Abstract Review B

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:509 tc:9 pg:17 au:Alperin, JP; Gomez, CJ; Haustein, S

IDENTIFYING DIFFUSION PATTERNS OF RESEARCH ARTICLES ON TWITTER: A CASE STUDY OF ONLINE ENGAGEMENT WITH OPEN ACCESS ARTICLES The growing presence of research shared on social media, coupled with the increase in freely available research, invites us to ask whether scientific articles shared on platforms like Twitter diffuse beyond the academic community. We explore a new method for answering this question by identifying 11 articles from two open access biology journals that were shared on Twitter at least 50 times and by analyzing the follower network of users who tweeted each article. We find that diffusion patterns of scientific articles can take very different forms, even when the number of times they are tweeted is similar. Our small case study suggests that most articles are shared within single-connected communities with limited diffusion to the public. The proposed approach and indicators can serve those interested in the public understanding of science, science communication, or research evaluation to identify when research diffuses beyond insular communities.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:475 tc:2 pg:33 au:Zhu, L; Rutherford, A

MANAGING THE GAPS: HOW PERFORMANCE GAPS SHAPE MANAGERIAL DECISION MAKING Much literature provides insights on the effect of managerial decisions on organizational performance. This research has given less attention to the determinants, rather than the effects, of variance in managerial decisions. This study seeks to determine whether decisions vary when performance gaps are based on subjective clientele ratings or more objective performance output information. By combining data from an original survey of hospital CEOs, the American Hospital Association and the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, we find that multiple managerial decisions are explained by both historical and social aspirational gaps, but that shifts in priorities vary depending on how performance is defined.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:489 tc:0 pg:19 au:Meijer, A; Thaens, M

THE DARK SIDE OF PUBLIC INNOVATION The positive features of innovation are well known but the dark side of public innovation has received less attention. To fill this gap, this article develops a theoretical understanding of the dark side of public innovation. We explore a diversity of perverse effects on the basis of a literature review and an expert consultation. We indicate that these perverse effects can be categorized on two dimensions: low public value and low public control. We confront this exploratory analysis with the literature and conclude that the perverse effects are not coincidental but emerge from key properties of innovation processes such as creating niches for innovation and accepting uncertainty about public value outcomes. To limit perverse effects, we call for the dynamic assessment of public innovation. The challenge for innovators is to acknowledge the dark side and take measures to prevent perverse effects without killing the innovativeness of organizations.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:427 tc:12 pg:12 au:Walker, RM; Lee, MJ; James, O; Ho, SMY

ANALYZING THE COMPLEXITY OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION USE: EXPERIMENTS WITH STAKEHOLDERS TO DISAGGREGATE DIMENSIONS OF PERFORMANCE, DATA SOURCES, AND DATA TYPES This article addresses important questions about the complex construct of underlying performance information use: public service performance. A between-subjects experimental vignette methodology was implemented to answer questions about the effects of emphasizing different dimensions of performance and the sources and types of performance information among internal and external stakeholders in two service arenas (secondary education and solid waste management) in Hong Kong. The findings indicate common attitudes and agreement across stakeholder groups and services on the merits of archival and external data types. Other results vary by service and between stakeholder groups. The effects of information about effectiveness can depend on its combination with information about efficiency or equity. This complexity needs to be considered when designing information communication to different stakeholder groups.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:464 tc:0 pg:22 au:Fenley, VM

DIGGING DEEPER: CONSIDERING THE MARGINALIZING EXPERIENCE OF HOMELESSNESS IN DEVELOPING PROGRAM PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVES Engaging citizens in performance work can be difficult and resource-intensive and may yield few instrumental benefits. Some argue it is still beneficial for democratic purposes as it enables government to be more responsive to community preferences and needs. This paper argues there is an additional layer to understanding citizen preferences that involves connecting citizens' lived experiences to their perspectives on performance objectives. This research explores this topic in the context of citizens with the lived experience of homelessness. Interviews with formerly homeless individuals and with professional administrators working in the affordable housing and homelessness fields reveal these citizens and administrators often assign different meanings to performance objectives associated with permanent supportive housing programs. In addition, findings indicate the stigma associated with being homeless, the lack of safety while homeless, and the lack of control over one's life while homeless inform citizen perspectives on performance objectives.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:505 tc:0 pg:18 au:Popa, EO; Blok, V; Wesselink, R

DISCUSSION STRUCTURES AS TOOLS FOR PUBLIC DELIBERATION We propose the use of discussion structures as tools for analyzing policy debates in a way that enables the increased participation of lay stakeholders. Discussion structures are argumentation-theoretical tools that can be employed to tackle three barriers that separate lay stakeholders from policy debates: difficulty, magnitude, and complexity. We exemplify the use of these tools on a debate in research policy on the question of responsibility. By making use of discussion structures, we focus on the argumentative moves performed by the parties involved in this debate. We conclude by discussing advantages and limitations of discussion structures and we trace several opportunities for further research on these instruments.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:436 tc:6 pg:11 au:de Boer, N; Eshuis, J; Klijn, EH

DOES DISCLOSURE OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION INFLUENCE STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS' ENFORCEMENT STYLE? Governments use different regulatory instruments to ensure that businesses owners or "inspectees" comply with rules and regulations. One tool that is increasingly applied is disclosing inspectees' performance information to other stakeholders. Disclosing performance information has consequences for street-level bureaucrats because it increases the visibility of their day-to-day work. Using a survey (n = 507) among Dutch inspectors of the Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, this article shows that the disclosure of performance information has an impact on enforcement style at the street level. Findings show that perceived disclosed performance information positively enhances all three dimensions of street-level bureaucrats' enforcement style (legal, facilitation, and accommodation). This effect is strongest for facilitation and accommodation and weakest for the legal style. Perceived resistance by inspectees partly explains this effect. Contrary to expectations, more perceived disclosure does not result in more but in less perceived resistance of inspectees by street-level bureaucrats.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:465 tc:4 pg:23 au:Umar, S; Hassan, S

ENCOURAGING THE COLLECTION OF PERFORMANCE DATA IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIZATIONAL SUPPORT FOR LEARNING This article provides insight into how to facilitate performance data collection within nonprofit organizations. Following research on organizational learning, we propose that nonprofits that provide higher support for employee learning and development activities are more likely to collect performance data than those that provide limited support to such activities. We assess this hypothesis with data collected from 154 employees in 26 nonprofits in the greater New York Capital region. We find that higher support for learning indeed has a positive relationship with performance data collection, but the strength of this relationship depends on the nonprofits' capacity to conduct performance assessment and clarity of their organizations goals. Implications of these results for research and practice on performance management in nonprofits are discussed.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:466 tc:7 pg:23 au:Mitchell, GE; Berlan, D

EVALUATION IN NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS Many factors influence the extent to which nonprofit organizations engage in evaluation. Drawing on organization theory, nonprofit scholarship, and public administration research, we propose a set of hypotheses concerning the interrelationships between organizational characteristics and various aspects of nonprofit evaluation. We test these hypotheses using combined data from an original national survey and IRS Forms 990. Analysis reveals that although higher levels of staff compensation support many aspects of evaluation, higher levels of executive compensation exert negative effects. Additionally, evaluation culture mediates the effects of several variables on evaluation rigor and frequency. Practical implications are discussed for scholars and practitioners.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:438 tc:5 pg:10 au:Baldwin, E

EXPLORING HOW INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS SHAPE STAKEHOLDER INFLUENCE ON POLICY DECISIONS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS IN THE ENERGY SECTOR In recent years, there has been an expansion of efforts to include stakeholders in administrative policy making. Despite significant potential to improve policy decisions, empirical evidence suggests that not all participatory processes provide meaningful opportunities for stakeholders to shape policy and may even give the most powerful stakeholder groups disproportionate influence over policy decisions. This article argues that the institutional arrangements for stakeholder engagement-the rules and norms that determine which stakeholders can participate and how-affect stakeholders' influence on policy decisions. This article uses state energy efficiency policy making as a context in which to compare how different institutional arrangements shape the ways in which stakeholders engage in and influence the policy process across two states, Connecticut and Maryland. Findings highlight that institutional arrangements can be used to increase participation, mitigate undue influence of industrial stakeholders, and increase the influence of public interest stakeholder organizations.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:467 tc:5 pg:29 au:Mauro, SG; Cinquini, L; Grossi, G

EXTERNAL PRESSURES AND INTERNAL DYNAMICS IN THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF PERFORMANCE-BASED BUDGETING: AN ENDLESS PROCESS? The well-known practice of performance-based budgeting (PBB) is a relevant component of the New Public Management (NPM) reform agenda and has become widespread, with varying approaches and results across countries. However, its variation within specific countries has remained largely unexplored. This study analyzes three organizations operating within the same context-three ministries in Italy-to contribute to a new understanding of PBB variation by illustrating why the same PBB practice can or cannot be implemented and internalized similarly across these organizations and thus become (or not) fully institutionalized. The study adopts and enriches the institutional approach by extending beyond isomorphic convergence toward PBB and explaining practice variation, linking the interactions between external pressures and internal dynamics at the organizational level to PBB institutionalization. The empirical analysis shows how a lack of alignment between external pressures and internal dynamics contributes to an unfinished and apparently endless process of institutionalization.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:440 tc:17 pg:11 au:Belardinelli, P; Belle, N; Sicilia, M; Steccolini, I

FRAMING EFFECTS UNDER DIFFERENT USES OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PUBLIC MANAGERS Combining insights from public administration, accounting, and psychology, this article explores the microprocesses by which public managers use performance information, investigating whether the type of performance information use and the request to justify decisions affect the way in which information is processed. The study draws on data from a series of artifactual survey experiments with Italian municipal executives. Findings show that managers process information differently under ex post rather than ex ante performance information uses. More specifically, managers are more likely to be subject to framing bias under ex post than under ex ante uses of performance information. This interaction seems to be robust when subjects are asked to provide justification for their decisions.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:468 tc:5 pg:31 au:Maclndoe, H; Beaton, E

FRIENDS OR FOES? HOW MANAGERIAL PERCEPTIONS OF THE POLITICAL OPPORTUNITY STRUCTURE SHAPE NONPROFIT ADVOCACY Policy advocacy is an important tool that nonprofit managers use to build relationships with public officials and others in furtherance of their charitable missions. Through advocacy, nonprofits work to promote policies affecting their constituencies, maintain public funding, or strengthen the nonprofit sector as a whole. Scholarship on nonprofit advocacy often considers the organizational or resource environment, however, insufficient attention has focused on the policy environment as a factor shaping nonprofit advocacy. This article draws on the concept of political opportunity structure from the sociological study of social movements to understand nonprofit policy advocacy. The political opportunity framework focuses on how aspects of the political environment influence political action. Using data from a recent statewide survey of Massachusetts nonprofit organizations (n = 656, 55% response rate), we find evidence of a nonlinear relationship between managers' perceptions of the political opportunity structure and the likelihood that a nonprofit engages in policy advocacy.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:441 tc:2 pg:11 au:Young, MM

IMPLEMENTATION OF DIGITAL-ERA GOVERNANCE: THE CASE OF OPEN DATA IN US CITIES This article examines the institutional factors that influence the implementation of open data platforms in U.S. cities. Public management scholarship has argued that governance can be transformed by new information technologies that improve transparency and engagement, reduce administrative costs, and support performance management systems. However, this argument ignores key risks for administrators, as well as institutional and political obstacles that can thwart implementation. This article uses hierarchical negative binomial regression to analyze the organizational and institutional features influencing implementation in more than 1,500 departments across 60 cities. Department type and administrative capacity are strongly associated with the number of open data files available, while city-level institutional characteristics and administrative capacity are not significant factors. Municipal demographics are also identified as a factor, suggesting a potential demand-side influence from wealthy and technologically proficient residents. Evidence for Practice The implementation of open data policies benefits from targeted approaches at the department level rather than uniform, citywide objectives or requirements. City executive-level positions such as chief data or information officers are not necessarily associated with successful implementation, measured by the number of open data files made available. Open data implementation involves additional administrative responsibilities and labor at the department level, so city administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should devote time and resources to working directly with departments to facilitate and encourage data sharing. Administrators looking to expand the number and variety of data sets available through their open data platforms should consider the costs associated with investing in increasing individual departments' abilities to balance the additional administrative responsibilities and labor involved.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:471 tc:4 pg:24 au:Safarov, I

INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA IMPLEMENTATION: EVIDENCE FROM THE NETHERLANDS, SWEDEN, AND THE UK This article investigates the institutional dimensions that shape Open Government Data (OGD) implementation in three developed countries: the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. Thirty-two expert interviews and document analysis were used to research OGD implementation practices. The results reveal that OGD implementation as such is not enough to ensure the sustainability and success of OGD adoption in a country. Five different dimensions should be distinguished: policy and strategy, legislative foundations, organizational arrangements, relevant skills, public support and awareness. The approach to the institutional dimensions differs between the countries. Centralized OGD governance is shown to yield better results and a higher level of OGD implementation. The contribution of the present study is twofold: first, the article introduces institutional dimensions for explaining OGD implementation; second, it presents a comparative analysis of best practices in the three developed countries.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:449 tc:0 pg:13 au:Starke, AM

POVERTY, POLICY, AND FEDERAL ADMINISTRATIVE DISCOURSE: ARE BUREAUCRATS SPEAKING EQUITABLE ANTIPOVERTY POLICY DESIGNS INTO EXISTENCE? Non-elected, non-appointed federal employees, referred to as "bureaucrats," are among the many policy actors that participate in policy discourse. This article investigates whether bureaucrats' administrative discourse promotes economic equality, as Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. envisioned. Based on a qualitative analysis of data from congressional testimonies (n = 34) before and after the enactment of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, this study discusses the role of public administrators as contributors to welfare policy discourse and the resulting implications for the fight for equality and equal citizenship. It finds that bureaucrats' welfare policy discourse marginalized vulnerable populations, particularly African American women.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:548 tc:5 pg:13 au:de Raymond, AB

'ALIGNING ACTIVITIES': COORDINATION, BOUNDARY ACTIVITIES, AND AGENDA SETTING IN INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH This article examines the role of intermediary agencies in the coordination of interdisciplinary research programmes, basing on the case of the UK Global Food Security programme. Interpreting food security as a 'wicked problem', it shows that coordination is not so much a question of monitoring the implementation of a predefined research programme, as one of creating and maintaining research groups whilst at the same time ensuring a coextensive redefinition of a programme's objectives. Management of the competition between and the prioritisation of approaches of a complex problem require programme coordinators to develop activities that make it possible to manage the abundance of both existing knowledge and the issues to be examined. Finally, such coordination has an external impact, as part of a process of bringing food security onto the agenda in competitive arenas for global public policies.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:584 tc:0 pg:27 au:Petit, P

'EVERYWHERE SURVEILLANCE': GLOBAL SURVEILLANCE REGIMES AS TECHNO-SECURITIZATION The Snowden leaks revealed how surveillance agencies conduct surveillance along all geographical scales, from the global to the local. A close look at National Security Agency (NSA) surveillance infrastructures demonstrates how these infrastructures have expanded globally. This expansion is based on technological advances, collaborations between domestic and foreign agencies and ambiguous liaisons between public and private actors. The emergence of global surveillance has to be seen in the context of the increasing techno-securitization of societies that has made surveillance technologies a key technique of government. State-led efforts to secure societies against global threats such as terrorism have turned everyone into a potential threat and therefore into a target of surveillance technologies. Hence, analyses need to take into account the globality of modern surveillance and give global surveillance a face and a name. Inspired by Derek Gregory's conceptualization of 'everywhere war', the here introduced notion of 'everywhere surveillance' provides a theoretical concept suitable for the study of global surveillance regimes. The concept allows for the analysis of complex surveillance apparatuses in all their intricacies, ruptures and interconnections and it allows for the study of the socio-technological and geographical characteristics and implications of global surveillance. 'Everywhere surveillance', the drawing together of heterogeneous, interoperable surveillance artefacts allows for surveillance to be carried out potentially everywhere and against everyone. This in turn is made possible by the capability of surveillance technologies to integrate global communication infrastructures. In the broader environment of techno-securitization the key characteristics of 'everywhere surveillance' lie in its globality, the production of heterogeneous geographies of surveillance, the blurring of lines between combatants and civilians as well as an alarming decline in transparency and accountability.

J: SOCIAL STUDIES OF SCIENCE id:624 tc:1 pg:18 au:Jensen, CB

A FLOOD OF MODELS: MEKONG ECOLOGIES OF COMPARISON In recent decades, scientists have developed a wide array of hydrological, hydrodynamic, and other models to understand the dynamics of the Mekong River Basin. Indeed, the area has been described as 'flooded' with models. Drawing on STS and the philosophy of modeling - which has described models as mediating instruments - the first half of this article discusses how and why this proliferation has occurred, focusing on the Cambodian context. Highlighting that models are developed comparatively, with reference to one another, the analysis shows how they have generated a partially connected ecology of comparisons. As each model makes its own image of the Mekong, the ecology as a whole creates a kaleidoscopic effect. In principle, this ecology is important for that of environmental policy-making. In practice, however, it is tremendously difficult for scientists to bridge the ecologies. Examining two cases of NGO-based modeling aiming to influence policy, the second half of the paper offers a comparative analysis of the challenges modeling knowledge faces in Mekong environmental politics.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:603 tc:0 pg:12 au:Lu, T; Franklin, AL

A PROTOCOL FOR IDENTIFYING AND SAMPLING FROM PROXY POPULATIONS Objectives Methods Increasingly it is more and more difficult for researchers to garner a robust response rate from their target population. In response, they often turn to more accessible proxy populations. However, guidance on how to identify and select a proxy population that reasonably mimics the target population is neither expansive nor systematic. Our objective is to fill this gap by offering a standardized protocol for selecting appropriate population. We introduce a proxy selection protocol that combines convenience with purposive nonprobability sampling. The protocol introduces a method following a step-by-step process to evaluate the suitability of a different potential proxy populations as a reasonable representation of the target population. Results and Conclusion Appendix We come to an conclusion that this proxy selection protocol can overcome low response rates and avoid contamination of a limited target population when conducting exploratory or early-stage explanatory research of potential causal relationships.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:578 tc:3 pg:24 au:Neale, T

A SEA OF GAMBA: MAKING ENVIRONMENTAL HARM ILLEGIBLE IN NORTHERN AUSTRALIA Science and Technology Studies (STS) scholarship has often been suspicious of the role of scientific knowledge and scientists in environmental governance, notably through paying critical attention to the workings of calculative rationalities and techniques. However, recent reforms within certain extractivist regions and nations such as the United States of America and Australia suggest that calculative management and the environmental data on which it is based is no longer a given. Arguably, the politics of rendering the ecologies around us legible through measures and values has changed. This is apparent by examining the case of Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), an invasive and fire-promoting 'weed' which is threatening the lives and futures of humans and nonhumans alike in Australia's Northern Territory. After becoming a target of environmental regulation in 2008, the plant has continued to thrive and expand its reach. Interviews and fieldwork with a range of practitioners engaged in bushfire and weed management show that there are many challenges to interceding in forms of environmental harm when we are governed by a politics of environmental illegibility. Pragmatic empirical engagements by STS scholars and others are necessary if these intercessions are to succeed.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:604 tc:0 pg:14 au:Danzell, OE; Kisangani, EF; Pickering, J

AID, INTERVENTION, AND TERROR: THE IMPACT OF FOREIGN AID AND FOREIGN MILITARY INTERVENTION ON TERROR EVENTS AND SEVERITY ObjectiveRelatively few empirical studies have analyzed the foreign policy options that leaders employ to counter terrorism, and the results have been mixed to date. This study takes a fresh look at two such policies: foreign aid and foreign military intervention. MethodUsing system generalized method of moments to control for endogeneity and a technique that identifies short- and long-term effects, we examine the impact of both policy options within a sample of 122 countries from 1970 to 2005. ResultsThe results suggest that foreign aid may be associated with an increase in the number of terrorist incidents, fatalities, and casualties. They also indicate that foreign military intervention increases terrorist incidents in the short term and may eventually reduce them in the long term. ConclusionThese findings should give pause to those who consider foreign aid to be a possible antidote for both transnational and domestic terrorism. Unfortunately, policymakers searching for ways to reduce terrorist activity will find little solace if they turn to foreign military intervention since a surge in terror incidents in the short term after a military intervention establishes a significantly higher baseline of terror activity and violence. It may take decades for terror activity to return to its preintervention level. Policymakers searching for options to combat international terror should consequently approach both foreign aid and foreign military intervention with caution.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:539 tc:0 pg:46 au:Reyes, GM

ALGORITHMS AND RHETORICAL INQUIRY: THE CASE OF THE 2008 FINANCIAL COLLAPSE Algorithms have never been more influential, yet our collective understanding of how they transform massive networks of cultural power has not kept pace. This is especially true when it comes to economic algorithms, which operate as black boxes largely inaccessible to the majority of citizens whose worlds they continuously reshape. This essay offers a rhetorical approach to reading algorithms-not only to challenge the positivism and mathematical realism that naively apotheosizes algorithms and algorithmic culture but more importantly to become critical informants, scholars who can open up these black boxes for fellow citizens, examine the hidden assumptions therein, and study how they actively transform our social-material worlds. The essay's exemplar is the 2008 financial crisis and a little-known algorithm called the Li Guassian copula, which played a major role in the spread of subprime mortgages. I argue that this copula puts on spectacular display the power of algorithms as principles of composition-actants that materially expand our social collectives even as they marginalize human agency and practical judgment with forms of technological rationality that, in the case of the Li copula, concentrated the networks of structured finance around a single decision apparatus, rendering those networks both larger and, contra conventional wisdom, more fragile.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:579 tc:7 pg:26 au:Fochler, M; Sigl, L

