrast with so many clergy officials and those they are charged to care for) - indulgences and not engaging in their vows of chastity and poverty

What was the majority religion in Bohemia? (Protestants versus Catholics)

Protestantism

42 articles

Radical statements of doctrine issued by edward VI (Henrys only son) (written by Cranmer) Aligned with radical Calvinism; taught justification by faith and supremacy of Holy Scripture, denied transubstantiation, recognized Seven Sacraments

How did Louis XIV kept the French nobles happy?

Repealed the Edict of Nantes

Faith and Works

Roman Catholic theologians leaned heavily on the second chapter of James to maintain that justification is not by faith alone but by faith and works. The Reformers were taking every opportunity to say that justification is a free gift, that we receive it by faith alone, and that Paul's letters to the Romans and to the Galatians back them up. Thus, said the Reformers, we are justified by faith alone, but justifying faith is never found alone; it always brings forth good fruit. Men such as Luther and Calvin said that we are not justified by making a profession of faith but by possessing faith. A person who professes faith and then lives a life characterized by unrighteousness is surely deluding himself with counterfeit faith. Fundamental difference in beliefs between Protestants and Catholics: Catholics: WHY: Importance in getting into Heaven (good works as a means to salvation) HOW: Importance ritualistic aspects, immerse yourself in "holy poverty," with exceptions for some groups Protestant: WHY: Belief in predestination but leading a godly life significance because it is a sign to your community and yourself HOW: Soul is much more important than body (distinction). Doesn't matter what you do with your body, the only thing that will be saved is the soul. Gospel is the most important thing.

Francis I

Ruled from 1515 to 1547. Under his reign, the French Church's bishops were now appointed by the king. Another change made was a direct tax on all property.

Star Chamber

Secret trials without a jury or witness confrontation, and often involved torture. Created by Henry VII to reduce the influence of nobles.

Juan Gines de Sepulveda

Sepúlveda, a humanist lawyer born in 1490, was an important figure in the court of Charles V where he served as the Emperor's chaplain and his official historian. In 1544, Sepúlveda wrote Democrates Alter (or, on the Just Causes for War Against the Indians). This became the most important text at the time supporting the Spanish conquest of the Americas and their methods. The text justified theoretically following Aristotelian ideas of natural slavery the inferiority of Indians and their enslavement by the Spaniards. He claimed that the Indians had no ruler, and no laws, so any civilized man could legitimately appropriate them. In other words, Sepúlveda considered the Indians to be pre-social men with no rights or property. The debate, which continued in 1551, reached no firm conclusion; but the court seemed to agree with Las Casas, and demanded a better treatment for the Indians.

Why was their controversy surrounding Charles I wife?

She was a Catholic

What did the Commercial Revolution start in Africa?

Slave trade

Sola fide

Sola fide (Latin: by faith alone), also historically known as the doctrine of justification by faith alone, is a Christian theological doctrine that distinguishes most Protestant denominations from Catholicism, Orthodox Christianity, and some in the Restoration Movement. The doctrine of sola fide or "by faith alone" asserts God's pardon for guilty sinners is granted to and received through faith, conceived as excluding all "works," alone. All mankind, it is asserted, is fallen and sinful, under the curse of God, and incapable of saving itself from God's wrath and curse. But God, on the basis of the life, death, and resurrection of his Son, Jesus Christ alone (solus Christus), grants sinners judicial pardon, or justification, which is received solely through faith. Faith is seen as passive, merely receiving Christ and all his benefits, among which benefits are the active and passive righteousness of Jesus Christ. Christ's righteousness, according to the followers of "sola fide," is imputed (or attributed) by God to the believing sinner (as opposed to infused or imparted), so that the divine verdict and pardon of the believing sinner is based not upon anything in the sinner, nor even faith itself, but upon Jesus Christ and his righteousness alone, which are received through faith alone. Justification is by faith alone and is distinguished from the other graces of salvation. .

Why did this plot fail?

Someone sent a letter to the king

Creoles

Spaniards born in the New World to Spanish parents.

Habsburgs

Spanish and Austrian, ruling family, dreamed of uniting Europe under Catholic Rule, stopped by Adolphus, enemies of France/Richelieu.