ANTICIPATORY UNCERTAINTY: HOW ACADEMIC AND INDUSTRY RESEARCHERS IN THE LIFE SCIENCES EXPERIENCE AND MANAGE THE UNCERTAINTIES OF THE RESEARCH PROCESS DIFFERENTLY The institutional contexts of research increasingly require researchers to anticipate their productivity and the uncertainties inherent in their research. This applies to both academic researchers and to researchers in start-up companies. This creates a specific kind of uncertainty, anticipatory uncertainty, that we define as the state of being uncertain as to whether research processes will be productive in a specific time frame and along situated definitions of good performance. In the life sciences, this anticipatory uncertainty is experienced and managed differently, depending on how research is organized and the cultural resources available in specific institutional contexts. In biotechnology companies, there is a readiness to embrace dynamic changes in both research strategies and the organization of work in response to new developments in the progress of the overall research agenda. In academia, the ability of research groups to react with similar flexibility seems significantly constrained by the individual attribution of research work and credit, and the correspondingly high level of individual anticipatory uncertainty. This raises questions about how far the current organization of academic research allows epistemic uncertainty to be embraced and corresponding risks to be taken, rather than safe questions to be pursued.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:605 tc:0 pg:13 au:Perry, SL; Schleifer, C

ARE THE SANCTIFIED BECOMING THE PORNIFIED? RELIGIOUS CONSERVATISM, COMMITMENT, AND PORNOGRAPHY USE, 1984-2016 Objectives Americans are generally increasing in their pornography viewership. While devout, theologically conservative Christians have been among the most ardent opponents to pornography's dissemination and use historically, there is a growing-but thus far untested-assumption that they too are following this same trend. This study examines (1) whether committed or conservative Christians are increasing in rates of porn viewership similar to other Americans and (2) when potential religious divergences in porn viewership started. Methods We fit a series of binary logistic regression models using data from the 1984-2016 General Social Surveys. Results Holding other variables constant, American evangelicals are indeed increasing in their reported porn viewership at rates identical to other Americans. Frequent church attendees and biblical literalists, however, show a divergent trend, with both remaining constant in their reported porn viewership across time. Analyses also show clear cutoff points for the divergence starting in the mid-1990s, roughly when Internet pornography became available. Conclusions Findings suggest that, all else being equal, Americans who merely identify with conservative Christianity are indeed increasing in their porn viewership, but among the most faithful and theologically conservative Americans, they are no more likely to report viewing pornography than they were over 30 years ago.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:549 tc:1 pg:15 au:Fusi, F; Welch, EW; Siciliano, M

BARRIERS AND FACILITATORS OF ACCESS TO BIOLOGICAL MATERIAL FOR INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH: THE ROLE OF INSTITUTIONS AND NETWORKS In recent years, international and national policies have intensified monitoring and control over the access, exchange, and use of biological materials. New regulative institutions addressing concerns about ownership and safety, as well as fairness and equity, are increasingly intermingled with informal practices and norms of exchange, raising the barriers to access biological materials that scientists face. Drawing from unique survey-based ego-centric network data collected from US and non-US scientists engaged in international collaborative research at the USAID Feed the Future Innovation Labs, this article investigates how regulative institutions, organizational and regional norms (meso-level institutions), and interpersonal networks facilitate or challenge access to biological materials for research. Our results show that while regulative institutions hinder access, meso-level institutions are important access facilitators in an international context. Network ties reduce the delays and blockages to access of biological material, but they do not eliminate them.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:550 tc:0 pg:13 au:Krick, E; Christensen, J; Holst, C

BETWEEN 'SCIENTIZATION' AND A 'PARTICIPATORY TURN'. TRACING SHIFTS IN THE GOVERNANCE OF POLICY ADVICE This study traces the claims of a 'scientization' and a 'participatory turn' in modern governance within the system of temporary policy advisory committees in Norway. It analyzes whether there is evidence of the two claims in these key governance institutions and to what extent these shifts are compatible with each other. As expressions of a participatory turn, a growing emphasis on citizen involvement and transparency in the committee system is searched for. A growing relevance of researchers and of science-based claims in the committees' reports are taken as indicators of scientization. The longitudinal study shows an overall shift both towards science- and expertise-based governance and towards an increasing openness and public engagement, as well as some variation between policy fields.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:580 tc:0 pg:24 au:Hester, RJ

BIOVEILLANCE: A TECHNO-SECURITY INFRASTRUCTURE TO PREEMPT THE DANGERS OF INFORMATIONALISED BIOLOGY In 2011, a number of controversial experiments were conducted on the H5N1 flu virus. While the experiments illuminated growing biosecurity concerns regarding gain-of-function research, the controversy also signaled an evolving biosecurity threat landscape in which biological information, understood to be a latent and potential form of biological life, and the digital infrastructures that circulate this information, have also come to be seen as dangerous. This new threat landscape is informed by the technological framing of biological life as code. What kinds of biosecurity practices are called for when biological life is understood as code and what are the implications for life itself of developing such security practices? The United States has developed a techno-security infrastructure, which this article calls 'bioveillance,' in response to the dangers of mobile and mutable biological information. Collapsing biosecurity and cybersecurity into the emerging field of cyberbiosecurity and mirroring the networked life forms that it intends to prevent from proliferating, bioveillance is a vital component in a burgeoning global techno-security culture. The fact that biological life is not a code or information in any strict sense means that bioveillance will face significant challenges in its implementation not least because by using digital technologies to manage the communicability of informationalised biology, bioveillance also produces and proliferates that which it aims to forestall. This means that the more U.S. institutions do to generate biological information for biosecurity purposes, the more bioinsecurities they risk producing. Bioveillance and biological danger become one in the same.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:540 tc:1 pg:40 au:Fowler, R

CALIPHATE AGAINST THE CROWN: MARTYRDOM, HERESY, AND THE RHETORIC OF ENEMYSHIP IN THE KINGDOM OF JORDAN The execution of captured Jordanian pilot Muath al-Kasasbeh in February 2015 by Daesh (or ISIS) forces generated large public outcry in Jordan and thereby presented the regime of King Abdullah II with a moment of danger. In response to this rhetorical situation, the Abdullah regime engaged in rhetorics of enemyship based on appeals to religious orthodoxy, authoritarian ideology, and apocalyptic language. By examining these texts, this essay seeks to draw from contemporary rhetorical scholarship on terrorism, enemyship, and mass violence to expand the heuristic scope of the rhetoric of enemyship to include political rhetoric situated outside democratic contexts.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:606 tc:9 pg:12 au:Switzer, D; Teodoro, MP

CLASS, RACE, ETHNICITY, AND JUSTICE IN SAFE DRINKING WATER COMPLIANCE ObjectivePast research yields inconsistent evidence of disparities in environmental quality by socioeconomic status (SES), race, and/or ethnicity. Since the political significance of race/ethnicity may be contingent upon SES, this study advances environmental justice research by examining interactively the effects of race, ethnicity, and SES on environmental quality. MethodsWe match 2010-2013 Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) compliance records with demographic and economic data for U.S. local government water utilities serving populations greater than 1,000. Statistical regression isolates direct and interactive relationships between communities' racial/ethnic populations, SES, and SDWA compliance. ResultsWe find that community racial/ethnic composition predicts drinking water quality, but also that SES conditions the effect; specifically, black and Hispanic populations most strongly predict SDWA violations in low-SES communities. ConclusionsOur findings highlight the importance of analyzing race, ethnicity, and SES interactively in environmental justice research. Results also carry troubling implications for drinking water quality in the United States.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:551 tc:0 pg:10 au:Parotte, C; Delvenne, P

CO-PRODUCED LEGITIMACIES: PARLIAMENTARY TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT AND NUCLEAR WASTE MANAGEMENT IN FRANCE In this article we question the roles and engagement of the French Parliamentary office of Technology Assessment (PTA) in governing Nuclear Waste Management (NWM) over an extended timeframe (1990-2017). We argue that the trajectories of the PTA and the NWM programme are so intertwined that we gain analytical purchase from understanding them together. Our empirical analysis looks at three episodes of co-production of technological and political practices: (1) the PTA as an independent assessor (1990), (2) the PTA as a regular follower (1996-2005); (3) the PTA as a whistle-blower (2007-17). We find that maintaining or redrawing boundaries between science and policy have increasingly been necessary but difficult in the course of the PTA's mainstreaming into the policymaking landscape and the nuclear establishment. We conclude by examining the implications for PTAs of a possible shift from concerns about democratizing expertise to politicizing knowledge for policy.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:552 tc:0 pg:11 au:Lis, A; Kama, K; Reins, L

CO-PRODUCING EUROPEAN KNOWLEDGE AND PUBLICS AMIDST CONTROVERSY: THE EU EXPERT NETWORK ON UNCONVENTIONAL HYDROCARBONS To date, social sciences have devoted little attention to the processes of expert knowledge production related to the exploitation of unconventional hydrocarbon resources. In this article, we examine an epistemic experiment led by the European Commission, the European Science and Technology Network on Unconventional Hydrocarbon Extraction, which was aimed at producing authoritative knowledge claims on shale energy development. By developing the idiom of 'co-production', the article provides a more fine-grained understanding of the processes through which competing knowledge claims, forms of epistemic authority, and new energy publics co-evolve in a situation of highly-politicized controversy. Drawing on our first-hand observations as participants representing the social sciences in the expert network, this article provides an in-depth ethnographic account of the struggles of the European Union authorities to manage and delimit the controversy. In this way, the analysis develops our understanding of the challenges in improving the deliberation of shale gas as a transnational energy policy issue.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:607 tc:0 pg:19 au:Land, J; Geloso, V

COLONIAL MILITARY GARRISONS AS LABOR-MARKET SHOCKS: QUEBEC CITY AND BOSTON, 1760-1775 The military occupation of Boston in 1768 shocked the city's labor market. The soldiers, who were expected to supplement their pay by working for local businesses, constituted an influx equal to 12.5 percent of greater Boston's population. To assess the importance of this shock, we use the case of Quebec City, which experienced the reverse process (i.e., a reduction in the British military presence from close to 18 percent of the region's population to less than 1 percent). We argue that, in Boston, the combination of the large influx of soldiers and a heavy tax on the local population in the form of the billeting system caused an important wage reduction, while the lighter billeting system of Quebec City and the winding down of the garrison pushed wages up. We tie these experiences to political developments in the 1770s.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:581 tc:6 pg:21 au:Zilliox, S; Smith, JM

COLORADO'S FRACKING DEBATES: CITIZEN SCIENCE, CONFLICT AND COLLABORATION Technological advancements in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling have spurred a controversial boom in oil and gas production. In Colorado, these debates take place directly in the suburban metro corridor, where local governments are turning to memorandums of understanding (MOU), negotiated directly with industry operators, to shape industry activity. We show that in Erie, the town that first pioneered this policy tool, these MOUs ostensibly welcome public participation in the planning and deliberation process but can unintentionally reinforce scientism-based governance. Citizen science challenged the local government's deficit model of the public, but it also shored up scientific authority and triggered a government imaginary of anti-fracking activists as an unruly public. Residents countered this imaginary by electing officials committed to public engagement and transparency, which opened up debates to encompass quality of life issues that had been sidelined by the original focus on competing scientific evidence about pollution. While fracking-related citizen science does not appear to be directly responsible for the government turnover and its attendant shift in governance, we suggest it did enhance civic engagement related to general issues of fiscal responsibility, ethics and transparency that did play a role in the election.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:608 tc:0 pg:17 au:Endicott, TW

COMBAT EXPERIENCE AND THE FOREIGN POLICY POSITIONS OF VETERANS Objective Prior work on the effect of combat on veterans typically measures combat experience as a dichotomous event. I extend work in this area by theorizing and empirically accounting for the number of unique combat experiences a veteran endures and how that associates with the veteran's outlook on foreign policy. Methods I utilize an original survey that asks for multiple types of military combat experience, as well as foreign policy positions. Findings Consistent with previous research, I find that veterans tend to be more hawkish than civilians. When I account for veterans' number of unique combat experiences, however, I find that the more combat experiences that veterans endure, the less hawkish their foreign policy positions are. Moreover, consistent with literature from military psychology, this association only holds for veterans who express more regret about their time in the military. Conclusions The results should encourage public opinion scholars to consider the effects that the number of individual combat event experiences and regret have on veterans' issue positions more broadly.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:609 tc:0 pg:12 au:Buschmann, A

CONDUCTING A STREET-INTERCEPT SURVEY IN AN AUTHORITARIAN REGIME: THE CASE OF MYANMAR ObjectiveIn this research note, I share my experiences conducting a street-intercept survey in Yangon, Myanmar. The prestudy aimed to measure postmaterialism among Burmese using Roland Inglehart's four-item measure. The article discusses the key features and advantages of the street-intercept survey method in difficult sociopolitical environments, the design and implementation of the study, as well as the results of the survey. Moreover, the ethics one ought to consider in authoritarian regimes are emphasized. MethodsOriginal data were collected via a street-intercept survey in Yangon, Myanmar. ResultsThe prestudy confirmed the feasibility and the advantages of the street-intercept survey method in Myanmar. At the same time, in Myanmar, difficulties in the translation of Inglehart's items raise questions regarding the applicability of this particular measure. ConclusionThis note will be useful for researchers intending to collect survey data in Myanmar and other authoritarian regimes.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:530 tc:52 pg:15 au:Schot, J; Kanger, L

DEEP TRANSITIONS: EMERGENCE, ACCELERATION, STABILIZATION AND DIRECTIONALITY Industrial society has not only led to high levels of wealth and welfare in the Western world, but also to increasing global ecological degradation and social inequality. The socio-technical systems that underlay contemporary societies have substantially contributed to these outcomes. This paper proposes that these sociotechnical systems are an expression of a limited number of meta-rules that, for the past 250 years, have driven innovation and hence system evolution in a particular direction, thereby constituting the First Deep Transition. Meeting the cumulative social and ecological consequences of the overall direction of the First Deep Transition would require a radical change, not only in socio-technical systems but also in the meta-rules driving their evolution - the Second Deep Transition. This paper develops a new theoretical framework that aims to explain the emergence, acceleration, stabilization and directionality of Deep Transitions. It does so through the synthesis of two literatures that have attempted to explain large-scale and long-term socio-technical change: the Multilevel Perspective (MLP) on socio-technical transitions, and Techno-economic Paradigm (TEP) framework.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:531 tc:42 pg:6 au:Gault, F

DEFINING AND MEASURING INNOVATION IN ALL SECTORS OF THE ECONOMY This paper combines general definitions of innovation applicable in all economic sectors with a systems approach, to develop a conceptual framework for the statistical measurement of innovation. The resulting indicators can be used for monitoring and evaluation of innovation policies that have been implemented, as well as for international comparisons. The extension of harmonised innovation measurement to all economic sectors has implications for innovation research and for policy learning.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:610 tc:0 pg:14 au:Cassese, EC

DEHUMANIZATION OF THE OPPOSITION IN POLITICAL CAMPAIGNS Objective This article documents dehumanization in the 2016 presidential contest. Methods Using a mixed-method approach, I analyze dehumanized portrayals of Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton in visual campaign rhetoric and on common survey measures of dehumanization. Results Images from the campaign discourse reflect animalistic and mechanistic dehumanization of the presidential candidates. The survey data reveal that voters dehumanize opposition candidates and party members in both subtle and blatant ways that also reflect this animalistic-mechanistic distinction. Conclusion The findings affirm the external validity of measurement strategies for dehumanization by showing the correspondence between campaign imagery and common survey-based measurement tools. This work situates dehumanization as a psychological process relevant to the study of campaigns and elections.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:553 tc:25 pg:13 au:Boon, W; Edler, J

DEMAND, CHALLENGES, AND INNOVATION. MAKING SENSE OF NEW TRENDS IN INNOVATION POLICY In recent years, the traditional rationale for innovation policy has been expanded to more explicitly contribute to tackling societal challenges. There is broad agreement that demand should be at the core of challenge-oriented innovation policy. Nevertheless, demand and demand conditions are poorly understood and not yet in the focus of challenge-oriented innovation policy. This article conceptualises demand-oriented innovation policies and their links to societal challenges. We differentiate demand and need, and highlight different forms of demand articulation. Then, we characterise three ideal-typical policies that relate to demand: traditional innovation policy, sector-specific policy, and challenge-oriented policy. These three ideal-types are discussed focussing on output legitimacy, input legitimacy, and operational requirements. This discussion highlights the specific challenges and opportunities of demand-oriented innovation policies and allows to derive a set of recommendations to increase the effectiveness of such policies.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:611 tc:0 pg:16 au:Best, RE; Krasno, JS; Magleby, DB; McDonald, MD

DETECTING FLORIDA'S GERRYMANDER: A LESSON IN PUTTING FIRST THINGS FIRST Objective We show that Florida's post-2010 congressional districts were an ex ante knowable gerrymander, which, if diagnosed as a factual matter before enactment, would have avoided both the 2012 and 2014 harm and the state's unnecessarily burdensome reliance on a showing of intent. Method We recount the legal focus on intent, apply the McDonald-Best equal vote weight effects test standard to the Florida facts, and use more than 25,000 simulated districting plans to check on whether there was a gerrymander effect. Results We find a pro-Republican gerrymander effect could have been detected in advance of enacting Florida's redistricting plan. Conclusion In specific reference to Florida, we conclude the enacted districts could have been identified as a gerrymander beforehand, allowing court proceedings to move expeditiously and with a clear focus. As a general matter, we conclude a comprehensive approach to gerrymandering is best served by following a two-part prescription: (1) set an effect standard for identifying a gerrymander and (2) know the intent by checking the facts against the standard.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:532 tc:46 pg:15 au:Koryak, O; Lockett, A; Hayton, J; Nicolaou, N; Mole, K

DISENTANGLING THE ANTECEDENTS OF AMBIDEXTERITY: EXPLORATION AND EXPLOITATION We view ambidexterity as a paradox whereby its components, exploration and exploitation, generate persistent and conflicting demands on an organization. Drawing on the attention based view of the firm (ABV), we examine three antecedents of organizational ambidexterity that reflect ABV's three principles - the principle of focus of attention; the principle of situated attention; and the principle of structural distribution of attention. Specifically, we examine the influence of top management team (TMT) composition, whether or not the firm has a clear written vision, and the extent to which organizational attention is focused on investments in R&D, and continuous improvement. We empirically validate our model on a sample of 422 small and medium-sized enterprises in the UK and fmd that ambidexterity is supported by a blend of integration and differentiation approaches.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:541 tc:0 pg:35 au:Demo, A

DOCUMENTING DEATH BY POLICY: PUBLIC GRIEVABILITY, MIGRANT LIVES, AND COMMONPLACE DENIALS Documentary mediums have been called upon to refute denials of mass suffering throughout the twentieth century. This essay argues that refutation is a documentary impulse as definitive as the mission to amplify marginalized voices. Moreover, patterns in refuting denials of harm and moral responsibility indicate shifting conditions of public grievability. Comparing over a dozen documentaries about Prevention through Deterrence-a border control strategy nationalized under the Clinton administration-the analysis shows that migrant fatality maps and forensic lab footage not only document death but also refute commonplace denials of migrant human rights.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:542 tc:0 pg:29 au:Kelly, CR

DONALD J. TRUMP AND THE RHETORIC OF WHITE AMBIVALENCE This essay examines how President Trump's vacillations between overt and colorblind racism represent the intensification of white racial anxieties in anticipation of an impending demographic shift toward a nonwhite majority. Trump's contradictory rhetoric on race becomes legible in the context of white ambivalence, a condition that entails that white identity, history, and culture be respected as morally superior but, at the same time, not be characterized as white supremacy. Examining a selection of Trump's campaign and postelection rallies, I show how white ambivalence constitutes a perverse mixture of overweening and explicit valorizations of people of color and, simultaneously, a forceful disavowal of racial conversations that might otherwise implicate white identity in the legacy of white supremacy.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:582 tc:9 pg:26 au:Meyers, G; Van Hoyweghen, I

ENACTING ACTUARIAL FAIRNESS IN INSURANCE: FROM FAIR DISCRIMINATION TO BEHAVIOUR-BASED FAIRNESS In line with developments in the personalisation of risk, the idea that insurance products should above all be 'fair' to the policyholders is increasingly voiced by commentators. The performativity thesis in Science and Technology Studies usually used to study economic markets can be used to investigate different enactments of 'actuarial fairness' in insurance practice. Actuarial fairness functions as a technical economic concept and was coined by the neoclassical micro-economist Kenneth Arrow (1921-2017). Faced with anti-discrimination legislation, the insurance industry has, since the 1980s, advanced the principle of actuarial fairness to legitimise their medico-actuarial technologies to discriminate between risk groups. In the absence of this actuarial fairness, it is assumed that dynamics of adverse selection-derived from neoclassical assumptions about economic actors-will result in the bankruptcy of insurance providers. The paradigmatic case of Fairzekering, a showcase of contemporary behaviour-based personalisation in car insurance, demonstrates an important shift in how actuarial fairness is enacted through behaviour-based calculative devices. Here, policyholders are enacted as being personally in control of their driving style while an interactive discount-infrastructure is set up to provide real-time feedback to incentivize policyholders towards 'good behaviour.' This enactment of behaviour-based fairness simultaneously implies a shift in the enactment of the economic actors involved, constitutive of the making of new economic ideas in behavioural economics.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:554 tc:3 pg:15 au:Jensen-Ryan, DK; German, LA

ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLICY: A META-SYNTHESIS OF CASE STUDIES ON BOUNDARY ORGANIZATIONS AND SPANNING PROCESSES We conducted a meta-synthesis of published qualitative articles to better understand how features and strategies of boundary organizations and spanning processes influence whether environmental science was utilized in politically oriented outcomes. Meta-synthesis is a peer-reviewed research technique which is becoming more prolific as disciplines compare qualitative research studies and generalize qualitative knowledge. In this work, thirty-nine published case studies were analysed through a systematic grounded theory approach and thirty-nine structured interviews were performed with authors to validate the results. Overall, forty-seven boundary spanning variables were evaluated using disaggregated statistics to determine correlation with policy outcomes. Our results develop the possibility that successful boundary spanning linkages may be less about utilizing formal boundary organizations and more about fostering the process through which science and policy are intermingled.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:583 tc:13 pg:23 au:Machado, H; Granja, R

ETHICS IN TRANSNATIONAL FORENSIC DNA DATA EXCHANGE IN THE EU: CONSTRUCTING BOUNDARIES AND MANAGING CONTROVERSIES Under EU Law, Member States are compelled to engage in reciprocal automated forensic DNA profile exchange for stepping up on cross-border cooperation, particularly in combating terrorism and cross-border crime. The ethical implications of this transnational DNA data exchange are paramount. Exploring what the concept of ethics means to forensic practitioners actively involved in transnational DNA data exchange allows discussing how ethics can be addressed as embedded in the sociality of science and in the way scientific work is legitimated. The narratives of forensic practitioners juxtapose the construction of fluid ethical boundary work between science and non-science with the dynamic management of controversies, both of which are seen as ways to lend legitimacy and objectivity to scientific work.Ethical boundary work involves diverse fluid forms: as a boundary between science/ethics, science/criminal justice system, and good and bad science. The management of controversies occurs in three interrelated ways. First, through a continuous process of reconstructing delegations of responsibility in dealing with uncertainty surrounding the reliability of DNA evidence. Second, threats to the protection of data are portrayed as being resolved by black-boxing privacy. Finally, controversies related to social accountability and transparency are negotiated through the lens of opening science to the public.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:555 tc:2 pg:9 au:Kim, LD; Jang, DH

EXPERT VIEWS ON INNOVATION AND BUREAUCRATIZATION OF SCIENCE: SEMANTIC NETWORK ANALYSIS OF DISCOURSES ON SCIENTIFIC GOVERNANCE This article analyzes and compares expert groups' (science policy experts and field researchers in engineering) perceptions of the national scientific agenda in South Korea. The national agenda seeks to identify the conditions necessary for creativity and innovation. In general, policy experts and field academics share a common notion that investment in human resources and increased interdisciplinary cooperation are prerequisites for global technological competence. However, comparison of semantic network analysis results reveals that policy officials and field scientists differ in their views of how the field of innovation, the academy and laboratory, should be governed and reformed. The analysis implies that more fundamental conditions need to be discussed in scientific governance, especially recognizing the importance of educational reform, encouraging collaborative culture in the academy and empowering a coordinative body in the government. However, these are yet to be included in the public deliberation.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:612 tc:2 pg:7 au:Young, C; Ziemer, K; Jackson, C

EXPLAINING TRUMP'S POPULAR SUPPORT: VALIDATION OF A NATIVISM INDEX Objective In this article, we describe the development of a Nativism Index and evaluate its validity in the U.S. context, a global sample, and over time. Our overall objective is to establish the Nativism Index as a valid and reliable measure of nativism for use in subsequent research. Method Using survey data from Ipsos Public Affairs in the United States and from the Ipsos Global Advisor for our global sample, we test the convergent and discriminate validity and reliability of the Nativism Index. Results The Nativism Index is correlated with but clearly distinct from related concepts, including populism, authoritarianism, and fear of others. The Nativism Index is also predictive of support for Donald Trump in the United States and UKIP in the United Kingdom. Conclusion Overall, our findings suggest that the Nativism Index represents a robust measure with strong internal consistency and high convergent and divergent validity in both U.S. and global samples.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:556 tc:0 pg:10 au:Sarpong, D; Botchie, D; Dey, B

FROM MARGINAL TO MAINSTREAM: THE REVIVAL, TRANSFORMATION, AND BOOM OF PLANT MEDICINE This article examines how a scientific research institute can shape commercial development and medical practice in a developing country through the appropriation of the dialectical tensions and contradictions between traditional knowledge and practice, formal science, and commerce. Highlighting the dynamics of a complex inter-institutional cooperation and the role which indigenous knowledge comes to play in a national system of innovation, we identified knowledge production and protection, wealth creation, and normative control as quintessential outcomes driving the revival, transformation, and boom of plant medicine in Ghana. In highly differentiated contexts, where history, resources, and environment support public policy, our study suggests, inter-institutional cooperation serves as a quintessential mechanism to achieving far-reaching public policy objectives.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:585 tc:2 pg:26 au:Foley, R; Rushforth, R; Kalinowski, T; Bennett, I

FROM PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT TO RESEARCH INTERVENTION: ANALYZING PROCESSES AND EXPLORING OUTCOMES IN URBAN TECHNO-POLITICS Two years of observations and interviews provided evidence of injustices as state officials ignored calls for monitoring by residents at a toxic waste site in Phoenix Arizona. When federal investigators arrived, they found toxic vapours exceeded regulatory levels in 17 homes and businesses out of the 77 locations sampled. That prompted a shift among the research team from observation to research intervention. Two public engagements were designed to perturb routine interactions between residents living on contaminated urban land and the government officials and corporate agents managing the environmental remediation efforts. The framing of techno-politics offers insights about who was excluded from decisions by non-elected technical experts and why they were excluded. Techno-politics, when used to focus on the urban-scale, demonstrates how historical decisions and values continue to influence contemporary actions and behaviours. Further, the concept of infrastructuring reveals what social, legal and technical mechanisms were built and how those modules were woven into the complex socio-technical system. In this way, it questions underlying assumptions, calls attention to short-term decisions, and highlights the lack experimentation and rigidity of the techno-political regime. It became evident that government officials and corporate agents believe the current technology can contain contamination for a thousand years. Thus, the obduracy of infrastructure came into relief and the intervention research made transparent the ways in which power and authority were used to maintain the status quo and perpetuate injustices. While alternative visions can theoretically counteract techno-political arrangements, it remains to be seen if transformative changes will occur.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:557 tc:1 pg:10 au:Saarela, SR

FROM PURE SCIENCE TO PARTICIPATORY KNOWLEDGE PRODUCTION? RESEARCHERS' PERCEPTIONS ON SCIENCE-POLICY INTERFACE IN BIOENERGY POLICY There is a plea for dialogue and interaction between researchers and policymakers, particularly in relation to burning and complex societal problems. However, day-to-day science-policy interaction remains a challenge. By investigating researchers' perspectives on challenges and opportunities of evolving interaction between science and policy, this article contributes to the ongoing discussions on workable and effective science-policy interface. The analysis, based on twelve in-depth interviews with experienced forest bioenergy researchers working at different organizations in Finland, shows that researchers appreciate a variety of roles and contributions from pure scientist to participatory knowledge production. Paradoxically, researchers ideologically still adhere to objective and linear knowledge production, which is, however, associated with multiple challenges such as politicization of science, disuse or misuse of scientific knowledge and communication. The article concludes that more nuanced consideration and acknowledgement of science-policy context as well as researchers' role in it could create mutual benefits for research and policy.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:586 tc:2 pg:20 au:Kimura, AH

FUKUSHIMA ETHOS: POST-DISASTER RISK COMMUNICATION, AFFECT, AND SHIFTING RISKS ETHOS Fukushima is a risk communication (RC) program organized after the Fukushima nuclear accident by the International Commission on Radiological Protection and other international organizations supported by the Japanese government. ETHOS has been hailed as a model RC that is participatory and dialogue-based. Yet the critical and feminist literature has shown the need for analyzing the power relations in participatory projects, and for analyzing affect as a target of management by neoliberal governmentality. The affective work of ETHOS is characterized by narratives of self-responsibility, hope and anticipation, and transnational solidarity with Chernobyl victims. These resonate with the affective regime under neoliberalism that privileges self-responsibility, anticipation, maximization of emotional potential, and cosmopolitan empathy. This particular regime of affect has been integral in shifting risk from the nuclear industry and the government to individual citizens. ETHOS Fukushima has supported continued residence in contaminated areas. It has helped portray the reduction of government/industry responsibility as morally defensible, and the decision to stay in Fukushima as a free choice made by hopeful and determined citizens. At the same time, ETHOS has helped characterize the state's and the nuclear industry's roles in cleaning up and compensating the victims as restricting individual freedom and demoralizing the local people. The recent RC literature increasingly argues for a positive assessment of emotion, but this argument warrants careful analysis, as emotion is socially regulated and entangled in power relations. Moreover, deploying affective tropes is a crucial technique of neoliberal governmentality, especially because of affect's seemingly oppositional and external relationship to neoliberalism.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:533 tc:1 pg:15 au:Bugge, MM; Fevolden, AM; Klitkou, A

GOVERNANCE FOR SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION AND SYSTEM CHANGE: THE CASE OF URBAN WASTE This paper analyses urban waste systems to explore how local authorities can resolve challenges related to climate change, urbanization and resource depletion. The paper investigates how different public governance regimes affect local authorities' ability to move upwards in the waste hierarchy. It identifies three different governance regimes traditional bureaucracy, new public management and networked governance and uses the insights from innovation in urban waste in three Norwegian city regions Oslo, Drammen and Bergen to illuminate how these regimes possess both strengths and weaknesses in how they affect system optimization and system change. The observed working practices signal that the issue of urban waste systems is perceived as a challenge of system optimization rather than system change. Viewing this as a challenge requiring system change would probably have ensured a stronger directionality and a broader anchoring of actors. Such an approach is likely to have arrived at a waste prevention mode earlier than the step-by-step-solutions implemented so far. The paper concludes that there is not one best governance regime, but a need to acknowledge their coexistence and carefully consider the characteristics of the respective regimes in order to arrange urban waste systems for long-term dynamic and sustainable city regions.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:558 tc:5 pg:12 au:Bugge, MM; Coenen, L; Branstad, A

GOVERNING SOCIO-TECHNICAL CHANGE: ORCHESTRATING DEMAND FOR ASSISTED LIVING IN AGEING SOCIETIES In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in innovation studies towards grand challenges, and in how demand-side policy instruments can supplement traditional supply-side policy measures. To contribute to an improved understanding of how demand-side policy requires new governance responses, this article presents a case study of trialling assisted living technologies to address the grand challenge of demographic ageing. The article departs from an innovation policy framework that incorporates theorising on transformational system failures, governance modes, and policy mixes. This framework serves as an entry point to explore how different modes of governance condition the ways in which demand for assisted living in healthcare is orchestrated across multiple stakeholders. The case study is embedded in a wider system shift from a reactive to a proactive system of healthcare provision, enabling the elderly to live independently at home longer and thus avoiding or postponing institutionalised care.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:534 tc:6 pg:12 au:Fisher, E

GOVERNING WITH AMBIVALENCE: THE TENTATIVE ORIGINS OF SOCIO-TECHNICAL INTEGRATION Requirements to integrate societal considerations into research and development practices began appearing throughout the democratic industrialized world in the early 2000s and eventually became a central feature of responsible innovation. Examining one of the earliest and most prominent policy examples, this paper investigates the conceptual basis of the U.S. nanotechnology program's mandate for socio-technical integration. It argues that policy makers adopted this innovative response to addressing the societal issues of an emerging technology due to their heightened awareness of potential interactions among public attitudes, research directions, and technological trajectories. Integration thus emerged as a governance mechanism for mediating the interaction between these dynamic sources of uncertainty. The mandate emerged in a self-consciously experimental and anticipatory manner and thus provides a practical instance of tentative governance.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:559 tc:1 pg:12 au:Amankwah-Amoah, J; Lu, YF

HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF ENTREPRENEURIAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE GLOBAL SOUTH: THE CASE OF GHANA, 1957-2010 In spite of growing awareness among strategy, business history, and entrepreneurship scholars of the benefits of entrepreneurial development, our understanding of the evolution of entrepreneurial development in developing nations remains limited. A historical analysis of the issue in post-colonial Ghana from 1957 to 2010 led to the identification of three distinctive phases. The first phase represented the immediate post-colonial reforms (1957-66), where large-scale nationalization and establishment of state-owned enterprises hampered development of private enterprises. The second phase was the turbulent period (1967-79), where totalitarianism and confiscation of assets deterred private investments and ownership, thereby creating a harsh economic and institutional environment. These culminated in the last phase, the renaissance of social entrepreneurship (1980-2010) where different entrepreneurial models flourished, including the diaspora philanthropy and the 'philanthropic chief'.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:587 tc:1 pg:23 au:Sadola, S; Jeffery, R; Jesani, A; Porter, G

HOW CIVIL SOCIETY ORGANISATIONS CHANGED THE REGULATION OF CLINICAL TRIALS IN INDIA In 2005 India changed its pharmaceutical and innovation policy that facilitated a dramatic increase in international clinical trials involving study sites in India. This policy shift was surrounded by controversies; civil society organisations (CSOs) criticised the Indian government for promoting the commercialisation of pharmaceutical research and development. Health social movements in India fought for social justice through collective action, and engaged in normative reasoning of the benefits, burdens and equality of research. They lobbied to protect trial participants from structural violence that occurred especially in the first 5-6 years of the new policy. CSOs played a major role in the introduction of new regulations in 2013, which accelerated a decline in the number of global trials carried out in India. This activism applied interpretations of global social justice as key ideas in mobilisation, eventually helping to institutionalise stricter ethical regulation on a national level. Like government and industry, activists believed in randomised controlled trials and comparison as key methods for scientific knowledge production. However, they had significant concerns about the global hierarchies of commercial pharmaceutical research, and their impact on the rights of participants and on benefits for India overall. Pointing to ethical malpractices and lobbying for stricter ethical regulations, they aimed to ensure justice for research participants, and developed effective strategies to increase controls over the business side of clinical research.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:560 tc:1 pg:10 au:Kowalczewska, K; Behagel, J

HOW POLICYMAKERS' DEMANDS FOR USABLE KNOWLEDGE SHAPE SCIENCE-POLICY RELATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY IN POLAND This article discusses how aspects related to policymakers' demands for knowledge shape preferences for science-policy models such as Mode 1 and Mode 2. It focuses on the demands that Polish policymakers make of science and how they envision their role in the knowledge production process in the field of environmental policy. The article applies a set of criteria on how policymakers define usable knowledge to better understand preference and use in practice of different science-policy models. Results show that preferences for Mode 1 or Mode 2 are in part the result of trade-off between criteria of quality, relevance, conformity, and action orientation. While science can provide truth and usable knowledge in both Mode 1 and 2, Mode 1 is attractive when policy-makers have specific political demands: they may use it to avoid responsibility for negative policy outcomes or to discredit undesirable results.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:613 tc:2 pg:20 au:Liu, LY

HOW RADICAL IS TOO RADICAL? PUBLIC PERCEPTION OF TAIWANESE ENVIRONMENTAL NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS' ACTIVISM Objective Methods This study sought answers to two important unasked questions: (1) How does the Taiwanese public perceive different types of environmental activism initiated by environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs)? And (2) How does culture influence these perceptions? This study utilized cultural theory (CT) to develop hypotheses to test data collected through an online survey in Taiwan. Results Conclusion The evidence confirms what CT predicted: egalitarians tended to consider protest-based environmental activities as effective and acceptable, while individualists tended to have negative thoughts about the effectiveness and acceptance of protest-based activities. This study found that CT can also be helpful in studying environmental activism, especially in countries, like Taiwan, where ideological lines and partisan differences on environmental issues are not clear. Moreover, compared to conventional partisan and ideological explanations, CT better explains the determinants of public perceptions regarding environmental activities.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:588 tc:0 pg:27 au:Spektor, M

IMAGINING THE BIOMETRIC FUTURE: DEBATES OVER NATIONAL BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION IN ISRAEL From 2008 to 2017, the Israeli Ministry of Interior's attempts to create a national biometric identification system comprised of a digital database and 'smart' national ID cards containing the index fingerprints and facial recognition data of all Israeli citizens and residents generated significant political debate. Usually, security is offered as a justification for biometric identification. In the Israeli debate, security was foundational to both claims for and against the system. Security is a major priority in Israel, and by putting it at the center of their arguments, opponents and proponents tried to lay claim to one of the most powerful legitimating tools in Israeli policymaking. They did so by articulating sociotechnical imaginaries of the system that both drew upon aspirations for security, yet offered contrasting visions of the biometric future. These imaginaries existed in a dialectical relationship; both sides used practices of imagining the future to influence the system's policy framework and technological design, and to contest the meaning of security itself by defining it and its relationship to biometric IDs and databases in different ways. Ultimately, the system's implementation in 2017 entailed a legislative and technological compromise that incorporated both sides' visions of the future and definitions of security.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:561 tc:1 pg:13 au:Choi, H

INCUMBENTS' RESPONSE TO DEMAND-SIDE POLICIES: THE CASE OF SOLAR AND WIND POWER SECTORS This work examines incumbents' responses to two demand-side policies by focusing on their investment in new sustainable technologies. It focuses on how economic incentive and regulatory policies shape the market environment and this affects incumbents' investment in new technologies. By using mediation and difference-in-difference regression models, it examines incumbent utilities' investment in solar and wind power plants. It reveals that incumbent utilities under the economic incentive policy more invest in the solar and wind power than those under the regulatory policy, as it places stronger competitive pressure on incumbent utilities to adapt to the new technology. Further, incumbents prefer alternative technologies complementary to their existing competences and expand their investment in a global market under policy-induced competitive pressures.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:562 tc:1 pg:13 au:te Kulve, H; Boon, W; Konrad, K; Schuitmaker, TJ

INFLUENCING THE DIRECTION OF INNOVATION PROCESSES: THE SHADOW OF AUTHORITIES IN DEMAND ARTICULATION This article aims to contribute to the development of demand-based innovation policies by examining the role of regulatory authorities in the process of formulating demands and requirements for novel technologies in three specific cases of emerging sensor technologies. We make two contributions. First, we conceptualize the different ways in which authorities may be involved in demand articulation processes during the innovation journey. We suggest four potential roles for regulatory actors: 'following authority', 'forceful authority', 'co-creating authority' and 'shadow authority'. Second, we show how regulatory authorities in their role of 'shadow authority' influence demand articulation processes even if they are not immediately engaged. In early phases of the innovation journey, regulatory agencies may not be directly involved, but suppliers and potential users of technologies anticipate authorities' positions and actions. In conclusion, we discuss the situations in which the involvement of regulatory authorities can support the process and guide the direction of demand articulation.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:563 tc:0 pg:11 au:Gaughan, M; Bozeman, B

INSTITUTIONALIZED INEQUITY IN THE USA: THE CASE OF POSTDOCTORAL RESEARCHERS Coalitions of powerful higher education stakeholders, a weak federal government, controversial overlapping policy domains, and a vulnerable postdoctoral labor force combine to create exploitative conditions in the United States. Recent calls for postdoctoral reform are likely to fall by the wayside, just as they have for the last half century. We use several analytic tools to examine the situation: a thematic content analysis of National Academy of Science reports dating back to 1969, stakeholder analysis based on the content analysis, and an in-depth demographic assessment of the postdoctoral labor force. We use these data in concert with agenda-setting theory to explain why major change has not occurred, and is unlikely to occur in the future. We suggest that one way forward is for the federal government to engage in bureaucratic reforms, which are more politically insulated than the domains of science, education, immigration, and inclusion policies in the USA.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:614 tc:1 pg:16 au:Kim, H; Heo, U

INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND DEMOCRACY DEVELOPMENT: THE INDIRECT LINK ObjectiveFew studies have systematically examined the international organization (IO)-democracy nexus, except Pevehouse (2002, 2005), who found the democratizing impact of regional IOs. Our study extends previous research by investigating the indirect as well as the direct effects of IOs on democracy. MethodsWe employ a two-equation model, using the data for 112 developing countries for 1972-2002. ResultsRegional IOs increase the level of economic openness, which in turn leads to improvements in democracy. ConclusionsIOs indeed facilitate democratic development in their member states both directly and indirectly by enhancing these countries' international trade.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:589 tc:0 pg:27 au:Rodriguez-Medina, L; Ferpozzi, H; Layna, J; Valdez, EM; Kreimer, P

INTERNATIONAL TIES AT PERIPHERAL SITES: CO-PRODUCING SOCIAL PROCESSES AND SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN LATIN AMERICA In recent decades, scientific knowledge has been increasingly expected to contribute to the resolution of public and controversial issues in Latin America. However, in peripheral sites of knowledge and economic production, the dynamics of both science and society have been complicated by tensions between the demands of local stakeholders and the ties with the global centers of technical and scientific expertise. First, local public issues are often addressed in merely discursive ways, rather than effectively, in research and expert advice; second, local scientific elites often establish links with experts and the global centers of science in order to legitimate their stance against competing approaches. An analysis of four case studies (neglected diseases, mining pollution, wildlife conservation and migration studies) involving the production of scientific knowledge intended to address public issues in Latin America reveals, first, that material and symbolic asymmetries determine the outcomes of these engagements and, second, that international ties with peripheral sites affect the cognitive definition of the issues at stake and the range of public interventions devised to address them. Yet, in these four case studies, the key actors that mediate links between local stakeholders and international counterparts - or, 'drivers' - mobilize the bodies of knowledge that, ultimately, shape the cognitive and political contours of the social issues at stake.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:564 tc:0 pg:13 au:Dutrenit, G; Suarez, M

INVOLVING STAKEHOLDERS IN POLICYMAKING: TENSIONS EMERGING FROM A PUBLIC DIALOGUE WITH KNOWLEDGE-BASED ENTREPRENEURS The aim of this article is to discuss the tensions that are created between Science, Technology and Innovation (STI) communities during the dialogue process. The main argument revolves around the idea that public participation in STI is a complex process where communities with different expectations, logics, language codes, and dynamics of power relations participate. As a result, diverse tensions emerge during the dialogue process. To deal with these tensions, it is necessary to identify them, and appropriate and contextualize the methods of public participation in a flexible way to have instruments that allow overcoming such tensions and reaching better results. This article draws on and expands current empirical efforts to discuss public participation methods. It is based on a case study of a public dialogue experience between knowledge-based entrepreneurs with policymakers to identify the most important challenges that they face and the implications for STI policy in Mexico.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:615 tc:6 pg:10 au:Williams, CJ; Schoonvelde, M