Ignatius Loyola

Spanish churchman and founder of the Jesuits (1534); this order of Roman Catholic priests proved an effective force for reviving Catholicism during the Catholic Reformation.

conquistadors

Spanish conquerors who created a vast empire within the Americas

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

Spanish explorer who, after crossing the Isthmus of Panama in 1513, discovered the Pacific Ocean on the other side of America.

Conquistadores

Spanish explorers who created empires by conquering "Indian" civilizations in the New World.

Bartolomé de las Casas

Spanish missionary who became the "spokesman" for the plight of the native peoples and believed that the Indians should not work on plantations; instead people from Africa should be used (wrote A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies

Phillip II spread ____ and tried to end _____

Spread - Catholicism End - Protestantism

St. Teresa of Avila

St. Teresa lived in Spain during the period known as the Reformation. A member of the Carmelite Order, she initiated with St. John of The Cross, a reform of her community, seeking that its members would live the vows of poverty, chastity and obedience with greater zeal and vigor. In doing so, they would stand as a witness against the corruptions of the Church, and inspire others to see the radical witness of holiness of life.

Emperor Charles V

Summoned Luther to the Diet of Worms, gave the Edict of Worms: Luther was a heretic and no one could feed or shelter him

Roundheads

Supporters of Parliament, included Puritans, merchants, some from upper classes

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Louis XIV 3 failures

Tax System, Religious Beliefs, Expansion Policy

Virgin Soil Epidemic

Term that defines land in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless. When a population has not had contact with a particular pathogen, individuals in that population have not built up any immunity to that organism, and have not received immunity passed from mother to child. Responsible for the decimation of huge populations in Native American territory. Pre-Columbian population 9-112 million and the post-Columbian mortality rate was 95%.

Asiento

The African slave trade during the age of exploration, first introduced into Brazil by Portugal for sugar plantations.

Castiglione's Book of the Courtier

The Book of the Courtier is a courtesy book. It was written by Baldassare Castiglione over the course of many years, beginning in 1508, and published in 1528 by the Aldine Press in Venice just before his death; an English edition was published in 1561. It addresses the constitution of a perfect courtier, and in its last installment, a perfect lady. The Book of the Courtier is an example of the Renaissance dialogue, a literary form that incorporated elements of drama, conversation, philosophy, and essay. Considered the definitive account of Renaissance court life, it is cited frequently along with Stefano Guazzo's The civil conversation (1574) and Giovanni Della Casa's Galateo (1558). They are among the most important Renaissance works of the Italian Renaissance.

parliament

The British national legislature.

Which was a more united group- the Catholics or the protestants?

The Catholics, because the Protestants were fragmented

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange was the exchange of products between the Americas and Europe, between the New World and the Old. It was significant because it opened up both the movement of ideas and goods and turned the world into a global network. It was more significant for the New World because of the negative goods that were moved in. Revolutionized the economies of both worlds. The primary movement into the Americas was diseases, which decimated the populations. Imbalances exchange of plants, diseases and animals. Shaped European perceptions of the land - diseases had killed off large populations. Helps us to understand why the European colonization played out as it did.

Hernando Cortes

The Conquistadore who, in 1521, successfully conquered the Aztec people in Mesoamerica.

Francisco Pizarro

The Conquistadore who, in 1532m successfully conquered the Incan Empire along the Andes mountains.

What event sparked the Thirty Years' War?

The Defenestration of Prague

What was the short-term cause of the 30 years war?

The Defenestration of Prague

Tomas de Torquemada

The Dominican monk who oversaw the Spanish Inquisition.

Religious Violence

The European wars of religion were a series of religious wars waged in Europe from ca. 1524 to 1648, following the onset of the Protestant Reformation in Western and Northern Europe. Although sometimes unconnected, all of these wars were strongly influenced by the religious change of the period, and the conflict and rivalry that it produced. This is not to say that the combatants can be neatly categorized by religion or were divided by their religion alone, as this was often not the case.

Jacques Cartier

The French explorer who explored the St. Lawrence River in search of the Northwest Passage.

What king was deposed and whom was he replaced by?

The King of Bohemia was replaced by the Protestants with the Calvinist Frederick V

Who was Gustavus Adolphus?

The King of Sweden

Divine Right

The Kings belief he has the right from God to rule

Who was Ferdinand II?