IT TAKES THREE: HOW MASS MEDIA COVERAGE CONDITIONS PUBLIC RESPONSIVENESS TO POLICY OUTPUTS IN THE UNITED STATES Objective Democratic governance requires that policy outcomes and public demand for policy be linked. While studies have shown empirical support for such a relationship in various policy domains, empirical evidence also indicates that the public is relatively unaware of policy outputs. This raises a puzzle: Why do policy outputs influence public attitudes if the public knows little about them? Methods This study seeks to address this paradox by examining the conditioning role of media coverage. We rely on data derived from the Policy Agendas Project in the United States, allowing us to analyze the relationship between policy outcomes, public preferences, and newspaper content across a long span of time (1972-2007). Results Our results indicate that public policy preferences respond to policy outputs, and that this relationship is strengthened by greater media attention to a policy area. Importantly, our findings also indicate that without media attention to a policy area, there is no direct effect of policy outputs on public demand for policy. Conclusions Media coverage appears to be a key factor for public responsiveness to occur. In the absence of policy coverage by the media, public responsiveness to policy outputs is greatly reduced.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:616 tc:0 pg:13 au:Newmark, AJ; Nownes, AJ

LOBBYING CONFLICT, COMPETITION, AND WORKING IN COALITIONS ObjectiveWe examine the factors that affect interest group decisions to join coalitions rather than go it alone. Among the factors we consider are organization type, level of conflict, level of competition, and relative influence. MethodWe conduct a mail survey of lobbyists in five American states to determine the likelihood of interests working in coalitions. ResultsOur findings indicate that group type has little impact on group decisions to join coalitions. Advantaged (e.g., resource-rich business organizations) and disadvantaged (e.g., underfunded charity and citizen groups) groups behave similarly when it comes to working with others, a finding that is important in debates over whether some interests are over- or underrepresented in the pressure system. We also find that conflict and competition affect groups' propensity to work with other groups, and that contextual factors, including partisan congruence and lobbying laws, influence the extent to which groups work with other groups. ConclusionOur findings contribute to the ongoing scholarly debate about the conditions under which interest groups bear the costs of lobbying with others.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:590 tc:3 pg:24 au:Morrell, E

LOCALIZING DETROIT'S FOOD SYSTEM: BOUNDARY-WORK AND THE POLITICS OF EXPERIENTIAL EXPERTISE Recently, different expert actors have attempted to localize Detroit's food system to bring about greater justice citywide. At first, 'professional experts' dominated these efforts, claiming authority in the food system due to their knowledge based in qualified training and applied work experience. Yet a rival group of 'experiential experts' soon rose up to assert their power, arguing they and their unique race and place-based know-how merited greater influence. Within just a few years, experiential experts successfully replaced professional ones in commanding much area food localization. I show that experiential experts achieved this power largely through strategic boundary-work, including expulsion, expansion, and protection of autonomy. Nonetheless, some Detroiters and professional experts themselves questioned experiential experts' legitimacy in removing professional experts from the food system altogether. I thus introduce a fourth form of boundary-work that experiential experts deployed to maintain their clout, what I term 'accommodation'. Accommodation connotes instances of strategic inclusion where an expert authority facilitates rivals in sharing some influence based on distinct conditions that leave dominant epistemic arrangements generally intact. This occurred in Detroit as experiential experts accommodated professional ones in exercising some food systems power provided they better deploy their own race and place-based knowledge. Such actions helped quell public concern while also protecting experiential experts' rising authority. Accommodation is useful for understanding cases in which diverse types of experts work together despite that single knowledge-forms guide their activities overall. Further research into accommodation could aid in identifying whether or not diverse forms of knowledge are together influencing decision-making around a range of cases, or if single forms of expertise remain dominant despite the appearance that democratization is taking place.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:535 tc:3 pg:12 au:Diercks, G

LOST IN TRANSLATION: HOW LEGACY LIMITS THE OECD IN PROMOTING NEW POLICY MIXES FOR SUSTAINABILITY TRANSITIONS The OECD has a strong legacy in shaping innovation policy mixes. The purpose of this paper is therefore to provide a better understanding of how the OECD is currently shaping new policy mixes for sustainability transitions. It provides a detailed account of the uptake of system innovation thinking, a key concept in transition studies, at the OECD. It takes an ethnographic approach combining desk research with participant observation, allowing to study 'discourse in the making'. The paper traces the different translation and inscription strategies pursued. It finds that despite purposeful efforts, system innovation has not been institutionalised in the core activities of the organisation, thus can be considered 'lost in translation'. It concludes that legacy effects created a number of sticking points that can be categorised under three main categories: (1) institutional, arising from previous ways of working; (2) cognitive, arising from ways of framing and knowing and (3) political, arising from pre-existing power relations. Suggestions are made for both innovation policy academics and practitioners interested in promoting a transformative innovation agenda.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:543 tc:0 pg:36 au:Kunde, M

MAKING THE FREE MARKET MORAL: RONALD REAGAN'S COVENANTAL ECONOMY In this article, I argue for the importance of investigating covenantal rhetoric as a multipronged rhetorical device that can be used by political leaders to moralize discourse and strategically manage competing covenantal tensions in response to a particular social, economic, and/or political exigence. Specifically, it explores how President Ronald Reagan drew on the Puritan covenantal framework to usher in an era of free-market economics and transform it from a chaotic and self-interested system into a covenantal economy in which people could fulfill their moral obligations to self, God, and others. Using covenantal form, Reagan eased the tensions between freedom and order, grace and works, and individuality and community in a way that provided a moral foundation for his tax and welfare policies and a moral safety net for all who had faith in God's grace. Within Reagan's covenantal economy, trickle-down economics was framed as both an economically feasible and morally commendable process in which entrepreneurs and welfare recipients could join together in a "circle of prosperity" without government interference or the obligation to provide direct material assistance to others.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:591 tc:0 pg:28 au:Katz, Y; Matter, U

METRICS OF INEQUALITY: THE CONCENTRATION OF RESOURCES IN THE US BIOMEDICAL ELITE Academic scientists and research institutes are increasingly being evaluated using digital metrics, from bibliometrics to patent counts. These metrics are often framed, by science policy analysts, economists of science as well as funding agencies, as objective and universal proxies for scientific worth, potential, and productivity. In biomedical science, where there is stiff competition for grants from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), metrics are sold as a less arbitrary way to allocate funds, yet the funding context in which metrics are applied is not critically examined. Success by the metrics is in fact inextricably linked to the distribution of NIH funds, and from the 1980s to the 2000s, NIH funding has been marked by high inequality (elite investigators and institutes get the lion's share of resources) and decreased mobility (those who start at the bottom are less likely to rise to the upper ranks). Elite investigators and institutes currently produce the bulk of prestigious publications, citations, and patents that commonly used metrics valorise. Metrics-based evaluation therefore reproduces, and potentially amplifies, existing inequalities in academic science and rich-get-richer effects.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:617 tc:0 pg:20 au:Adebayo, TS; Kalmaz, DB

ONGOING DEBATE BETWEEN FOREIGN AID AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: A WAVELET ANALYSIS This study aims to reexamine the interconnection between economic growth, foreign aid, trade, gross fixed capital formation, and inflation rate in one model for the case of Nigeria, which has not yet been analyzed utilizing the new econometric techniques, employing time series data covering the years between 1980 and 2018. No previous research has employed a wavelet coherence technique to gather information on the dynamic connection and/or causality between these economic indicators at dissimilar frequencies and various time frames. The main objectives are to address the questions: (a) Is there long-run relationship between the indicators under consideration? (b) What are the main determinants of economic growth in the long run? (c) How are the indicators related at dissimilar frequencies and various time frames? The empirical findings confirm that (a) there is a long-run relationship between the indicators under consideration; (b) in the long run, economic growth is influenced significantly by foreign aid, trade openness, gross fixed capital formation, and inflation rate; (c) the outcomes of the wavelet coherence technique give evidence to support the long-run estimations of this study; and (d) the outcomes of wavelet coherence are supported by the Toda-Yamamoto causality test results.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:565 tc:5 pg:15 au:Horbach, SPJM; Breit, E; Mamelund, SE

ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSES TO ALLEGED SCIENTIFIC MISCONDUCT: SENSEMAKING, SENSEGIVING, AND SENSEHIDING While a substantive literature has emerged on the prevalence, causes, and consequences of scientific misconduct, little is known about the organisational perspective in cases of (alleged) misconduct. We address this knowledge gap by employing a comparative case study approach to describe and assess the handling of four cases of alleged misconduct by their university, respectively in the Netherlands and Norway. We propose a theoretical model that explains how organisational responses to misconduct emerge and evolve as iterations of the processes of sensemaking, sensegiving, and sensehiding. In addition, we link these iterations to a set of background premises that nurture the organisational responses and to the responses' outcomes and consequences. We conclude that several aspects of the organisational responses hinder effective learning processes within organisations and their members. Our analysis provides fruitful heuristics for organisations to reflect on, or plan their response strategies to allow for optimal learning.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:618 tc:0 pg:14 au:Engstrom, RL

PARTISAN GERRYMANDERING: WEEDS IN THE POLITICAL THICKET Objective To highlight the extent of the partisan gerrymandering problem in the United States. Methods Bring both original and secondary sources to bear on the problem of partisan gerrymandering, through the examination of election results under them, and federal and state court reactions to them. Results Evidence shows that gerrymandering in seven states accounted for the Republican Party's manufactured majority in the U.S. House of Representatives following the 2012 election, and that it took judicial intervention by courts in some states and the Democratic wave election of 2018 to loosen the grip of those gerrymanders to undo that "spurious" majority. Conclusion The U.S. Supreme Court's decision in 2019 to withdraw federal courts from partisan gerrymandering litigation, just as the district courts were proving themselves able to deal with the issue in a nonpartisan and effective manner, is likely to result in another decade of extensive and excessive gerrymandering in the United States.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:592 tc:0 pg:26 au:Kampf, KM

PEDOPHILIA SCREENING IN TECHNOSECURITY CULTURE THE CONSTRUCTION OF DANGEROUS SUB-POPULATIONS IN THE NAME OF SECURITY Pedophilia numbers among the prominent fears of western societies. Politicians have argued in favor of mass surveillance, claiming it is required to catch pedophiles, while a growing commercial market exists for 'pedophilia screenings'. Sexology defines pedophilia as a sexual preference for prepubescent children, meaning that prior sex offenses are not essential for a diagnosis. The diagnostic criteria have changed little since pedophilia was first described as a psychiatric phenomenon, but there have been vast changes in the ways in which pedophilia is diagnosed. One aspect that has however remained the same is the persistent belief that pedophilia is an innate trait of an individual; this makes pedophilia discourses compatible with current risk discourses. Today's diagnostic tools include a range of technological procedures. This trend of deploying technologically enhanced diagnostics is indicative of a shift towards a technosecurity logic within the project of seeking physical evidence to demonstrate sexual desire. At the same time, this shift is co-constitutive of current risk discourses regarding child abuse. Technosecurity-based attempts to identify pedophiles may re-normalize the notion that 'dangerous sub-populations' exist that deserve only limited rights, thus paving the way for erosion of the legal system and of democratic principles.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:566 tc:10 pg:11 au:Zacharewicz, T; Lepori, B; Reale, E; Jonkers, K

PERFORMANCE-BASED RESEARCH FUNDING IN EU MEMBER STATES-A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT Performance-based research funding (PBRF), the allocation of institutional funding on the basis of ex post assessments of university research performance, has been implemented in a large number of EU Member States. However, the characteristics of this funding scheme differ widely. Apart from differences in the volume of funding, there are major variations in the assessments that feed into the funding allocation formula. Even within the two main groups of metrics based and peer review-based assessments the approaches adopted vary. Some of the main strengths and drawbacks of the various options are discussed in this article. An analysis of national Global Budgetary Allocations for R&D data reveals the distribution of project and institutional funding and the potential for PBRF. Given the heterogeneity of performance-based funding approaches, a comprehensive comparative assessment of the funding involved in this instrument requires further work. Nonetheless Member State governments can engage in institutional learning from good practices.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:619 tc:3 pg:16 au:Ross, AD; Rouse, SM; Mobley, W

POLARIZATION OF CLIMATE CHANGE BELIEFS: THE ROLE OF THE MILLENNIAL GENERATION IDENTITY Objective This article explores how the Millennial Generation identity-the shared values and experiences of young adults (born between 1980 and 1997)-affects political polarization of climate change belief, specifically how it mediates the relationship between party affiliation and educational attainment. Method To test this, an interaction between Millennial*Republican*education is estimated, using data from an original national survey administered in 2015. Results Millennials are more likely to believe in the evidence of climate change and its anthropogenic causes than older adults of their same party affiliation. Unlike older adults, the most educated Millennials are not the most likely to adhere to political party stance; rather, it is among the least educated Millennials that party sorting is most evident. Conclusion The Millennial Generation identity is meaningful for understanding political attitudes. Important distinctions exist between Millennials and older adults in the evaluation of climate change opinion and related policies.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:567 tc:0 pg:11 au:Henderson, D

POLICY ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN CONTEXT: UNDERSTANDING THE EMERGENCE OF NOVEL POLICY SOLUTIONS FOR SERVICES INNOVATION IN FINLAND AND IRELAND Policy entrepreneurs have been identified as playing an important role in the emergence of public policies for innovation. Despite the growing number of studies, the role of context has only recently begun to be explored in detail. This article contributes by investigating the interplay between the institutional context and the strategies of policy entrepreneurs, in the successful introduction of new policy ideas for services innovation. Building on insights from institutional theory, it argues that policy entrepreneurs are embedded in a multidimensional context of field-level conditions, multi-level standard operating procedures for policy development, and the social position of actors. It explores the activities of policy entrepreneurs in two countries-Finland and Ireland-and finds that differences in the institutional context help explain why some entrepreneurs are able to develop and implement new policies, while others fail. The article draws on comparative case study evidence including documentary analysis and interviews.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:620 tc:1 pg:17 au:Adhikari, B

POWER POLITICS AND FOREIGN AID DELIVERY TACTICS Objective This article explores the influence of aid recipient countries' U.N. General Assembly voting on the amount of government-to-government economic assistance they receive from donor countries. I argue that major power donor states are swayed by recipient states' voting records, while minor donors do not take U.N. General Assembly voting into consideration while formulating their aid policies. Method To explore the relationship, I utilize newly available, disaggregated foreign aid data. Result I find considerable empirical support for the assertion that dissimilar voting in the U.N. General Assembly results in less government-to-government aid from major power donors but has no effects on aid provided by minor power donors. Conclusion The findings show that foreign aid policies are based on donor countries' position in the international system, where major power donors base their aid decisions mostly on strategic goals; minor power donors, on the other hand, prioritize recipient needs while formulating their foreign aid policies.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:544 tc:0 pg:39 au:Condit, CM

PUBLIC HEALTH EXPERTS, EXPERTISE, AND EBOLA: A RELATIONAL THEORY OF ETHOS The key public health officials in the United States have been criticized for their work in the Ebola outbreak of 2014-15 by citizens, public officials, and health scholars from multiple disciplines. There are numerous grounds for these complaints, but underlying many of them was the perception of "failed leadership" that is here traced in substantial part to the embodiment of a positionality based in a presumed logos-based power instead of an ethos-based relationship between public health expert and public. Because any leader's public ethos is dependent on the cultural ethos of audiences who promote them to leadership, this essay combines the Aristotelian topoi for ethos (goodsense, goodwill, goodness) and contemporary redefinitions of ethos as cultural-level phenomena (either "dwelling places," ideologies, or ethical and cultural codes) to conceptualize ethos as the activation, rebuilding, or maintenance of relationships among different social positions: publics and institutions. The complexities of the Ebola epidemic-with its national and international dimensions and its partially faulty scientific grounding-make visible the predisposition toward positional gaps between publics and public experts regarding interests (eunoia) and goods (arete), with concomitant difficulties for the sharing of practical wisdom (phronesis). Aristotle was correct that such gaps cannot be bridged by logos, and the pervasive insistence on more logos as corrective therefore may contribute to public mistrust of all expertise.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:621 tc:0 pg:17 au:Henderson, M; Hamilton, JM

PUBLIC SERVICE OR PROPAGANDA? HOW AMERICANS EVALUATE POLITICAL ADVOCACY BY EXECUTIVE AGENCIES Objective Executive agencies of the federal government frequently engage in explicit political advocacy, exhorting the public to adopt policy positions and engage in political actions. This advocacy conflicts with legal restrictions on unelected bureaucrats. It is unclear what the public thinks of this kind of advocacy. We assess whether Americans judge this advocacy based on principles about acceptable political processes or based on policy goals. Methods We use observational and experimental data from two national surveys of American adults to assess the role of policy preferences in acceptance of political advocacy by executive agencies. Findings We find that Americans approve a broad range of public communications from executive agencies, but approval of political appeals is highly sensitive to whether an individual shares the policy goal of the agency. Conclusions Policy agreement, rather than preferences about process, drives Americans' attitudes toward this kind of advocacy. Americans support political advocacy by executive agencies when it dovetails with their own policy preferences or partisanship and oppose it when these agencies advocate for policies that contradict their own preferences or partisanship. Indeed, they do not draw any distinction between unelected bureaucrats and elected politicians when it comes to evaluating these forms of advocacy.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:593 tc:5 pg:30 au:Roberts, C; Geels, FW

PUBLIC STORYLINES IN THE BRITISH TRANSITION FROM RAIL TO ROAD TRANSPORT (1896-2000): DISCURSIVE STRUGGLES IN THE MULTI-LEVEL PERSPECTIVE An analysis of the transition from railways to highways as the dominant British transport system during the twentieth century shows that public storylines about competing niche and regime technologies can have a powerful influence on socio-technical transitions. These storylines are developed by supporters and opponents of the competing technologies, with each group attempting to frame their favoured technology positively. The public salience of these storylines can be evaluated by assessing how highly they score on four elements of frame resonance: empirical fit, experiential commensurability, actor credibility, and macro-cultural resonance. These storylines can be seen at play across the entirety of the transition to a road-based transport system, from the very early history of the automobile through to the turn of the millennium, when public opposition to road transport was becoming increasingly pronounced. This case study uniquely traces discursive conflict over the entire course of a multi-decade transition. While existing literature in the multi-level perspective typically emphasises the disadvantages faced by niche-innovations, this case study shows that powerful storylines, enabled by the right cultural repertoires and possibly negative storylines about existing socio-technical systems, can create powerful political support for a new technology, giving it an advantage against more established incumbents.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:594 tc:0 pg:23 au:Kiefer, M

RE-BASING SCIENTIFIC AUTHORITY: ANTHROPOCENE NARRATIVES IN THE CARNEGIE NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM Natural history museums legitimate and motivate social and political actions through their representations of science-society relations. The Carnegie Natural History Museum has brought narratives of the Anthropocene into its museum spaces, offering novel representations and understandings of human-nature and science-society relations. As a contested concept, the Anthropocene entails at least two tensions in how it might be represented, encouraging different kinds of social and political projects: the Anthropocene may encourage new political formations and opportunities as well as new, better relations between science and society. Motivated to engage with the Anthropocene out of commitments to affirm a strong and pronounced social role of the scientific community, museum actors defend scientific authority through appeals to reflexive scientific processes and science's necessary relations with other modes of thought. Reflexive scientific processes allow scientists and scientific institutions to manage their social and political values, while science's relations with artistic and ethical thinking legitimizes the use of science in responses to explicitly political and social problems. The Carnegie Museum enacts these bases for authority through its Anthropocene narratives, re-drawing the boundaries of scientific authority to include political questions while simultaneously making the boundaries between legitimate, scientific knowledge and other modes of thought less salient.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:595 tc:2 pg:20 au:Gopakumar, G

REGIME OF CONGESTION: TECHNOPOLITICS OF MOBILITY AND INEQUALITY IN BENGALURU, INDIA Vehicular congestion on the streets of Bengaluru has been tackled, since the late 1990s at least, through a hybrid coalition of actors, technologies, norms, and discourses that have political consequences. Technopolitical regimes, understood as an ordering that enrolls technologies and artifacts amongst other things to achieve specific political aims, is a particularly apposite framing for delineating the ways by which congestion is problematized and addressed in urban areas, such as Bengaluru. Relying on this framing, a range of entities such as mega-infrastructure projects, 'super bureaucrats,' investment plans, and discourses of infrastructure deficiency constitute the regime of congestion. Bengaluru's regime of congestion has become associated with a discernible political intent that redefines streets into entities reserved for vehicular traffic and at the same time marginalizes the mobility needs of the urban poor and the nonmotorized. In the process, not only is public transit becoming a less inviting option, but it incentivizes the switch to private vehicles, thereby reinforcing the existing regime. It is this self-perpetuating cycle that accounts for the stability of the regime of congestion. This offers two insights for theory development. First, with the circulation of world-class city discourses, urban technopolitical regimes possess a distinctly hybrid global-local (or glocal) constitution that weaves together global norms with local concerns and actors. Second, interlinkages between material, institutional, and political actors create an entity that exists in a self-perpetuating cycle, thus unlocking such a regime would require revitalizing coexistence across multiple modalities of mobility infrastructures.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:568 tc:1 pg:8 au:Clark-Ginsberg, A; Slayton, R

REGULATING RISKS WITHIN COMPLEX SOCIOTECHNICAL SYSTEMS: EVIDENCE FROM CRITICAL INFRASTRUCTURE CYBERSECURITY STANDARDS Using regulations to reduce risks in complex systems is controversial, with some arguing that regulations are ineffective, while others argue that they are essential even if imperfect. In this article, we show how regulations and the systems that they aim to regulate function together as a complex sociotechnical system that influences risk management. We first argue that regulatory influence is shaped by three factors-incentives, scope, and adaptability-which are a product of the interactions between the regulations and the system they regulate. Next, we assess the effect of one set of regulations, the North American Electric Reliability Corporation's Critical Infrastructure Protection standards, on the cybersecurity risks faced by the US electric grid. Our assessment shows that the regulations reduced many but not all cybersecurity risks, and at times may have worsened them. We argue that regulatory influence should be understood as emergent from interactions between regulations and the systems that they regulate.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:569 tc:2 pg:12 au:Sleeboom-Faulkner, M; Chen, HD; Rosemann, A

REGULATORY CAPACITY BUILDING AND THE GOVERNANCE OF CLINICAL STEM CELL RESEARCH IN CHINA While other works have explained difficulties in applying 'international' guidelines in the field of regenerative medicine in so-called low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) in terms of 'international hegemony', 'political and ethical governance' and 'cosmopolitisation', this article on stem cell regulation in China emphasizes the particular complexities faced by large LMICs: the emergence of alternative regulatory arrangements made by stakeholders at a provincial level at home. On the basis of ethnographic and archival research of clinical stem cell research hubs, we have characterized six types of entrepreneurial 'bionetworks', each of which embodies a regulatory orientation that developed in interaction with China's regulatory dilemmas. Rather than adopting guidelines from other countries, we argue that regulatory capacity building is more appropriately viewed as a relational concept, referring to the ability to develop regulatory requirements that can cater for different regulatory research needs on an international level and at home.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:570 tc:0 pg:10 au:Whalen, R

RESEARCH FUNDING'S 'ENDORSEMENT EFFECT' ON SCIENTIFIC BOUNDARY WORK AND RESEARCH PRODUCTION: GOVERNMENT LEGITIMIZATION OF ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE This article demonstrates how science and technology policy can have an 'endorsement effect' that legitimizes and increases the salience of scientific research areas. The validation and increased attention provided by state funding policies can support the discursive boundary work of interested parties as they seek to situate research fields within mainstream science. Increased validity and attention can subsequently lead to increased research activity, above and beyond that funded by the state. This article demonstrates the endorsement effect by examining how the founding of the NIH's Office of Alternative Medicine affected both the discourse surrounding the legitimacy of alternative medicine, and the production of alternative medicine-related patents. The existence of this endorsement effect suggests that policymakers should consider both the direct effects that innovation policy might have on researchers' incentives as well as the endorsement effects it can have on the research system.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:571 tc:2 pg:9 au:Currie-Alder, B; Arvanitis, R; Hanafi, S

RESEARCH IN ARABIC-SPEAKING COUNTRIES: FUNDING COMPETITIONS, INTERNATIONAL COLLABORATION, AND CAREER INCENTIVES Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, Lebanon, Jordan, and Qatar expanded research funds over the past two decades. The use of competitive calls required researchers to prepare and submit proposals for team-based projects or time-limited research units. Identification of national priorities and societal challenges sought to rally research toward real-world problems, while larger grants encouraged a wider range of research activities and greater levels of ambition. Yet, the incentives within hiring organizations still determine how researchers allocate their time and effort, including whether they even seek external funding or collaboration. Selection and evaluation criteria privileged collaboration with distant, scientifically proficient partners abroad, in order to connect with global networks and rise in international rankings of academic quality. Moving forward, countries need to consider how funding opportunities shape the size and organization of distinct research efforts, and which arrangements are best suited to making meaningful progress on different problems of societal and scientific interest.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:545 tc:4 pg:34 au:Pietrucci, P; Ceccarelli, L

SCIENTIST CITIZENS: RHETORIC AND RESPONSIBILITY IN L'AQUILA In this essay, we analyze the public communication debacle before the 2009 L'Aquila earthquake that led to the infamous trial of the "L'Aquila Seven." Examining the trial transcripts to extract norms regarding the proper role of scientists in society, we conclude that the first verdict interpellated the figure of the responsible scientist citizen who is expected to perform rhetorical citizenship when communicating with a lay public, while the second assumed a distinction between public and technical spheres that absolves scientists from responsibility to their fellow citizens and reduces their role to performance of an expertise divorced from rhetoric. Tracing the civic outcomes of these conflicting norms, we identify three missed opportunities during the prequake discourse in which the scientists failed to correct statements that they, and only they, knew to be Yawed. To prevent future communicative debacles that arise from a dangerous separation of scientists and laypeople, we argue that scientists need to come to see themselves as scientist citizens, experts who take on the civic responsibility of clearly communicating their knowledge to their fellow citizens when such sharing is necessary to the public good.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:546 tc:0 pg:34 au:Friz, AM

TECHNOLOGIES OF THE STATE: TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUNDS AND THE ABORTION DEBATE This essay examines the transvaginal ultrasound (TVU) debate that was ignited in the spring of 2012 by a Virginia law mandating the procedure as a prerequisite for first-trimester abortions. This debate represents a recent intensification of historical arguments grounded in how the abortion debate intersects with medical practice. By following the debate as it unfolded on pro-choice and pro-life blogs, this analysis uncovers three overarching topoi in the discourse mirrored on both sides: the medical necessity (or lack thereof) of the procedure; the importance of informed consent; and comparisons to rape. Using Foucault's concept of the medical gaze, this essay argues that across all three topoi, both pro-choice and pro-life activists' rhetoric relied heavily upon implicit assumptions of the superiority and necessity of medical science. The TVU debate demonstrates an argumentation strategy that both strips the issue of its political, legal, moral, and personal contexts and rhetorically positions pro-choice groups disadvantageously by obfuscating any discussion of women's rights.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:596 tc:0 pg:20 au:Kloppenburg, S; van der Ploeg, I

SECURING IDENTITIES: BIOMETRIC TECHNOLOGIES AND THE ENACTMENT OF HUMAN BODILY DIFFERENCES Worldwide, biometrics are quickly becoming the preferred solution to a wide range of problems involving identity checking. Biometrics are claimed to provide more secure identification and verification, because 'the body does not lie.' Yet, every biometric check consists of a process with many intermediate steps, introducing contingency and choice on many levels. In addition, there are underlying normative assumptions regarding human bodies that affect the functioning of biometric systems in highly problematic ways. In recent social science studies, the failures of biometric systems have been interpreted as gendered and racialized biases. A more nuanced understanding of how biometrics and bodily differences intersect draws attention to how bodily differences are produced, used, and problematized during the research and design phases of biometric systems, as well as in their use. In technical engineering research, issues of biometrics' performance and human differences are already transformed into R&D challenges in variously more and less problematic ways. In daily practices of border control, system operators engage in workarounds to make the technology work well with a wide range of users. This shows that claims about 'inherent whiteness' of biometrics should be adjusted: relationships between biometric technologies, gender and ethnicity are emergent, multiple and complex. Moreover, from the viewpoint of theorizing gender and ethnicity, biometrics' difficulties in correctly recognising pre-defined categories of gender or ethnicity may be less significant than its involvement in producing and enacting (new) gender and ethnic classifications and identities.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:572 tc:1 pg:14 au:Ramirez, LF; Belcher, BM

STAKEHOLDER PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE IN POLICY PROCESSES: A PERUVIAN CASE-STUDY OF FORESTRY POLICY DEVELOPMENT There is a need to better understand how scientific knowledge is used in decision-making. This is especially true in the Global South where policy processes often occur under high political uncertainty and where a shift toward multilevel governance and decision-making brings new opportunities and challenges. This study applies knowledge-policy models to analyse a forestry research project that succeeded in influencing national policy-making. We investigate how decisions were made, what factors affected and shaped the policy process, and how scientific knowledge was used. The results highlight the complexity of policy processes and the related challenges in crossing the science-policy interface. Perceptions of scientific knowledge differed greatly among stake-holders, and those perceptions strongly influenced how scientific knowledge was valued and used. The findings suggest a need for researchers to better understand the problem context to help design and implement research that will more effectively inform decision-making.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:597 tc:6 pg:26 au:Hauskeller, C; Baur, N; Harrington, J

STANDARDS, HARMONIZATION AND CULTURAL DIFFERENCES: EXAMINING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF A EUROPEAN STEM CELL CLINICAL TRIAL A complex set of European regulations aims to facilitate regenerative medicine, harmonizing good clinical and manufacturing standards and streamlining ethical approval procedures. The sociology of standardization has elaborated some of the effects of regulation but little is known about how such implementation works in practice across institutions and countries in regenerative medicine. The effects of transnational harmonization of clinical trial conduct are complex. A long-term ethnographic study alongside a multinational clinical trial finds a range of obstacles. Harmonization standardizes at one level, but implementing the standards brings to the fore new layers of difference between countries. Europe-wide harmonization of regulations currently disadvantages low-cost clinician-lead research in comparison to industry-sponsored clinical trials. Moreover, harmonized standards must be aligned with the cultural variations in everyday practice across European countries. Each clinical team must find its own way of bridging harmonized compulsory practice with how things are done where they are, respecting expectations from both patients and the local hospital ethics committee. Established ways of working must further be adapted to a range of institutional and cultural conventions that affect the clinical trial such as insurance practices and understandings of patient autonomy. An additional finding is that the specific practical roles of team members in the trial affect their evaluation of the importance of these challenges. Our findings lead to conclusions of wider significance for the sociology of standards concerning how regulation works and for medical sociology about how trial funding and research directions in stem cell medicine intersect.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:622 tc:0 pg:22 au:Stewart, B; McGauvran, RJ

STRUCTURAL INEQUALITY AND ETHNIC BLOC VOTING ObjectiveA large body of ethnic politics literature suggests that horizontal inequalities exacerbate ethnic conflict. However, the relationship between intergroup inequality and ethnic bloc voting behavior has escaped empirical analysis. We test the relationship between ethnic bloc voting and horizontal inequality by examining how relative disparity affects individuals' probability of supporting the same political party as other co-ethnics. MethodsThis project uses data from the Integrated World and European Values Survey to test the relationship between relative disparity and ethnic bloc support in ethnically polarized states from 1981 to 2006. ResultsOur findings indicate that the probability of supporting the same party as other co-ethnics is influenced by within-group as well as between-group inequality, while being relatively unaffected by individual-level income. ConclusionWe conclude that increasing horizontal inequality, and not individual resources, leads to higher rates of ethnically polarized voting, which may lead to greater levels of ethnic conflict.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:598 tc:0 pg:19 au:Ellis, D

TECHNO-SECURITISATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE AND CULTURES OF SURVEILLANCE-APATHEIA As a result of digital technologies and the internet becoming increasingly ubiquitous, security technologies and surveillance systems are progressively encroaching upon peoples' privacy. Yet concerns about this appear to be relatively muted. Why is this the case? Is the public generally indifferent about it or perhaps silently in agreement with its increased presence? As techno-security systems are becoming increasingly complex, multiple, normative, hardly recognisable, often covert and all encompassing, positioning oneself in relation to them can be a difficult process. Hence the techno-securitisation of everyday life has psychological effects which are multiple and largely unconscious. Indeed, we are all somewhat uncertain about the spin-offs of surveillance technologies and practices - in terms of their capabilities, who has access to the data they produce, and the ways that they might affect subjectivity. Rather than being plainly indifferent or silently consenting to increased techno-securitisation, some participants in this study developed an attitude of surveillance-apatheia. They tended to state that 'as there is no avoiding these systems and not much one can do about them, why consciously worry about them?' This attitude is not necessarily a lack of interest, but rather a way of managing associated undesirable affects, feelings and emotions.

J: SOCIAL SCIENCE QUARTERLY id:623 tc:0 pg:11 au:Vining, RL; Wilhelm, T; Hughes, DA

THE CHIEF JUSTICE AS EFFECTIVE ADMINISTRATIVE LEADER: THE IMPACT OF POLICY SCOPE AND INTERBRANCH RELATIONS ObjectivesWe examine the conditions under which the Chief Justice of the United States achieves congressional approval for his requests for institutional reforms to the federal courts. Specifically, we investigate whether legislators are more likely to enact these requests when they are limited in scope and members of Congress are similar ideologically to the chief justice or federal judiciary. MethodsOur analysis uses the chief justice's Year-End Report on the Federal Judiciary to identify reform proposals requested by the federal judiciary. ResultsWe find that the likelihood that the federal judiciary achieves reform goals is conditioned by policy scope and ideological congruence with Congress. ConclusionsWe conclude that congressional administration of the federal courts is politically strategic.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:536 tc:8 pg:14 au:Sun, YT; Cao, C

THE EVOLVING RELATIONS BETWEEN GOVERNMENT AGENCIES OF INNOVATION POLICYMAKING IN EMERGING ECONOMIES: A POLICY NETWORK APPROACH AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE CHINESE CASE Literature on innovation policy reveals little of how relations between government agencies as policymakers evolve. Taking the policy network approach, this paper investigates three mechanisms underlining the evolution of inter-government agency relations in emerging economies - policy agenda, power concentration and heterogeneity dependence, and applies them to the analysis of the evolution of innovation policymaking in China. Operationally, the paper proposes a social network analysis (SNA)-based method to quantitatively study China's innovation policy network, which consists of 463 innovation policy documents formulated by its central government ministries between 1980 and 2011. The findings show that the formal policy network for innovation has been not only sustained through the intervention of policy agendas but also self-organized because of policy network's nature of power concentration and heterogeneity dependence. The presence of such mixed mechanisms in China's innovation policy network's evolution differs from the findings from industrialized countries where self-organization plays a central role. This work advances our theoretical understanding of the evolution of innovation policy network and has implications for innovation policymaking in emerging economies.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:525 tc:0 pg:16 au:Tamir, E; Davidson, R

THE GOOD DESPOT: TECHNOLOGY FIRMS' INTERVENTIONS IN THE PUBLIC SPHERE We examine how the technology industry intervenes in social domains not directly tied to its products, services, and immediate commercial concerns. We intend to develop a framework for considering the ways technology and the technology industry reshape these domains in ways both intended and unintended. Drawing on sociologies of knowledge and technology and a set of 20 semi-structured interviews with technology workers and HR professionals working in the Israeli facilities of two large multi-national technology firms, we find evidence that the intervention allows the industry to re-purpose public education as a means of nurturing a firm's workforce with the goal of remaining competitive in a tight labor market both nationally and globally. In parallel, the programs allow workers to experience satisfying and pleasant interactions. These re-purposing interventions might aggravate existing education inequality while further cementing the legitimacy of a dominant industry as a model for an idealized commercial society.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:573 tc:1 pg:8 au:Grunwald, A

THE INHERENTLY DEMOCRATIC NATURE OF TECHNOLOGY ASSESSMENT Technology assessment (TA) emerged more than fifty years ago to provide information supply, decision support, and orientation for democratic processes and institutions in many democratic countries. This historical observation alone, however, does not justify speaking of an inherent relationship between TA and democracy. The latter requires taking a conceptual view. Arguments supporting the thesis of the inherently democratic nature of TA will be given based on pragmatist approaches developed by John Dewey and Jurgen Habermas. This perspective on TA has specific implications for the inclusion of the knowledge and perspectives of stakeholders, people affected and citizens involved in TA processes, as well as the necessity to develop or strengthen thinking in alternative options. Furthermore, it makes clear that in the current crisis of democracy in many countries, TA cannot take a distant and neutral position.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:575 tc:7 pg:8 au:Dosso, M; Martin, B; Moncada-Paterno-Castello, P

TOWARDS EVIDENCE-BASED INDUSTRIAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION POLICY Calls for better use of scientific evidence to inform policy decisions stem from the belief that enhanced outcomes for the society can be expected. Yet, the introduction of evidence-based practices in innovation policymaking has not come without criticism. This introductory article sets the scene for the short collection of papers that address specific issues regarding the prospect of better evidence-based policy in the area of industrial research and innovation (IRI). It identifies and discusses key challenges for the transition towards evidence-based IRI policy. It then introduces the three papers, which build upon and depart from related assumptions or narratives reflecting the current state of practices in IRI policy.

J: RHETORIC & PUBLIC AFFAIRS id:547 tc:0 pg:38 au:Webber, J

THE MAGIC OF PHILANTHROPY: THE GATES FOUNDATION'S REFRAMING OF EDUCATION REFORM DEBATE The Gates Foundation invokes a third way in education reform debate by appealing not to government regulation or market competition but to philanthropic investment as a catalyst for improving educational equity. While the foundation praises this investment as transcending the conventional polarities of debate, I argue that this praise assigns a familiar form of blame toward public education and educators, for it declares philanthropists the only reformers whose commitments to educational civil rights remain uncompromised by political-economic self-interest. In light of this analysis, I qualify the deliberative potential of praise as a rhetoric of education reform.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:599 tc:0 pg:22 au:Hendrickx, K

THE POLITICAL SPACE BETWEEN WORDS AND THINGS: HEALTH CLAIMS AS REFERENTIAL DISPLACEMENT In the EU today, health claims on food labels are regulated as a form of information. Before the 2000s, statements referring to health on packaged food were subject to different national regulations across the EU, with different perspectives on where the boundary lies between food and drugs. The turn to more horizontal legislation in EU food law and increased emphasis on the role of information for the functioning of the Single Market does not in itself explain why, and especially how, health-related statements on food products have been turned into information and what consequences this has produced. Construction of such a European 'technological zone', where health claims circulate as a form of information, can be understood as 'information's constitutive outside' (Barry, A. (2006) Technological zones, European Journal of Social Theory, 9(2), pp. 239-253; Barry, A. (2013) Material Politics: Disputes along the Pipeline (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell)). This outside hinges on techno-political discussion, lobbying and decisions where the boundary between health and disease is at stake, along with food's materiality. The concept of referential displacement shows how decisions in the regulatory process have transformed controversial references to human health on food labels into 'health claims' as an informational category by shifting the relation between the health claim and its material referents: food itself, health and the body. Referential displacement produces a new kind of information that implies similar efficacy to pharmaceutical drugs, without interfering with the zone or market of pharmaceuticals.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:576 tc:2 pg:9 au:Arocena, R; Goransson, B; Sutz, J

TOWARDS MAKING RESEARCH EVALUATION MORE COMPATIBLE WITH DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS Research evaluation practices linked to social impact have important systemic effects on the prioritization and organization of research while at the same time leading to the delivery of higher social value. Amidst growing criticisms, global research evaluation has evolved in a different direction, characterized by quantitative metrics and mimetic behavior. The article deals with the forces that sustain the prevailing research evaluation system, asks why it has proven to be so resilient, and discusses alternative proposals. A new argument for building an alternative is put forward: the need for a developmental role for universities, introducing the notion of 'connected autonomy' allowing universities to productively and in a nonsubordinated way collaborate with a broad set of actors to achieve desirable social changes. An outline is presented for how to make research evaluation practices and the pursuit of developmental goals more compatible, an important issue for knowledge public policy.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:600 tc:1 pg:22 au:Marciano, A

THE POLITICS OF BIOMETRIC STANDARDS: THE CASE OF ISRAEL BIOMETRIC PROJECT In 2017, after years of public debate, Israel ratified a national biometric project consisting of two initiatives: issuing of biometric ID cards and passports to all Israeli citizens and establishment of a centralized database for storing their bodily information. Design and implementation of a preceding four-year pilot study were accompanied by extensive standardization. Discourse and standard analyses of 33 official state documents - from legal records to performance reports - published by Israeli authorities during the pilot study, unravel the politics of biometric standards employed as part of this project. Biometric standards were used to establish hierarchies between individuals and groups by defining particular bodies as 'biometrically ineligible.' These individuals are mostly members of underprivileged and marginalized social groups. Biometric standards were also constructed discursively as scientific and objective to legitimize such discriminatory treatment. Israeli authorities used standards strategically, both as infrastructural elements and as a discursive means. As infrastructural elements, biometric standards were employed, inter alia, to achieve predetermined results and confirm the project's success. As a discursive means, Israeli authorities actively adopted a 'discourse of standardization' to construct an objective and fair image to the project. Standardization of people namely, quantification of lives, bodies and experiences - is inherently discriminatory because it necessarily results in the creation of categories and hierarchies between biometrically in/eligible bodies.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:526 tc:3 pg:8 au:Osman, M; Heath, AJ; Lofstedt, R

THE PROBLEMS OF INCREASING TRANSPARENCY ON UNCERTAINTY Public regulators (such as European Food Safety Authority, European Medicines Agency, and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control) are placing increasing demands on scientists to make uncertainties about their evidence transparent to the public. The stated goal is utilitarian, to inform and empower the public and ensure the accountability of policy and decision-making around the use of scientific evidence. However, it is questionable what constitutes uncertainty around the evidence on any given topic, and, while the goal is laudable, we argue the drive to increase transparency on uncertainty of the scientific process specifically does more harm than good, and may not serve the interests of those intended. While highlighting some of the practical implications of making uncertainties transparent using current guidelines, the aim is to discuss what could be done to make it worthwhile for both public and scientists.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:574 tc:8 pg:8 au:Patterson, A; McLean, C

THE REGULATION OF RISK: THE CASE OF FRACKING IN THE UK AND THE NETHERLANDS The precautionary principle was developed in environmental politics as a guiding mechanism for governments where new technologies, products, and processes produced potential health or environmental problems but where scientific evidence could not explain why. Anecdotal evidence of fracking suggests that it might cause water pollution or subsidence, but the scientific evidence to support this proposition is not yet in place. This paper examines the actions of the UK and Dutch governments toward fracking. Although both governments have adopted the precautionary principle into national law, neither has directly invoked it in the field of fracking, relying instead on more conventional scientific understandings of risk. In line with other papers in Science and Public Policy, this article provides a comparative analytical analysis of scientific policy regulation. It does so by arguing that while notionally subscribed to the precautionary principle, the UK and Dutch authorities have been reluctant to use it.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:537 tc:8 pg:19 au:Ciarli, T; Rafols, I

THE RELATION BETWEEN RESEARCH PRIORITIES AND SOCIETAL DEMANDS: THE CASE OF RICE To what extent is scientific research related to societal needs? To answer this crucial question systematically we need to contrast indicators of research priorities with indicators of societal needs. We focus on rice research and technology between 1983 and 2012. We combine quantitative methods that allow investigation of the relation between 'revealed' research priorities and 'revealed' societal demands, measured respectively by research output (publications) and national accounts of rice use and farmers' and consumers' rice-related needs. We employ new bibliometric data, methods and indicators to identify countries' main rice research topics (priorities) from publications. For a panel of countries, we estimate the relation between revealed research priorities and revealed demands. We find that, across countries and time, societal demands explain a country's research trajectory to a limited extent. Some research priorities are nicely aligned to societal demands, confirming that science is partly related to societal needs. However, we find a relevant number of misalignments between the focus of rice research and revealed demands, crucially related to human consumption and nutrition. We discuss some implications for research policy.