The Holy Roman Emperor

What was Wallenstein's relationship with the Emperor?

The Holy Roman Emperor reluctantly commission him. He ran wild, pillaging, and looting with no control from the Emperor. During the Bohemian phase, he was triumphant, but after becoming unruly the Emperor was regretting his decision. During the Swedish phase, the Emperor was forced to call on him for assistance, but in the French phase he is dismissed. He attempts to turn on the Emperor but is killed by his own mercenaries.

Jesuits

The Jesuit order played an important role in the Counter-Reformation and eventually succeeded in converting millions around the world to Catholicism. The Jesuit movement was founded by Ignatius de Loyola, a Spanish soldier turned priest, in August 1534. The first Jesuits--Ignatius and six of his students--took vows of poverty and chastity and made plans to work for the conversion of Muslims. The Jesuit society demands four vows of its members: poverty, chastity, obedience to Christ, and obedience to the Pope.

Little Ice Age

The Little Ice Age is a period between about 1300 and 1870 during which Europe and North America were subjected to much colder winters than during the 20th century. Less nomadic lifestyle and agricultural revolutions. The period was characterized by the expansion of European trade and the formation of European sea born Empires. This was directly linked to advances in technology harnessing more of nature's power and towards the end of the period fossil fueled power. These two hundred years also saw the specialization of agricultural regions, which produced specific products for local and international markets. Negatively transformed American cultures - worse than Europe's effects.

What ended the Thirty Years' War?

The Peace of Westphalia

Bullionism

The hoarding of wealth in the form of gold and silver to create a rich country.

Artisan

The Protestant Reformation during the 16th century in Europe almost entirely rejected the existing tradition of Catholic art, and very often destroyed as much of it as it could reach. A new artistic tradition developed, producing far smaller quantities of art that followed Protestant agendas and diverged drastically from the southern European tradition and the humanist art produced during the High Renaissance. In turn, the Catholic Counter-Reformation both reacted against and responded to Protestant criticisms of art in Roman Catholicism to produce a more stringent style of Catholic art. Protestant religious art both embraced Protestant values and assisted in the proliferation of Protestantism, but the amount of religious art produced in Protestant countries was hugely reduced. Artists in Protestant countries diversified into secular forms of art like history painting, landscape painting, portrait painting and still life. o Profound changes in the aristocracy - social and economic that drive flourishing of art o Due to explosion of artistic patronage

Reformations

The Protestant Reformation was the 16th-century religious, political, intellectual and cultural upheaval that splintered Catholic Europe, setting in place the structures and beliefs that would define the continent in the modern era. In northern and central Europe, reformers like Martin Luther, John Calvin and Henry VIII challenged papal authority and questioned the Catholic Church's ability to define Christian practice. They argued for a religious and political redistribution of power into the hands of Bible- and pamphlet-reading pastors and princes. The disruption triggered wars, persecutions and the so-called Counter-Reformation, the Catholic Church's delayed but forceful response to the Protestants. Historians usually date the start of the Protestant Reformation to the 1517 publication of Martin Luther's "95 Theses." Its ending can be placed anywhere from the 1555 Peace of Augsburg, which allowed for the coexistence of Catholicism and Lutheranism in Germany, to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War. The key ideas of the Reformation—a call to purify the church and a belief that the Bible, not tradition, should be the sole source of spiritual authority—were not themselves novel. However, Luther and the other reformers became the first to skillfully use the power of the printing press to give their ideas a wide audience.

Al-Andalus

The Reconquista (reconquering) was in an area called Al-Andalus. Political and military conflict for the landmass of peninsula between Muslims and Christians. It maintained religious diversity and toleration in relative peace. No where else in Europe in the Middle Ages accomplished this. The name applied to the portions of the Iberian Peninsula under Moorish control between the years 711 and 1492, especially the region corresponding roughly with present-day Andalusia in southern Spain. During the period of Moorish rule, al-Andalus experienced a cultural flowering, contributing significantly to the scientific and artistic development of medieval Europe.

Why did Charles II get to be King?

The Restoration Settlement

What holding made it nearly impossible for the Protestants to win?