J: RESEARCH POLICY id:538 tc:6 pg:10 au:Marshall, F; Dolley, J

TRANSFORMATIVE INNOVATION IN PERI-URBAN ASIA This paper draws on two case studies from India and China to discuss how and why rapidly urbanizing contexts are particularly challenging for transformative innovation but are also critical sustainability frontiers and learning environments. We argue that lack of understanding and policy engagement with peri-urbanization in its current form is leading to increasing exclusion and unrealized potential to support multiple sustainable urban development goals. Peri-urbanization is often characterized by the neoliberal reordering of space and a co-option of environmental agendas by powerful urban elites. Changing land-use, resource extraction, pollution and livelihood transitions drive rapid changes in interactions between socio-technical and social-ecological systems, and produce complex feedbacks across the rural urban continuum. These contexts also present characteristic governance challenges as a result of jurisdictional ambiguity, transitioning formal and informal institutional arrangements, heterogeneous and sometimes transient communities, shifts in decision making to distant authorities and the rapid growth of informal market-based arrangements with little incentive for environmental management. These unique features of peri-urbanization may reinforce a lack of inclusion and hinder experimentation, but they can also present valuable opportunities for transformative innovation. This innovation is unlikely to follow the lines of niche management and upscaling but rather should take advantage of peri-urban dynamics. There are possibilities to build new alliances in order to renegotiate governance structures across the rural urban continuum, to reframe urban sustainability debates and to reconfigure socio-technical and social ecological systems interactions.

J: SCIENCE AND PUBLIC POLICY id:577 tc:3 pg:12 au:Blumel, C

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH IN THE SCIENCE POLICY DEBATE: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF DOCUMENTS Translational research (TR) can be viewed as a prominent concept that reflects expectations of societal relevance and has become an important issue in science policy. This article analyses the framings of TR in the policy discourse by comparing policy papers in the USA and some European countries. Problem frames in favor of TR are interpreted as expressions of specific conceptions of science, being either organizational or professional. Based on a qualitative content analysis, different policy documents relating to TR between 2003 and 2013 in the USA and Europe are compared. I found that TR in the USA is more strongly framed as a professional problem whereas in Europe, TR is framed as an organizational problem. It is argued that these different framings of TR have consequences for conceptions of societal relevance and steering in TR.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:527 tc:1 pg:8 au:Sarathchandra, D; Haltinner, K

TRUST/DISTRUST JUDGMENTS AND PERCEPTIONS OF CLIMATE SCIENCE: A RESEARCH NOTE ON SKEPTICS' RATIONALIZATIONS Using interviews with residents of Idaho (a rural northwest US state) who identify as skeptical of climate change, we examine how skeptics rationalize their doubts about climate science. Skeptics tend to question the reality and human causes of climate change by (1) raising concerns about incentive structures in science that could bias climatology, (2) doubting the accuracy of data and models used by climate scientists, and (3) perceiving some practices of climate science and scientists as exclusionary. Despite these concerns, skeptics exhibit deference to scientific authority when using scientific assessments to make policy decisions, including environmental policy. Understanding skeptics' concerns about climate science and areas where they support science-based policy, will lead to better dialogue between scientists, interest groups, policy makers, and the skeptical public, potentially clarifying avenues to communicate climate information and enact climate policy.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:601 tc:7 pg:26 au:Arancibia, F; Motta, R

UNDONE SCIENCE AND COUNTER-EXPERTISE: FIGHTING FOR JUSTICE IN AN ARGENTINE COMMUNITY CONTAMINATED BY PESTICIDES STS and social movement scholars have shown the importance of 'getting undone science done' to advance the goals of social movements fighting environmental health injustice. The production and mobilization of counter-expertise, meaning the reliance on expertise, broadly construed, to contest regulatory decisions based on scientific knowledge, must be further analyzed by differentiating among types of expertise and strategies to mobilize them. In social mobilization against the unrestricted use of pesticides in Argentina, the affected community in Ituzaingo Anexo developed three types of expertise. The community first drew upon its own local knowledge of cases of illness and, as lay people, produced the first epidemiological map of this area. Then, they enrolled scientists and NGOs as allies to jointly learn about pesticide contamination as an explanation for illness. The enlisted scientists produced new knowledge by conducting environmental and epidemiological studies. Finally, sympathetic public health authorities, legal experts, and a district attorney designed a successful legal strategy to stop fumigations in that area and enforce local regulations. The case confirms the importance of producing undone science, and shows that its effectiveness can be explained by intertwined strategies deployed by a triad of lay/local, scientific, and legal experts to overcome the expertise barrier.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:528 tc:4 pg:17 au:Allen, WL

VISUAL BROKERAGE: COMMUNICATING DATA AND RESEARCH THROUGH VISUALISATION Researchers increasingly use visualisation to make sense of their data and communicate findings more widely. But these are not necessarily straightforward processes. Theories of knowledge brokerage show how sociopolitical contexts and intermediary organisations that translate research for public audiences shape how users engage with evidence. Applying these ideas to data visualisation, I argue that several kinds of brokers (such as data collectors, designers and intermediaries) link researchers and audiences, contributing to the ways that people engage with visualisations. To do this, I draw on qualitative focus groups that elicited non-academic viewers' reactions to visualisations of data about UK migration. The results reveal two important features of engagement: perceptions of brokers' credibility and feelings of surprise arising from visualisations' content and design. I conclude by arguing that researchers, knowledge brokers and the public produce - as well as operate within - a complex visualisation space characterised by mutual, bi-directional connections.

J: SCIENCE AS CULTURE id:602 tc:0 pg:24 au:Brandmayr, F

WHEN BOUNDARY ORGANISATIONS FAIL: IDENTIFYING SCIENTISTS AND CIVIL SERVANTS IN L'AQUILA EARTHQUAKE TRIAL Notwithstanding the alleged crisis of expertise, scientists increasingly act as expert advisors to governments, while organisations at the boundary between science and policy multiply. Experts in such contexts are often subject to contradictory injunctions, associated with the role of either scientist or public official. Role conflict is particularly intense when decisions informed by scientific advice have negative consequences. In these situations, boundary-work is ubiquitous, as scientists deny responsibility by dissociating themselves from policymaking and victims contest such claims. A better understanding of these dynamics requires that the concept of boundary-work be refined. A central distinction between two types of boundary-work is often neglected: on the one hand, people draw boundaries between cultural categories bydefiningtheir abstract features ('Science is X'); on the other, people draw boundaries byidentifyingconcrete things as instances of those categories ('X is science'). Accordingly, when boundaries are unsettled, disputes over the cultural meaning of science can be definitional or identificational. An example illustrating the importance of this distinction is provided by the L'Aquila earthquake trial, a controversy that has been alternatively portrayed as a trial of science and as a trial of bad risk management.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:529 tc:2 pg:14 au:Mercer, D

WHY POPPER CAN'T RESOLVE THE DEBATE OVER GLOBAL WARMING: PROBLEMS WITH THE USES OF PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN THE MEDIA AND PUBLIC FRAMING OF THE SCIENCE OF GLOBAL WARMING A notable feature in the public framing of debates involving the science of Anthropogenic Global Warming are appeals to uncritical positivist' images of the ideal scientific method. Versions of Sir Karl Popper's philosophy of falsification appear most frequently, featuring in many Web sites and broader media. This use of pop philosophy of science forms part of strategies used by critics, mainly from conservative political backgrounds, to manufacture doubt, by setting unrealistic standards for sound science, in the veracity of science of Anthropogenic Global Warming. It will be shown, nevertheless, that prominent supporters of Anthropogenic Global Warming science also often use similar references to Popper to support their claims. It will also be suggested that this pattern reflects longer traditions of the use of Popperian philosophy of science in controversial settings, particularly in the United States, where appeals to the authority of science to legitimize policy have been most common. It will be concluded that studies of the science of Anthropogenic Global Warming debate would benefit from taking greater interest in questions raised by un-reflexive and politically expedient public understanding(s) of the philosophy of science of both critics and supporters of the science of Anthropogenic Global Warming.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:507 tc:3 pg:15 au:Davis, M

'GLOBALIST WAR AGAINST HUMANITY SHIFTS INTO HIGH GEAR': ONLINE ANTI-VACCINATION WEBSITES AND 'ANTI-PUBLIC' DISCOURSE Online media has provided unprecedented opportunities for anti-vaccination groups to spread their message. An extensive scholarly literature has consequently emerged to analyse such discourse and develop strategies for countering it. In this article, I take a different approach. My contention is that it is no longer appropriate to approach anti-vaccination discourse as a stand-alone formation. Such sites, I argue, building on work by McKenzie Wark and Bart Cammaerts, are increasingly part of a wider proliferation of 'anti-public' discourse that contests fundamental democratic conventions, rules of argumentation and so on. The article uses a mixed methods approach based on a systematic content survey supplemented by the presentation of qualitative examples from 56 anti-vaccination websites. By locating anti-vaccination discourse in these broader contexts, I argue, it is possible to understand it as related to a more general transformation in public deliberation.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:425 tc:6 pg:9 au:Hall, JL; Van Ryzin, GG

A NORM OF EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH IN DECISION-MAKING (NERD): SCALE DEVELOPMENT, RELIABILITY, AND VALIDITY Evidence-based management is on the rise as a strategy to promote more rational decision-making and effectiveness in governance and public service delivery. To understand how widespread the use of evidence is among managers in various settings, and why evidence is emphasized more in some settings than others, it is necessary to have a good measure of the use of research and evidence in management decision-making. This article reports on the development and testing of a new multi-item scale, Norm of Evidence and Research in Decision-making (NERD), that can be used across organizational and functional settings to assess evidence-based management practices within an agency. The results indicate that the scale is internally consistent (reliable) and that it correlates with criteria of the underlying construct (valid). The article concludes with a discussion of the potential utility of the scale for advancing research and understanding about the use of evidence by public and nonprofit managers.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:426 tc:2 pg:14 au:Fox, AM; Feng, WH; Stazyk, EC

ADMINISTRATIVE EASING: RULE REDUCTION AND MEDICAID ENROLLMENT Administrative burden is widely recognized as a barrier to program enrollment, denying legal entitlements to many potentially eligible individuals, Building on recent research in behavioral public administration, this article examines the effect of voluntary state reductions in administrative burden (administrative easing) on Medicaid enrollment rates using differential implementation of the Affordable Care Act. Using a novel data set that includes state-level data on simplified enrollment and renewal procedures for Medicaid from 2008 to 2017, the authors examine how change in Medicaid enrollment is conditioned by the adoption of rule-reduction procedures. Findings show that reductions in the administrative burden required to sign up for Medicaid were associated with increased enrollments. Real-time eligibility and reductions in enrollment burden were particularly impactful at increasing enrollment for both children and adults separate from increases in Medicaid income eligibility thresholds. The results suggest that efforts to ease the cognitive burden of enrolling in entitlement programs can improve take-up.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:460 tc:3 pg:22 au:AbouAssi, K; Makhlouf, N; Tran, L

ASSOCIATION BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY AND SCOPE AMONG LEBANESE NONPROFITS Nonprofits' capacity and scope can impact organizational performance, separately and jointly. Yet, the relationship between the two constructs remains unexplored. In this article, we examine the association between organizational capacity and scope. Relying on a dataset of environmental nonprofit organizations in Lebanon, we find that, when examined separately, human resources and external relations capacities are significantly associated with single-domain organizations while strategic planning and financial capacities are significantly associated with multiple-domain organizations. When considered together, however, external relations lose such association. Implications for practice and future research on the effect of organizational scope and capacity on nonprofit performance are discussed.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:428 tc:41 pg:17 au:Battaglio, RP; Belardinelli, P; Belle, N; Cantarelli, P

BEHAVIORAL PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION AD FONTES: A SYNTHESIS OF RESEARCH ON BOUNDED RATIONALITY, COGNITIVE BIASES, AND NUDGING IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS This article provides a comprehensive overview of how policy makers, practitioners, and scholars can fruitfully use behavioral science to tackle public administration, management, and policy issues. The article systematically reviews 109 articles in the public administration discipline that are inspired by the behavioral sciences to identify emerging research trajectories, significant gaps, and promising applied research directions. In an attempt to systematize and take stock of the nascent behavioral public administration scholarship, the authors trace it back to the seminal works of three Nobel Laureates-Herbert Simon, Daniel Kahneman, and Richard Thaler-and their work on bounded rationality, cognitive biases, and nudging, respectively. The cognitive biases investigated by the studies reviewed fall into the categories of accessibility, loss aversion, and overconfidence/optimism. Nudging and choice architecture are discussed as viable strategies for leveraging these cognitive traps in an attempt to alter behavior for the better, among both citizens and public servants.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:429 tc:0 pg:6 au:van der Wal, Z

BEING A PUBLIC MANAGER IN TIMES OF CRISIS: THE ART OF MANAGING STAKEHOLDERS, POLITICAL MASTERS, AND COLLABORATIVE NETWORKS The COVID-19 pandemic is seen as the biggest crisis since World War II. What started out as a public health issue has quickly morphed into a political, economic, and societal crisis of epic proportions. Administrative capacity is a major factor in determining whether societies will emerge from this unprecedented situation with resilience and optimism or despair and disconnectedness, and whether trust in government will increase or decrease. Autonomous and competent public managers are key producers of such administrative capacity. This essay addresses those public managers, the unsung administrative heroes leading us through times of crisis from behind the scenes. Translating the state of the art in public administration literature, with a particular emphasis on publications in this journal, into accessible practitioner recommendations, it identifies three key competencies paramount to public managers in times of crisis: managing stakeholders, political masters, and collaborative networks.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:430 tc:2 pg:12 au:Tremblay-Boire, J; Prakash, A

BIASED ALTRUISM: ISLAMOPHOBIA AND DONOR SUPPORT FOR GLOBAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZATIONS Providing humanitarian assistance to displaced individuals is a critical policy challenge. Many refugee camps are run by charities supported by Western donors. If refugees are predominantly Muslim, might Islamophobia suppress donations to these charities? Using a survey experiment conducted in the United States, the authors examine whether donors' willingness to support a charity is influenced by the dominant religion of the refugees, the regions in which refugee camps are located, and/or the religious affiliation of the charity. The authors find modest support for Islamophobia: while willingness to donate is not affected by the location of camps or the predominance of Muslim refugees,, it declines significantly for Islamic charities. Respondents overall tend to be especially willing to donate to a charity that serves Christian refugees in the Middle East. Among self-identifying Christians, respondents are more willing to donate to a charity serving Christian refugees than one serving Muslim refugees.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:431 tc:3 pg:13 au:Kasdin, S

BUDGETING RULES AND PROGRAM OUTCOMES It is not efficient for a budget system either to enable excessively frequent changes in programs and tax policies or to be rigid and unresponsive. Program durability is one measure of how a budget system weighs the competing goals of resoluteness and responsiveness. The federal budget has different processes-mandatory and discretionary spending and tax expenditures-each based in separate congressional committees and relying on separate procedures. This article examines the budget systems' durability. One finding is that mandatory spending programs and tax expenditures are more durable than programs backed by discretionary spending. However, while programs targeted to vulnerable populations and supporting long-term planning, such as in income support and health, might benefit from durability, these programs display shorter durability, not longer. While displaying greater durability, tax expenditures do respond to changes in different economic sectors, based on the changes in spending of other budget systems.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:461 tc:3 pg:26 au:Pina, G; Avellaneda, C

CENTRAL GOVERNMENT STRATEGIES TO PROMOTE LOCAL GOVERNMENTS' TRANSPARENCY: GUIDANCE OR ENFORCEMENT? The push to make governments more transparent extends worldwide, as transparency is expected to boost citizens' trust in government and participation in public affairs. Recent transparency laws and open-government initiatives have encouraged local governments to share more information with their constituents. A growing number of recent studies have investigated the drivers of local governments' transparency, but have not yet addressed the role of higher levels of government in making local governments more transparent. In light of implementation scholarship arguing the success of centrally designed programs is a function of higher-level involvement, this study contributes to the transparency literature by approaching local governments' transparency as an intergovernmental implementation process. We assess the explanatory power of two central government strategies: enforcement mechanisms and central government guidance on Chilean municipalities' transparency levels. Results show that both types of central government strategies can have a substantial impact on transparency over time.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:462 tc:2 pg:27 au:Kim, M; Charles, C; Pettijohn, SL

CHALLENGES IN THE USE OF PERFORMANCE DATA IN MANAGEMENT: RESULTS OF A NATIONAL SURVEY OF HUMAN SERVICE NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Nonprofit organizations are increasingly pressured to measure their performance. Although several studies identify driving factors of measuring performance in public organizations, there is limited understanding of current performance management practices at nonprofit organizations. Drawing from an online survey of mid- to large-sized nonprofit human service organizations across the United States, this research examines: (1) the types of performance information human service nonprofits measure; (2) the frequency of using performance data; and (3) the challenges nonprofits commonly face integrating performance data into management. Our empirical evidence suggests that human service nonprofits must recognize that data collected to meet external accountability requirements, often mandated by government or funders, may not provide meaningful information that organizations can use to enhance performance. We also discuss the nuanced role tangible incentives play in nonprofit performance management. The article concludes by highlighting the need for nonprofit managers and grant makers to work together to develop measures that meet both accountability and performance improvement aims.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:463 tc:1 pg:25 au:Kim, M; Daniel, JL

COMMON SOURCE BIAS, KEY INFORMANTS, AND SURVEY-ADMINISTRATIVE LINKED DATA FOR NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH In this study, we examine the increasingly popular strategy of supplementing survey data with administrative/archival data as a strategy to overcome common source bias. As the strategy does not present a cure-all solution, we argue it is a questionable recommendation and provide advice on how to approach this issue with due consideration. Focusing on the nonprofit sector, we compare the data drawn from a survey of financial estimates completed by nonprofit leaders and the IRS 990 forms-based financial data of corresponding nonprofit organizations. After presenting the evidence of some differences between the two data sources, we identify a set of key informant characteristics that are correlated with the level of differences. We echo George and Pandey (2018)'s claim that the criticisms toward common source bias have been somewhat exaggerated and urge public and nonprofit management researchers to be aware of other pitfalls they might face when trying to address common source bias.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:501 tc:6 pg:19 au:Metcalfe, J

COMPARING SCIENCE COMMUNICATION THEORY WITH PRACTICE: AN ASSESSMENT AND CRITIQUE USING AUSTRALIAN DATA Scholars have variously described different models of science communication over the past 20 years. However, there has been little assessment of theorised models against science communication practice. This article compares 515 science engagement activities recorded in a 2012 Australian audit against the theorised characteristics of the three dominant models of deficit, dialogue and participation. Most engagement activities had objectives that reflected a mix of deficit and dialogue activities. Despite increases in scientific controversies like climate change, there appears to be a paucity of participatory activities in Australia. Those that do exist are mostly about people being involved with science through activities like citizen science. These participatory activities appear to coexist with and perhaps even depend on deficit activities. Science communication scholars could develop their models by examining the full range of objectives for engagement found in practice and by recognising that any engagement will likely include a mix of approaches.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:502 tc:0 pg:15 au:Hetland, P

CONSTRUCTING PUBLICS IN MUSEUMS' SCIENCE COMMUNICATION This article investigates how scientists at natural history museums construct publics in science communication and identifies four major constructions based on Braun and Schultz's categories: the general public, the pure public, the affected public, and the partisan public. This study draws on data from 17 research scientists at two natural history research museums in Norway who were interviewed about their public outreach activities focusing on practices, settings, designated outcomes, scientists' incentives to communicate science, and, finally, the speaking positions available for the different publics; the aim was to provide an understanding of the four constructed publics in museums' science communication. When scientists construct different publics, they emphasize relevance as an important quality assurance device.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:432 tc:8 pg:12 au:Andrews, R; Ferry, L; Skelcher, C; Wegorowski, P

CORPORATIZATION IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR: EXPLAINING THE GROWTH OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT COMPANIES The creation of companies by local governments to provide public services-referred to as "corporatization"-is an example of systemic public entrepreneurship that is popular across the world. To build knowledge of the antecedents of public sector entrepreneurship, the authors investigate the factors that lead local governments to create companies for public service delivery. Using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions to analyze secondary data from 150 major English local governments for 2010-16, the authors find that governments with higher levels of grant dependence and debt dependence are more involved in the creation and operation of companies, as are larger governments. Further analysis reveals that very low and very high managerial capabilities are strongly associated with more involvement in profit-making companies, while local government involvement in companies is more prevalent in deprived areas. At the same time, government ownership of companies is more common in areas with high economic output.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:503 tc:13 pg:17 au:Johnson, BB

COUNTING VOTES IN PUBLIC RESPONSES TO SCIENTIFIC DISPUTES Publicized disputes between groups of scientists may force lay choices about groups' credibility. One possible, little studied, credibility cue is vote-counting (proportions of scientists on either side): for example, 97% of climate scientists believe in anthropogenic climate change. An online sample of 2600 Americans read a mock article about a scientific dispute, in a 13 (proportions: 100%-0%, 99%-1%, ... 50%-50%, ... 1%-99%, 0%-100% for Positions A and B, respectively)x8 (scenarios: for example, dietary salt, dark matter) between-person experiment. Respondents reported reactions to the dispute, attitudes toward the topic, and views on science. Proportional information indirectly affected judged agreement but less so topic or science responses, controlling for scenarios and moderators, whether by actual proportions or differing contrasts of consensus versus near-consensus. Given little empirical research with conflicting findings, even these low effect sizes warrant further research on how vote-counting might help laypeople deal with scientific disputes.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:504 tc:0 pg:16 au:Han, J; Kim, Y