The Rhine put into Catholic (Spanish) hands

Louis XIV nickname

The Sun King

The Four Phases (Periods)

The Thirty Years War went through four distinct periods. They included the Bohemian (1618-1625); the Danish (1625-1629); the Swedish (1630-1635); and the Swedish-French (1635-1648). The four phases revolved around the growing Protestant dissention and the Catholic rulers' desire to maintain authority.

Who were the Protestants surrounded by?

The Wallenstein-led Catholic forces on one side and the Spanish on the other

Pope Julius II

The Warrior Pope, famous for his military prowess and diplomatic intrigue; commissioned Michelangelo to paint the Sistine Chapel and secured the Papal States

Hermandades

The alliances between Spanish cities to oppose the power of the nobles. These alliances also helped bring the cities in line with royal authority.

14. What caused Charles to flee London and form his own army?

The army sided with Parliament

Conversos

The central target of the Spanish Inquisition. Jews who had converted to Christianity, but were suspected of sliding back to Judaism or practicing it in secret.

What caused contention between the Protestants and Catholics in Bohemia?

The execution of Jan Hus

Amsterdam

The financial centre of Europe during the 17th century, switching from Antwerp after the successful Dutch Revolt against Spain.

Henry VII

The first Tudor king, he greatly reduced the influence of the nobility through numerous acts such as the abolition of private armies and the establishment of the Star Chamber.

Bartholomew Diaz

The first explorer to round the Southern tip of Africa in 1488.

Joint-Stock Companies

The forerunner of the modern corporation and one of the earliest examples of capitalism. Investors pooled resources to achieve a common purpose.

Smallpox

The greatest killer of the native Americans, more severe than other diseases such as measles, typhus and the influenza.

The Jesuits

The militant new Catholic religious order that emerged from the Counter-Reformation

Why was the birth of James II son a problem to many?

The monarchy would remain Catholic

Charles V

The most powerful ruler in Europe during the 1500s. He ruled Spain at its height. He sacked Rome in 1527, and fought the Hapsburg-Valois wars. He sought to prevent the spread of Protestantism throughout his reign.

Turkey

The most prominent meat source that was exchanged from the New World to Europe.

Syphilis

The most significant disease that was transferred from America back to Europe, affecting thousands.

Catholic Counter reformation

The movement in the 16th century within the Catholic church to reform itself as a result of the Protestant Reformation.

Caravel

The new, light and fast ships of the Portugese that were built to sail against the wind.

What were the effects of the Thirty Years' War?

The northern German states were Protestant and the southern were catholic The United Province and Switzerland were independent states German Princes were allowed diplomacy as long as it was not against the Holy Roman Empire France won Alsace from Germany France becomes powerful and Spain loses territory The Peace of Westphalia

What motivation is there for French involvement?

The possible revocation of Habsburg power

Primogeniture

The process of all inheritance going to the oldest son in the family. It has importance social implications because it let to family dynamics of potentially very negative interactions. It was importance in understanding gender relations and familial stratification. Leaves other children impoverished. Value of family land and wealth maintained well because the land was not divided. System of inheritance in which all property goes to the oldest son, as opposed to impartible inheritance. Vs. Partible Inheritance

Self-fashioning

The process of constructing one's identity and public persona according to a set of socially acceptable standards. Process in the Renaissance era where a noble man was instructed to dress in the finest clothing he could afford, to be well versed and educated in art, literature, sports, and other culturally determined noble exercises, and to generally compose himself in a carefully intended manner. Additionally, the relationship between self-fashioning and the aesthetic mediums was a reciprocal one. Just as the art of creating oneself was highly influenced by the art and literature of the time, such as conduct books and religious iconography, such a concern for one's outwardly projected image was reflected in the portraiture of the time. 1. Actual clothing and trends - influence who you are and can be changed to suit different social situations Indicator of class/social status Supposed to communicate your specific taste/style/individualism 2. To fashion something - clothes as a metaphor for the larger process of making yourself

Usufruct

The rights, held by all individuals in a designated community to certain things living or growing on common land. Pasture. Right to pasture cattle, horses, sheep or other animals on the common land. The most widespread right. Piscary. Right to fish. Turbary. Right to take sods of turf for fuel. Common of marl. Right to take sand and gravel. Mast or pannage. Right to turn out pigs for a period in autumn to eat mast (beech mast, acorns and other nuts). Estovers. Right to take sufficient wood for the commoner's house or holding; usually limited to smaller trees, bushes (such as gorse) and fallen branches.

Define cultural diffusion.

The spread of ideas and products from one culture to another

Witches

These people, often elderly and impoverished women, were accused of sorcery and relations with the Devil.

New Monarchs

These rulers consolidated power to themselves by reducing the power of the nobility and clergy as well as creating efficient bureaucracies. They did not, however, achieve absolutism.

Why did Parliament invite William III to become the next King?

They feared another civil war

What side were the Swedish on and were they successful?

They fought with the Protestants and were initially successful against the Catholics until Adolphus' death

What steps did the new Parliament (under Charles II) take to try and regulate religion?

They passed a series of laws to persecute non-conformists

Human/Animal Relations and Disease

They practiced a form of animal care that did not involve living in close proximity so they were protected from many diseases for years. This changed when Europeans brought domesticated animals and let them roam freely - closer contact and more exposure. Showed an interesting hypocritical and double sided perception of primitiveness. Natives judged civilization differently, often through cleanliness. Europeans judged Indians on primitiveness because of Little Ice Age, Columbian Exchange and regimes of land use.

Johann Tetzel

This Dominican monk was chosen to advertise indulgences in 1517, and did so using extreme methods so that many people bought them. This caught Luther's attention, and was a factor that led to the 95 Theses.

Treaty of Tordesillas

This treaty, at the behest of Pope Leo V, settled the struggle between Spain and Portugal for the New World. The New World was divided between Spain and Portugal, and Portugal was granted the slave trade.

Witch Hunts

This violent act of the Catholic Church was intended to control village life in rural areas. The victims were often accused of supernatural powers.

Address to Christian Nobility of the German Nation

This was a pamphlet written by ML that urged the German princes to force reforms on the Roman church.

Netherlands Revolt

Under William of Orange, the Northern part of the Netherlands began to revolt against Spanish rule. After the historic resolutions of the Pacification of Ghent, the Perpetual Edict, and finally the recognition of the Netherlands' independence in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia, the region was free from the governance of imperial Spain. The revolts not only gained political independece but also religious freedoms that made the Netherlands predominantly Calvinist.

Who were the main characters in the Danish phase?

Wallenstein King Christian IV

What were the major events of the Bohemian phase?

Wallenstein's commission and triumphs The Battle of White Mountain

What were the major events of the French phase?

Wallenstein's dismissal and murder French entering the war (had previously subsidized the Swedish) The Peace of Westphalia

Leonardo da Vinci

Wasn't just talented, he had the ability to acquire patronage Patrons: The Medici (Florence), Ludovico Sforza (Duke of Milan), Cesare Borgia (son of Pope Alexander VI), Pope Leo X, Francis I (Kind of France) He highlights the political importance he has to many of these patrons I.e. military fortifications

"Putting-Out" Industry

While wealthy landowners enclosed their lands to contain sheep for wool, displaced farmers joined this industry to supplement their incomes by producing textiles at home.

How did Anne become the final ruler of the Stuart dynasty?

William and Mary died

English Bill Of Rights

a 1689 document that guaranteed the rights of English citizens start of constitutional monarchy

Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work among the heathen

Heresy

a belief different from accepted doctrine

The Travels

a book written by Marco Polo, in which he detailed his journeys in China

joint stock company

a company made up of individual merchants who combined their resources and raised by selling stock to investors

caravel

a kind of Portuguese ship with a new kind of mast, more room, and they had a rutter (which allowed people to steer the boat)

galleon

a large ship that was powered by sail and became popular during the Age of Exploration

Petition of Right

a major English constitutional document that sets out specific liberties that the king is prohibited from infringing.

magnetic compass

a navigational device that was created during the 12th century but was improved upon during the Renaissance

astrolabe

a portable navigational device that measured the distance of the Sun and the stars above the horizon in order to measure latitude

Ship Money

a tax on people in coastal areas for protection bythe royal navy that could be levied without the consent of Parliament

the great fire of london

a very large fire which lasted for two days in 1666 and destroyed many parts of London, including the old St Paul's Cathedral.