DEFEATING MERCHANTS OF DOUBT: SUBJECTIVE CERTAINTY AND SELF-AFFIRMATION AMELIORATE ATTITUDE POLARIZATION VIA PARTISAN MOTIVATED REASONING Informed by uncertainty-identity theory, this study tested the polarizing effect of partisan-led politicization of science and ways to combat it. Using a national sample of South Koreans (N = 840), our online experiment found that when partisan elites, as opposed to scientists (or civic activists), spearheaded politicization, attitude polarization emerged via partisan motivated reasoning. Such polarizing effects of party cues did not persist when subjective certainty and self-affirmation enhanced the level of certainty partisans felt about their surroundings and themselves. These patterns proved consistent across multiple scientific issues, including climate change, genetically modified foods, and algae blooms. The implications of the findings are discussed in light of how to attenuate the polarizing effect of partisan-led politicization through the lens of social identity approaches. Given that this study provides one of the first pieces of evidence on the topic outside the Western context, the advantages of using a South Korean sample are noted.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:433 tc:1 pg:12 au:Nagtegaal, R; Tummers, L; Noordegraaf, M; Bekkers, V

DESIGNING TO DEBIAS: MEASURING AND REDUCING PUBLIC MANAGERS' ANCHORING BIAS Public managers' decisions are affected by cognitive biases. For instance, employees' previous year's performance ratings influence new ratings irrespective of actual performance. Nevertheless, experimental knowledge of public managers' cognitive biases is limited, and debiasing techniques have rarely been studied. Using a survey experiment on 1,221 public managers and employees in the United Kingdom, this research (1) replicates two experiments on anchoring to establish empirical generalization across institutional contexts and (2) tests a consider-the-opposite debiasing technique. The results indicate that anchoring bias replicates in a different institutional context, although effect sizes differ. Furthermore, a low-cost, low-intensity consider-the-opposite technique mitigates anchoring bias in this survey experiment. An exploratory subgroup analysis indicates that the effect of the intervention depends on context. The next step is to test this strategy in real-world settings.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:434 tc:3 pg:11 au:Ngoye, B; Sierra, V; Ysa, T

DIFFERENT SHADES OF GRAY: A PRIMING EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON HOW INSTITUTIONAL LOGICS INFLUENCE ORGANIZATIONAL ACTOR JUDGMENT This article examines whether and how judgments made by individual organizational actors may be influenced by institutional logics-the historical patterns of cultural symbols and material practices, including assumptions, values, and beliefs, by which individuals and organizations provide meaning to their daily activity, organize time and space, and reproduce their lives and experiences. Using an experimental design, the authors prime three institutional logics in three independent groups of managers (n = 98) and assess the influence of the primes on individual-level judgment preferences. The results show that such priming affects participants' judgments in an ambiguous judgmental task, with each prime influencing judgment in a discernibly unique pattern. Consequently, a more nuanced account of larger patterns of behavior can be constructed. The findings highlight the potential of text as priming stimuli within institutionally complex work settings such as those in the public sector, an important yet underexamined issue.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:435 tc:3 pg:11 au:Meyfroodt, K; Desmidt, S; Goeminne, S

DO POLITICIANS SEE EYE TO EYE? THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL GROUP CHARACTERISTICS, PERCEIVED STRATEGIC PLAN QUALITY, AND STRATEGIC CONSENSUS IN LOCAL GOVERNING MAJORITIES Although strategic consensus is a core concept in strategic management research, empirical evidence is lacking on (1) the degree of strategic consensus in public organizations, (2) how strategic consensus is impacted by group characteristics specific to public strategic decision-making groups, and (3) how strategic plans impact these relationships. An analysis of multisource data from 1,075 governing majority members nested in 256 Flemish municipalities (Belgium) indicates that within-group strategic consensus varies among governing majorities and is negatively impacted by political diversity and political power, but these relationships are mediated by perceived strategic plan quality. The results indicate that the idiosyncrasies of public decision-making groups can impede high levels of strategic consensus, but strategic plans can attenuate this effect by fulfilling a boundary-spanning role.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:437 tc:12 pg:10 au:George, B; Walker, RM; Monster, J

DOES STRATEGIC PLANNING IMPROVE ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE? A META-ANALYSIS Strategic planning is a widely adopted management approach in contemporary organizations. Underlying its popularity is the assumption that it is a successful practice in public and private organizations that has positive consequences for organizational performance. Nonetheless, strategic planning has been criticized for being overly rational and for inhibiting strategic thinking. This article undertakes a meta-analysis of 87 correlations from 31 empirical studies and asks, Does strategic planning improve organizational performance? A random-effects meta-analysis reveals that strategic planning has a positive, moderate, and significant impact on organizational performance. Meta-regression analysis suggests that the positive impact of strategic planning on organizational performance is strongest when performance is measured as effectiveness and when strategic planning is measured as formal strategic planning. This impact holds across sectors (private and public) and countries (U.S. and non-U.S. contexts). Implications for public administration theory, research, and practice are discussed in the conclusion.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:439 tc:17 pg:12 au:Cheng, Y

EXPLORING THE ROLE OF NONPROFITS IN PUBLIC SERVICE PROVISION: MOVING FROM COPRODUCTION TO COGOVERNANCE This article investigates the determinants of nonprofits' involvement in cogovernance, or the planning and design of public services, using a unique data set of park-supporting nonprofit organizations in large U.S. cities. The results indicate that nonprofits are more likely to get involved in cogovernance when they are younger, larger, and operate in communities that are more resourceful and stable. In addition, the likelihood of nonprofits' involvement in cogovernance is negatively associated with the level of social capital and government capacity to provide corresponding public services. The article points to an emerging mode of government-nonprofit collaboration that goes beyond the production and delivery of public services. As public managers face extensive challenges in sustaining the desired level of public services, these findings have important policy implications for efforts to promote citizen participation and cross-sector solutions to complex social problems.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:506 tc:5 pg:15 au:Wang, WR; Guo, L

FRAMING GENETICALLY MODIFIED MOSQUITOES IN THE ONLINE NEWS AND TWITTER: INTERMEDIA FRAME SETTING IN THE ISSUE-ATTENTION CYCLE We investigate how the online news and Twitter framed the discussion about genetically modified mosquitoes, and the interplay between the two media platforms. The study is grounded in the theoretical frameworks of intermedia agenda setting, framing, and the issue-attention cycle and combines methods of manual and computational content analysis, and time series analysis. The findings show that the Twitter discussion was more benefit-oriented, while the news coverage was more balanced. Initially, Twitter played a leading role in framing the discussion about genetically modified mosquitoes. When the public learned about the issue, online news gained momentum and led the Twitter publics to discuss the risks of genetically modified mosquitoes. Based on the findings, we argue that the intermedia frame setting may change its direction over time, and different media outlets may be influential in leading different aspects of the conversation.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:469 tc:4 pg:23 au:Cheng, Y

GOVERNING GOVERNMENT-NONPROFIT PARTNERSHIPS: LINKING GOVERNANCE MECHANISMS TO COLLABORATION STAGES How are government-nonprofit partnerships governed when nonprofits play significant roles in financing and creating public services? This article examines the linkage between governance mechanisms and various collaboration stages of government-nonprofit partnerships. Using a multiple case design of 10 government-nonprofit partnerships for public parks in major cities of the Ohio River Basin Region, four major mechanisms are identified: representing government on the nonprofit board, reaching a formal agreement, building relationships, and building leadership capacity. Several related propositions are presented to facilitate future theory testing.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:508 tc:10 pg:16 au:Konig, L; Jucks, R

HOT TOPICS IN SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: AGGRESSIVE LANGUAGE DECREASES TRUSTWORTHINESS AND CREDIBILITY IN SCIENTIFIC DEBATES Current scientific debates, such as on climate change, often involve emotional, hostile, and aggressive rhetorical styles. Those who read or listen to these kinds of scientific arguments have to decide whom they can trust and which information is credible. This study investigates how the language style (neutral vs aggressive) and the professional affiliation (scientist vs lobbyist) of a person arguing in a scientific debate influence his trustworthiness and the credibility of his information. In a 2 X 2 between-subject online experiment, participants watched a scientific debate. The results show that if the person was introduced as a lobbyist, he was perceived as less trustworthy. However, the person's professional affiliation did not affect the credibility of his information. If the person used an aggressive language style, he was perceived as less trustworthy. Furthermore, his information was perceived as less credible, and participants had the impression that they learned less from the scientific debate.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:470 tc:0 pg:29 au:Agasisti, T; Agostino, D; Soncin, M

IMPLEMENTING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS IN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS: MOVING FROM THE "HOW" TO THE "WHY" This paper examines how Performance Measurement Systems (PMSs) are implemented in local governments where the initial context is defined by equivalent external pressures and professional expertise, in order to address the question of "why" PMS implementation patterns differ from one setting to another. The study explored the reasons behind these different patterns in a context where local governments responsible for providing a local service implemented a PMS with the direct support of professional experts, and thereby it contributes to the extant literature in the field of PMS implementation. In order to achieve this purpose, the investigation analyzed three local governments (municipalities) that were required to implement a PMS because of external legislation requirements rather than by choice and is based upon a participatory case study approach involving interviews, observations and secondary data sources. Research was conducted through the theoretical lens of Old Institutional Economics to identify three PMS implementation patterns, here called formal compliance, shared vision and technical oligarchy. The role played by three factors, power, communication and an inclination to learn, is discussed in the results, as these three factors in particular may help to explain the heterogeneity in the implementation patterns observed.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:510 tc:8 pg:17 au:Chinn, S; Lane, DS; Philip, S

IN CONSENSUS WE TRUST? PERSUASIVE EFFECTS OF SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS COMMUNICATION Scholars have recently suggested that communicating levels of scientific consensus (e.g. the percentage of scientists who agree about human-caused climate change) can shift public opinion toward the dominant scientific opinion. Initial research suggested that consensus communication effectively reduces public skepticism. However, other research failed to find a persuasive effect for those with conflicting prior beliefs. This study enters this contested space by experimentally testing how different levels of consensus shape perceptions of scientific certainty. We further examine how perceptions of certainty influence personal agreement and policy support. Findings indicate that communicating higher levels of consensus increases perceptions of scientific certainty, which is associated with greater personal agreement and policy support for non-political issues. We find some suggestive evidence that this mediated effect is moderated by participants' overall trust in science, such that those with low trust in science fail to perceive higher agreement as indicative of greater scientific certainty.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:472 tc:0 pg:31 au:Safarov, I

INSTITUTIONAL DIMENSIONS OF OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA IMPLEMENTATION: EVIDENCE FROM TRANSITION COUNTRIES Over the past 10 years, we have observed a significant growth in open data adoption in governments across the globe. Potential barriers and enablers of open government data have been well-documented in the literature. However, nearly all of this research has been conducted in Western, democratic and developed societies, with very little known about open government data implementation in less developed countries. This article investigates how institutional dimensions affect open data implementation in six understudied countries: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine. This research presents rich data based on an analysis of 31 documents and focus group discussions with a total of 89 participants. In general, we find that in these countries the same institutional dimensions influence OGD implementation as in their Western counterparts. A striking difference, however, is that we find open data implementation in transition countries to be much more fragile and highly dependent on foreign aid initiatives. This paper also strengthens the argument that institutional dimensions explain the performance of open data implementation.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:511 tc:9 pg:20 au:Pasek, J

IT'S NOT MY CONSENSUS: MOTIVATED REASONING AND THE SOURCES OF SCIENTIFIC ILLITERACY Individuals who provide incorrect answers to scientific knowledge questions have long been considered scientifically illiterate. Yet, increasing evidence suggests that motivated reasoning, rather than ignorance, may explain many of these incorrect answers. This article uses novel survey measures to assess two processes by which motivated reasoning might lead to incorrect personal beliefs: motivated individuals may fail to identify the presence of a scientific consensus on some issue or they may recognize a consensus while questioning its veracity. Simultaneously looking at perceptions of what most scientists say and personal beliefs, this study reveals that religiosity and partisanship moderate the extent to which Americans identify scientific consensuses and assert beliefs that contradict their perceptions of consensus. Although these pathways predict the scope of disagreement with science for each of 11 issues, the relative prevalence of each process depends on both the scientific issue and motivational pathway under examination.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:473 tc:9 pg:25 au:Piatak, J; Romzek, B; LeRoux, K; Johnston, J

MANAGING GOAL CONFLICT IN PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY NETWORKS: DOES ACCOUNTABILITY MOVE UP AND DOWN, OR SIDE TO SIDE? Goal conflict is one of the greatest challenges to effective public service delivery networks. Scholars offer management prescriptions, but to what extent can a diverse set of network actors be managed? Data from a comparative case study approach suggest that informal accountability forces play a greater role than formal authority in preventing and mitigating goal conflict. Goal conflict appears to be weakest when network administrative organizations are responsible for both vertical network management and direct service delivery. In terms of reducing goal conflict, networks that manage both vertically and horizontally may be best equipped to achieve goal congruence.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:474 tc:0 pg:21 au:Weiss, J

MANAGING PERFORMANCE AND STRATEGY: MANAGERIAL PRACTICES IN GERMAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS By analyzing how public administrations in a rule-of-law oriented, continental European federal government system adopted managerial practices on a voluntary basis, this article contributes to the knowledge about actual managerial practices in public administration. Its main research question is about what local governments in Germany do when they claim to have implemented managerial practices. For ten municipalities which have been identified as good practices, actual managerial practices are characterized and analyzed based on a model using established theoretical concepts of performance management and strategic management. Data stem from systematic reviews of strategy documents and budget plans as well as additional interviews. It can be shown that these municipalities have implemented managerial practices which generally follow the ideas of popular German reform blueprints and comply with general ideas of public administration research. Results suggest an inherent connection between performance management and strategic management whereas actual practices, even between the ten cases under review, differ significantly. The conclusion argues that more qualitative research about managerial practices could substantially enrich public scholars' perspective on theoretical concepts such as performance management and strategic management and on the preconditions under which these concepts could create benefits for the public.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:442 tc:12 pg:10 au:Kaufmann, W; Borry, EL; DeHart-Davis, L

MORE THAN PATHOLOGICAL FORMALIZATION: UNDERSTANDING ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND RED TAPE Most research has conceptualized red tape as being a pathological subset of organizational formalization. This article argues that focusing on a single dimension of organizational structure as a red tape driver is unrealistically narrow. Specifically, the article advances hypotheses as to how organizational centralization and hierarchy affect perceived red tape, in addition to formalization. This reasoning is tested using survey data from employees of three local government organizations in the southeastern United States. All three hypotheses are supported: higher levels of organizational formalization, centralization, and hierarchy are associated with more red tape. Open-ended comments also indicate that red tape is not solely perceived as related to formalization. The findings imply that red tape is a multifaceted perception of organizational structure rather than perceived pathological formalization.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:476 tc:2 pg:20 au:Pedersen, KH; Johannsen, L

NEW PUBLIC GOVERNANCE IN THE BALTIC STATES: FLEXIBLE ADMINISTRATION AND RULE BENDING The New Public Governance approach advocates a more flexible and participatory public administration as means to higher efficiency and increased legitimacy. Increasing flexibility and thereby public employees' discretion, however, may pose a risk to equality and impartiality, core values in democratic and rule-of-law societies. Using a survey among Baltic public employees, this article explores this risk. We ask whether public employees' preferences for flexible rule application go hand in hand with acceptance of bending the rules, even if it means a breach of impartiality. We find that this is the case. We also find that contrary to what the New Public Governance approach expects, neither citizen participation nor generalized trust works as a control on rule bending. On a positive note, however, we find that control mechanisms associated with Weberian Public Administration lessen acceptance for bending the rules.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:477 tc:4 pg:10 au:Pandey, SK; Johnson, JM

NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT, PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, AND PUBLIC POLICY: SEPARATE, SUBSET, OR INTERSECTIONAL DOMAINS OF INQUIRY?(1) We view public administration, public policy, and nonprofit management as intersectional domains of inquiry and argue that advances in each of these domains requires us to bring knowledge from other domains. Contemporary observers also recognize that many nonprofit organizations go beyond a mere service delivery role and play a central role in policy development, funding, and program administration. Through this special issue, we bring together scholars who are working at the intersection of public administration, public policy and nonprofit management, defining this intersection in a broad and inclusive manner. In addition to encouraging explicit connections across public policy, public administration, and nonprofit management, we highlight understudied aspects of work at this intersection. We believe that conducting research across disciplines and combining the "firepower" of an intersectional perspective is essential for addressing big questions. The special issue contributors have engaged these intersectional themes with verve and imagination. After providing an overview of the relationship between nonprofit management, public administration, and public policy drawing upon the conference hosted at The George Washington University, we briefly characterize individual contributions to the special issue.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:443 tc:2 pg:4 au:Kasdan, DO

NUDGING THE NEOLIBERAL AGENDA: ADMINISTRATIVE OPPORTUNITIES IN THE DEREGULATED STATE The current climate of neoliberalism in the executive branch is attended by active deregulation and distrust of the administrative state. As protections are rolled back, there is concern that individuals may be susceptible to information asymmetries that will influence their decision making, leading to detrimental outcomes for both their own and the general welfare. Behavioral public administration-the bureaucratic conception of "nudge" theory-offers ways to counter the pitfalls that come with greater freedom of choice, as promoted by the neoliberal agenda. Public administrators may employ alternative mechanisms, such as choice architecture, to help people make better decisions in the absence of explicitly protective regulations. After laying out the argument for a behavioral approach, this article analyzes several neoliberal agenda issues with potential nudge responses for practical implementation, as well as a justifiable call for action to protect the public welfare in the absence of policy guidance.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:478 tc:11 pg:24 au:Piotrowski, S; Grimmelikhuijsen, S; Deat, F

NUMBERS OVER NARRATIVES? HOW GOVERNMENT MESSAGE STRATEGIES AFFECT CITIZENS' ATTITUDES This article applies different marketing concepts to released government information and analyzes the effect on citizens' attitudes. It looks at how the presentation of a message affects citizens' attitudes when the content remains the same. It investigates the effects of an informational strategy (presenting facts and figures) and a transformational strategy (adding narratives to the figures to appeal to emotions of citizens). Based on theories about information process and framing, different responses are expected from engaged and unengaged citizens. It finds that unengaged citizens respond more favorably when information is couched in a transformational message strategy. Engaged citizens have an opposite response and are better served with an informational strategy. The article concludes that to reach the broader group of unengaged citizens, just disclosing information is insufficient; information needs to be embedded in a meaningful narrative.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:479 tc:3 pg:23 au:Ruijer, E; Meijer, A

OPEN GOVERNMENT DATA AS AN INNOVATION PROCESS: LESSONS FROM A LIVING LAB EXPERIMENT Open government data are claimed to contribute to transparency, citizen participation, collaboration, economic and public service development. From an innovation perspective, we explore the current gap between the promise and practice of open government data. Based on Strategic Niche Management (SNM), we identify different phases in the open data innovation process. This study uses a living lab in a province in the Netherlands to stimulate the provision and use of open data for collaborative processes and analyses the mechanisms that condition the success of this innovation process. The results based on six interventions over a period of two years show that our interventions stimulated the use of open data and raised awareness within government, but that various mechanisms inhibited the realization of the ambitions of open government data. We conclude that the challenge of open government data as an innovation lies in finding a way to scale up the provision of open data: innovation niches are established but "regime changes" do not take place. Scaling up open government data use requires strong managerial commitment and changes in the wider organizational landscape such as constructing formal and informal rules and technological developments that stimulate debate about open data practices.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:480 tc:0 pg:27 au:Elbanna, S; Abdel-Maksoud, A

ORGANIZATIONAL RESOURCES AND PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF AN OIL-RICH COUNTRY This study adopts the Resource-Based View (RBV) framework in investigating the relationships between the resources/capabilities of public organizations and their performance in an Arab oil-rich country, i.e. the United Arab Emirates (UAE). It concludes that the organizational financial and human resources and capabilities are found to influence organizational performance of the surveyed public organizations. An additional analysis shows that slack of resources, i.e. financial resources, is found to be the only significant organizational resource to influence corporate social performance. The findings of this study along with the interpretation of the RBV of organizational performance in the public sector reflect 'practice variation' and conclude that policy makers should deal with the fact that the current slack of resources in the UAE, as a major oil-producing country, may not last forever.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:444 tc:0 pg:13 au:Van der Wal, Z; Mussagulova, A; Chen, CA

PATH-DEPENDENT PUBLIC SERVANTS: COMPARING THE INFLUENCE OF TRADITIONS ON ADMINISTRATIVE BEHAVIOR IN DEVELOPING ASIA This article compares the motivations and attitudes of public servants in Kazakhstan (n = 627) and Pakistan (n = 207) by analyzing quantitative and qualitative survey data. A comparison of these two developing Asian countries with distinct administrative traditions and path dependencies contributes to the public administration literature on developing countries. This literature often treats public servants in developing countries as a single category, with little contextualization of findings. This study finds that despite an overlap in Islamic societal values, public servants' motivations and attitudes differ: lower prosocial proclivity and more aspiration for money in Kazakhstan may be partly explained by the Soviet administrative tradition, while prosocial propensity and lower concern with pay in Pakistan may be attributed to the South Asian tradition. The authors conclude that historical legacies help explain cross-country differences in employee motivation and attitudes. The findings also improve our knowledge about the potential of reforms within the examined conditions.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:445 tc:11 pg:13 au:Jacobsen, CB; Jakobsen, ML

PERCEIVED ORGANIZATIONAL RED TAPE AND ORGANIZATIONAL PERFORMANCE IN PUBLIC SERVICES The claim that perceived organizational red tape hampers public services has become a central theme in public administration research. Surprisingly, however, few scholars have empirically examined the impact of perceived red tape on organizational performance. This article empirically analyzes how perceived organizational red tape among managers and frontline staff relates to objectively measured performance. The data consist of survey responses from teachers and principals at Danish upper secondary schools combined with grade-level administrative performance data. Based on theories of red tape and motivation crowding, the authors hypothesize that perceived organizational red tape reduces performance within such organizations. The empirical result is a small negative relationship between staff perception of red tape and performance and no relationship between manager-perceived red tape and performance.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:481 tc:3 pg:28 au:Henderson, A; Ticlau, T; Balica, D