Melaka

an Indian city where a Portuguese port was set up, was a strategic location because it served as a pit stop on the way to the Spice Islands

William Laud

archbishop of Canterbury (1633-45) and religious adviser to King Charles I of Great Britain. His persecution of Puritans led to his trial and execution

Divine Right

asserted that kings derived their authority from God and could not therefore be held accountable for their actions by any earthly authority such as a parliament

Hispanic race

created as a result of the Columbian Exchange (Native American mixed with Spanish and black)

Ferdinand Magellan

explorer who set out to sail around the world, crossed the Pacific Ocean, and discovered the Philippines, but died in battle before he could finish the voyage, worked for Portugal

William of Orange

he married the daughter of James II and was invited by opponents of James II to invade England; declared joint monarchs monarchy contained the English Bill of Rights greater toleration of all Christian religion spent much of his time fighting a war with France

spices

helped preserve food and made it taste better as well

Line of Demarcation

imaginary line that divided new lands that were to be discovered between Portugal and Spain (lands east of the line would be Portuguese and lands west would be Spanish)

Oliver Cromwell

leader of cavalier army 1653, given title Lord Protector of England, Scotland, Ireland • Skilled leader, but demanded complete obedience • Clamped down on social life, closed theaters, limited other entertainment

How did the Petition of Right try and change the power of the king?

it prevented the king from abusing his powers

What do some Protestant princes do during the French phase?

join the Holy Roman Emperor

What were the goals of the Gunpowder plot?

kill James I and allow Catholics to seize control of the government

the Triangular Trade

large trade system that involved Africa, Europe, and America (finished goods went to Africa and America, slaves went to America and Europe, and raw materials went from America to Europe)

plantation

large, agricultural estate that grows cash crops and requires many people to work on it

New Laws of 1542

laws instituted by the king of Spain after he was convinced by Bartolomé de las Casas. They outlawed the forced labor of the Native Americans, noted that the natives should be given religious instruction, and made it difficult for people to inherit encomienda estates

Ulrich Zwingli Zurich

leader of the Swiss Reformation, he was a student of humanism who preached from Erasmus' New Greek Testament. He established a theocracy based on the idea that the Bible should be the sole authority for religion. In contrast to Luther, he saw the Eucharist as only symbollic.

steel

led to armor, better swords, and better tools for Europeans

What steps did Charles I take to raise money?

loans, the sale of commercial monopolies and, "ship money,"

King Charles I of Spain

made it so missionaries were required to go on expeditions in the Americas to convert the natives

favorable balance of trade

mother countries only traded with colonies, while exporting more than importing (as a result, the mother countries were the ones who benefited)

Glorious Revolution

overthrowing Kings James II (also called James VII of Scotland) and replacing him with the William III of Orange and Mary.

James II

son of Charles I His reign was marked by religious controversy He created an army to protect him from rebellion Catholics in key positions arliament did not trust him

Charles II

son of Charles I was restored to the throne after years of exile during the Puritan Commonwealth. He was known as the "Merry monarch" reign is without much controversy without any legitimate heirs to the throne

Cavaliers

supported the royalty, Wealthy nobles

encomienda system

system in which a king gives grants allowing settlers to demand labor and feudal dues from native subjects (supported the common belief that certain people, whites, are naturally superior than other people)

viceroys

technically the enforcers of the New Laws, but did not fulfill their job because they profited from the encomienda system

Ferdinand II should be associated with which side?

the Catholics

Gold

the riches that could be brought back for the glory of the country and the explorers, one of the three Gs

the Cape of Good Hope

the southernmost tip of Africa, initially known as the Cape of Storms, discovered by Bartholomeu Dias, and used by Portugal to reach India

Admiral Albuquerque

took the spice trade away from the Ottoman Turks and set up ports in Goa and Melaka in the name of Portugal

Treaty of Tordesillas

treaty between Portugal and Spain that drew a division, on the east side newly discovered lands that Portugal could claim, and on the west lands that Spain could claim

Pope Paul IV

tried to counter the Protestant refromation with theRoman Inquisition and the Index of Forbidden Books, Established the Index of Prohibited Books, which was a list of books, including Luther, Calvin and Erasmus's works, that catholics were not to rea

Prince Henry the Navigator

was a sponsor to many explorers, allowing many discoveries to be made; created a sailing school, which he gave the best available information and technology; and encouraged explorers to sail down Africa