PERCEPTIONS OF DISCRETION IN STREET-LEVEL PUBLIC SERVICE: EXAMINING ADMINISTRATIVE GOVERNANCE IN ROMANIA Street-level bureaucrats have long been seen as key figures in program and policy implementation, often occupying unique positions that encompass executive, legislative, and judicial functions. Osborne's concept of the New Public Governance addresses concepts of policy implementation and interpretive activities that characterize street-level bureaucracy. Current understanding of street-level bureaucracy is, however, dominated by research focused on the United States and the United Kingdom, both of which demonstrate differences from countries in Eastern Europe. This study uses survey data to examine street-level bureaucracy in Romania, with attention to the determinants of bureaucratic perceptions of discretion. Results indicate that proactive personality, prosocial motivation, autonomy, job satisfaction, and years of experience are related to individual perceptions of discretionary latitude among front-line workers.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:482 tc:8 pg:24 au:Wang, Y; Zhao, ZJ

PERFORMANCE OF PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND THE INFLUENCE OF CONTRACTUAL ARRANGEMENTS This article seeks to answer two research questions: does public-private partnerships (ppp) live up to its promises to government? How do contractual arrangements affect ppp performance? We propose a conceptual framework to evaluate ppp performance by comparing actual project outcomes to government goals in initiating the partnerships, and to explore how a set of contractual arrangements affect the ppp performance on each identified goal. The framework is applied to a comparative case analysis of highway ppp experiences in the commonwealth of virginia (us) since the 1990s. The results show that these ppp cases were successful in accessing innovative finance, but their performance was mixed on reducing construction risk and transferring revenue risk. Generally improved over time with later projects, the ppp performance was affected not only by interaction among contractual arrangements -private partner selection, financial arrangements, role division, risk allocation, and project characteristics - but also by authorizing and supportive legislation in the policy domain.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:512 tc:4 pg:16 au:McKinnon, M; Howes, J; Leach, A; Prokop, N

PERILS AND POSITIVES OF SCIENCE JOURNALISM IN AUSTRALIA Scientists, science communicators and science journalists interact to deliver science news to the public. Yet the value of interactions between the groups in delivering high-quality science stories is poorly understood within Australia. A recent study in New Zealand on the perspectives of the three groups on the challenges facing science journalism is replicated here in the context of New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory. While all three groups perceived the quality of science journalism as generally high, the limitations of non-specialists and public relation materials were causes for concern. The results indicate that science communicators are considered to play a valuable role as facilitators of information flow to journalists and support for scientists. Future studies on the influence and implications of interactions between these three groups are required.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:483 tc:2 pg:28 au:Carnochan, S; McBeath, B; Chuang, E; Austin, MJ

PERSPECTIVES OF PUBLIC AND NONPROFIT MANAGERS ON COMMUNICATIONS IN HUMAN SERVICES CONTRACTING Government contracts and grants constitute the largest funding source for the majority of nonprofit organizations. Contracts for complex services, such as those involved in delivering human services, pose substantial challenges for public and nonprofit managers. In this context, concerns have been raised about contract management capacity, including challenges related to proposal and contract development, implementation, and performance reporting, as well as the impact of contract monitoring tools on contractor performance. Relatively few studies have provided a cross-sectoral perspective on the concrete managerial skill sets needed to engage in the interpersonal and technical processes involved in effective contract management. This study reports qualitative findings from a survey of county and nonprofit human service managers regarding approaches to managing challenges that arise in contractual relationships. The results identify the important role played by communication in the relationships between contract managers, illustrate the content of formal and informal exchanges, and identify common perspectives on the characteristics of effective communications, including transparency, a balance of flexibility and consistency, and timeliness. Practice implications for contract management relate to enhancing communication strategies in order to promote stronger contract relationships.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:446 tc:2 pg:10 au:Wang, QS; Peng, J

POLITICAL EMBEDDEDNESS OF PUBLIC PENSION GOVERNANCE: AN EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS OF DISCOUNT RATE CHANGES State governments are frequently said to manipulate the discount rate assumption to make pension funding look better, reduce employers' and employees' pension contributions, or relieve fiscal stress. Building a model from the political embeddedness perspective and applying an event history analysis to the 81 largest state-administered pension plans in the United States, the authors found that more politically embedded pension boards were actually more likely to reduce their plan's discount rate. Public union coverage and government political ideology, however, had no significant impact on discount rate changes. These findings reveal the effect of political embeddedness on pension planning decisions and provide useful insights into the intricate process of setting pension discount rates in a new era of more muted investment return expectations. This article points to both political and financial pressures facing pension boards and state governments for many years to come.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:447 tc:4 pg:14 au:Lapuente, V; Suzuki, K

POLITICIZATION, BUREAUCRATIC LEGALISM, AND INNOVATIVE ATTITUDES IN THE PUBLIC SECTOR Previous studies have identified institutional, organizational, and individual factors that promote innovation in public organizations. Yet they have overlooked how the type of public administration-and the type of administrators-is associated with innovative attitudes. Using two large, unique comparative data sets on public bureaucracies and public managers, this article examines how bureaucratic politicization and legalistic features are associated with senior public managers' attitudes toward innovation in 19 European countries. Results of multilevel analysis indicate that the bureaucratic politicization of an administration and the law background of public managers matter. Public managers working in politicized administrations and those whose education includes a law degree exhibit lower pro-innovation attitudes (i.e., receptiveness to new ideas and creative solutions and change orientation).

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:448 tc:6 pg:12 au:Heimstadt, M; Dobusch, L

POLITICS OF DISCLOSURE: ORGANIZATIONAL TRANSPARENCY AS MULTIACTOR NEGOTIATION Transparency is in vogue, yet it is often used as an umbrella concept for a wide array of phenomena. More focused concepts are needed to understand the form and function of different phenomena of visibility. In this article, the authors define organizational transparency as systematic disclosure programs that meet the information needs of other actors. Organizational transparency, they argue, is best studied as an interorganizational negotiation process on the field level. To evaluate its merit, the authors apply this framework to a case study on the introduction of open data in the Berlin city administration. Analyzing the politics of disclosure, they consider the similarities and differences between phenomena of visibility (e.g., open data, freedom of information), explore the transformative power of negotiating transparency, and deduce recommendations for managing transparency.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:513 tc:0 pg:17 au:Tollefson, J

POST-FUKUSHIMA DISCOURSE IN THE US PRESS: QUANTIFIED KNOWLEDGE, THE TECHNICAL OBJECT, AND A PANICKED PUBLIC Many thought that the 11 March 2011 Fukushima nuclear disaster in Japan might be the end of the "global nuclear renaissance." In Europe, mass media after Fukushima increasingly presented negative framing of nuclear energy and highlighted declining support for the nuclear industry. In the United States, however, nuclear production and public support for the industry remained steady. This article analyzes US media documents to understand the construction of public discourse on nuclear power in the wake of the Fukushima disaster. Through a content analysis of US newspapers, it demonstrates that post-Fukushima media framed the crisis in a way that privileged expert knowledge and opinion, while delegitimizing non-expert engagement with nuclear energy issues. A comparison between national newspapers and newspapers located in two regions with controversial nuclear plants and active anti-nuclear citizens' movements additionally demonstrates the power and reach of the identified framework across the spectrum of views on nuclear power.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:450 tc:1 pg:10 au:Warner, ME; Aldag, AM; Kim, Y

PRAGMATIC MUNICIPALISM: US LOCAL GOVERNMENT RESPONSES TO FISCAL STRESS This article updates cutback management theory and challenges austerity urbanism theory by showing that local governments practice pragmatic municipalism-protecting services with a balanced response to fiscal stress. Using a 2017 national survey of 2,341 U.S. municipalities and counties, the authors identify four responses-no specific action, cuts, revenue supplements, and deferrals. Structural equation models show that cuts are higher in places with older infrastructure and more unemployment but not in places with more poverty. Supplemental responses are higher in places with professional management and higher education. Deferrals are higher in places with more debt but lower in places with older infrastructure. Localities with less fiscal stress take no specific action. Most governments combine cuts, supplements, and deferrals; this balanced response is associated with more fiscal stress, more citizen engagement, and higher levels of unionization. These results show that local governments practice pragmatic municipalism, not austerity urbanism, when responding to fiscal stress.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:514 tc:1 pg:14 au:Taipale, J

PREDEFINED CRITERIA AND INTERPRETATIVE FLEXIBILITY IN LEGAL COURTS' EVALUATION OF EXPERTISE This study examines two different approaches in empirical analysis of judges' evaluation of expertise in court: first, an analyst-based approach that employs predefined normative criteria to measure judges' performance, and second, an actor-based approach that emphasizes interpretative flexibility in judges' evaluation practice. I demonstrate how these different approaches to investigating judges' adjudication lead to differing understandings about judges' abilities to evaluate scientific evidence and testimonial. Although the choice of analytical approach might depend on context and purpose in general, I contend that in assessing judges' competence, an actor-based approach that adequately describes the way in which judges relate to and handle expertise is required to properly understand and explain how judges evaluate expertise. The choice of approach is especially important if the resulting understanding of judges' competence is subsequently used as a basis for making normative and prescriptive claims with potential consequences for trial outcomes.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:484 tc:0 pg:20 au:Ballard, A

PROMOTING PERFORMANCE INFORMATION USE THROUGH DATA VISUALIZATION: EVIDENCE FROM AN EXPERIMENT We have all this data, why don't we use it? This question seems to be a constant in performance literature. Although the uptake in performance management throughout the public sector has been pronounced in recent decades, particularly among public health departments, both empirical and anecdotal evidence suggest that few organizations have gone beyond simply collecting and reporting performance data to actually integrating these data into their decision-making processes. One barrier to such integration may be the lack of visual accessibility in performance data reports. Research in other fields has provided strong evidence suggesting that visualizing data, rather than providing simply numerical displays, promotes data cognition and use. This study employs an experimental survey vignette design to test whether graphically displayed performance information results in higher intended rates of performance information use among public health managers. The results suggest that in some instances, specifically ratio indicators and benchmarking reporting, data visualization increases the intention of public managers to use that information for decision making. This study provides both practical approaches to promoting performance-data utilizing as well as opening new avenues to performance research around data value and cognition.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:451 tc:6 pg:17 au:Zarychta, A; Grillos, T; Andersson, KP

PUBLIC SECTOR GOVERNANCE REFORM AND THE MOTIVATION OF STREET-LEVEL BUREAUCRATS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES This article thaws on health sector reform in Honduras to examine the mechanisms through which governance reforms shape the behavior of street-level bureaucrats. It combines insights from behavioral public administration with original data from lab-in-the-field workshops conducted with more than 200 bureaucrats to assess the relationship between decentralization and motivation. Findings show strong evidence that motivation, measured as self-sacrifice, is higher among bureaucrats in decentralized municipalities compared with bureaucrats in comparable centrally administered municipalities. Increased motivation is most pronounced in decentralized systems led by nongovernmental organizations compared with those led by municipal governments or associations. Additionally, the evidence suggests that higher motivation is related to changes in the composition of staff rather than socialization or changes among existing staff Overall, this research helps move beyond indiscriminate calls for decentralization by highlighting the interplay between reform design and bureaucratic behavior, as well as the limitations of governance reforms in motivating more experienced bureaucrats.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:485 tc:0 pg:26 au:Kim, DH; Bak, HJ

RECONCILIATION BETWEEN MONETARY INCENTIVES AND MOTIVATION CROWDING-OUT: THE INFLUENCE OF PERCEPTIONS OF INCENTIVES ON RESEARCH PERFORMANCE Motivation crowding theories suggest that the influence of performance-based monetary incentives on performance may depend on how employees perceive the incentives. To examine the crowding-out effect, this article analyzed a panel dataset of faculty's research published over 9 years in a Korean university, focusing on the moderating role of perceptions of incentives. We found that, as the university increased financial incentives for research performance, academic researchers who perceived the incentives as supportive published more papers in higher impact factor journals. In contrast, the quantity and quality of research performance of those who perceived such incentives as controlling were not significantly associated with the increase in the incentives. To improve the performance of the performance-incentive system with potential crowding-out effects, administrators should communicate with employees to help them perceive incentives as supportive and positive.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:486 tc:2 pg:25 au:Campbell, JW

RED TAPE, RULE BURDEN, AND LEGITIMATE PERFORMANCE TRADE-OFFS: RESULTS FROM A VIGNETTE EXPERIMENT Goals in the public sector are complex and managers can face situations in which pursuing one legitimate goal necessitates performance trade-offs in other areas. This study tests how knowledge of legitimate performance trade-offs shapes the perception of red tape. Using a vignette experimental design and a sample of university students, between group t-tests and regression analyses suggest that, when evaluating increased rule burden, individuals that are provided with information about how objectively burdensome rules serve alternative values such as equity and effectiveness associate them with lower levels of red tape. A series of Monte Carlo simulations suggest that this effect is substantial.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:515 tc:26 pg:15 au:Dawson, E

REIMAGINING PUBLICS AND (NON) PARTICIPATION: EXPLORING EXCLUSION FROM SCIENCE COMMUNICATION THROUGH THE EXPERIENCES OF LOW-INCOME, MINORITY ETHNIC GROUPS This article explores science communication from the perspective of those most at risk of exclusion, drawing on ethnographic fieldwork. I conducted five focus groups and 32 interviews with participants from low-income, minority ethnic backgrounds. Using theories of social reproduction and social justice, I argue that participation in science communication is marked by structural inequalities (particularly ethnicity and class) in two ways. First, participants' involvement in science communication practices was narrow (limited to science media consumption). Second, their experiences of exclusion centred on cultural imperialism (misrepresentation and 'Othering') and powerlessness (being unable to participate or change the terms of their participation). I argue that social reproduction in science communication constructs a narrow public that reflects the shape, values and practices of dominant groups, at the expense of the marginalised. The article contributes to how we might reimagine science communication's publics by taking inclusion/exclusion and the effects of structural inequalities into account.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:452 tc:2 pg:13 au:Liang, JQ; Park, S; Zhao, TH

REPRESENTATIVE BUREAUCRACY, DISTRIBUTIONAL EQUITY, AND ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE This article explores the role of bureaucratic representation and distributional equity in the implementation of environmental policy, which has been shaped by the politics of identity, administrative discretion, and a contested discourse on the redistribution of public resources. The authors examine whether minority bureaucratic representation fosters policy outputs for race-related disadvantaged communities and whether the behavior of public administrators reflects distributional equity. Linking representative bureaucracy to environmental justice, this research contributes to the understanding of social equity in public administration and sheds light on the relationship between bureaucratic representation and democratic values. Analyzing a nationwide, block-group-level data set, the authors find that a more racially representative workforce in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency promotes the agency's enforcement actions in communities that have large local-national disparities in minority populations and severe policy problems. The size of the bureaucratic representation effect is larger for neighborhoods that are overburdened with race-related social vulnerability. Evidence for Practice Public administrators can play a critical role in representing the general public, particularly those who have historically been marginalized and underserved, and acting in their interests. Non-service-oriented regulatory agencies have taken equity into account in the process of implementing policies and serving socially vulnerable clients. Public administrators need to be cognizant of the degree of preexisting inequity in local communities, acquire adequate information to ascertain the equity point, and devise public policies and programs to achieve various democratic values. It is important to recruit more underrepresented and historically disadvantaged members of society into the public workforce.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:487 tc:0 pg:25 au:Lee, M

REVITALIZING HISTORIOGRAPHY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Notwithstanding the popularity in public administration of empirical, behavioral, and quantitative research, interpretive methodologies similarly help advance scholarship. For the latter, history is probably the most traditional, a research technique long predating public administration as an academic discipline. The article evaluates the status of historiography in the contemporary literature and makes the case of history?s ongoing value to public administration. It assesses the pros and cons of traditional primary sources and recommends triangulation of sources to strengthen historical narratives. Some relatively underutilized approaches to reinvigorating historiography include case studies written for classroom use, old textbooks, and counterfactual scenarios. In general, public administration history would benefit from revisionism, studying lost alternatives, and skepticism toward the given narrative and conventional wisdom.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:516 tc:6 pg:19 au:Smallman, M

SCIENCE TO THE RESCUE OR CONTINGENT PROGRESS? COMPARING 10YEARS OF PUBLIC, EXPERT AND POLICY DISCOURSES ON NEW AND EMERGING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM Over the past 10years, numerous public debates on new and emerging science and technologies have taken place in the United Kingdom. In this article, we characterise the discourses emerging from these debates and compare them to the discourses in analogous expert scientific and policy reports. We find that while the public is broadly supportive of new scientific developments, they see the risks and social and ethical issues associated with them as unpredictable but inherent parts of the developments. In contrast, the scientific experts and policymakers see risks and social and ethical issues as manageable and quantifiable with more research and knowledge. We argue that these differences amount to two different sociotechnical imaginaries or views of science and how it shapes our world - an elite imaginary of science to the rescue' shared by scientists and policymakers and public counter-imaginary of contingent progress'. We argue that these two imaginaries indicate that, but also help explain why, public dialogue has had limited impact on public policy.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:517 tc:3 pg:17 au:Walter, S; Lorcher, I; Bruggemann, M

SCIENTIFIC NETWORKS ON TWITTER: ANALYZING SCIENTISTS' INTERACTIONS IN THE CLIMATE CHANGE DEBATE Scientific issues requiring urgent societal actions-such as climate change-have increased the need for communication and interaction between scientists and other societal actors. Social media platforms facilitate such exchanges. This study investigates who scientists interact with on Twitter, and whether their communication differs when engaging with actors beyond the scientific community. We focus on the climate change debate on Twitter and combine network analysis with automated content analysis. The results show that scientists interact most intensively with their peers, but also communication beyond the scientific community is important. The findings suggest that scientists adjust their communication style to their audience: They use more neutral language when communicating with other scientists, and more words expressing negative emotions when communicating with journalists, civil society, and politicians. Likewise, they stress certainty more when communicating with politicians, indicating that scientists use language strategically when communicating beyond the scientific community.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:518 tc:0 pg:19 au:Bertoldo, R; Mays, C; Bhm, G; Poortinga, W; Poumadre, M; Tvinnereim, E; Arnold, A; Steentjes, K; Pidgeon, N

SCIENTIFIC TRUTH OR DEBATE: ON THE LINK BETWEEN PERCEIVED SCIENTIFIC CONSENSUS AND BELIEF IN ANTHROPOGENIC CLIMATE CHANGE Scientists overwhelmingly agree that climate change exists and is caused by human activity. It has been argued that communicating the consensus can counter climate scepticism, given that perceived scientific consensus is a major factor predicting public belief that climate change is anthropogenic. However, individuals may hold different models of science, potentially affecting their interpretation of scientific consensus. Using representative surveys in the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Norway, we assessed whether the relationship between perceived scientific consensus and belief in anthropogenic climate change is conditioned by a person's viewing science as 'the search for truth' or as 'debate'. Results show that perceived scientific consensus is higher among climate change believers and moreover, significantly predicts belief in anthropogenic climate change. This relationship is stronger among people holding a model of science as the 'search for truth'. These results help to disentangle the effect of implicit epistemological assumptions underlying the public understanding of the climate change debate.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:519 tc:23 pg:23 au:Besley, JC; Dudo, A; Yuan, SP

SCIENTISTS' VIEWS ABOUT COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES This study looks at how United States-based academic scientists from five professional scientific societies think about eight different communication objectives. The degree to which scientists say they would prioritize these objectives in the context of face-to-face public engagement is statistically predicted using the scientists' attitudes, normative beliefs, and efficacy beliefs, as well as demographics and past communication activity, training, and past thinking about the objectives. The data allow for questions about the degree to which such variables consistently predict views about objectives. The research is placed in the context of assessing factors that communication trainers might seek to reshape if they wanted get scientists to consider choosing specific communication objectives.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:453 tc:1 pg:6 au:Pozen, DE

SEEING TRANSPARENCY MORE CLEARLY In recent years, transparency has been proposed as the solution to, and the cause of, a remarkable range of public problems. The proliferation of seemingly contradictory claims about transparency becomes less puzzling, this essay argues, when one appreciates that transparency is not, in itself, a coherent normative ideal. Nor does it have a straightforward instrumental relationship to any primary goals of governance. To gain greater purchase on how transparency policies operate, scholars must move beyond abstract assumptions and drill down to the specific legal, institutional, historical, political, and cultural contexts in which these policies are crafted and implemented. The field of transparency studies, in other words, is due for a "sociological turn."

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:454 tc:2 pg:11 au:Roberts, A

SHOULD WE DEFEND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE? Troubled by actions of the Donald Trump administration, some academics have defended the administrative state. This may be a mistake. The scholarly definition of the administrative state has shifted over decades, and today scholarly usage of the term often diverges substantially from popular usage. When academics invoke the concept, they may unwittingly trigger negative associations in the minds of nonacademics and defeat their own cause. This mistake is easily avoided, because academics often do not need to talk about the administrative state at all. Research would be improved by using different terms to describe three distinct ideas: the state, administrative systems within the state, and the administrative state, which is best understood as a type of state that emerged at a specific moment in American history. If academics want to defend the public service in the realm of politics, it would be better to do so in those terms, rather than using a phrase that often triggers fears about big and irresponsible government.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:488 tc:0 pg:24 au:Schuelke-Leech, BA; Jordan, SR

SPEAKING LIKE STATESMEN OR SCIENTISTS: DIFFERENTIATING CONGRESSIONAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE VIEWS ON DATA Do legislators and executives speak of data the same way when speaking about public sector data ? Public management scholarship and public performance policies often emphasize data-driven decision making as the path to making government efficient and effective. Whether the public policy makers mean the same thing when they speak about data in discussions of data-driven performance and decision making is unknown. In this article, the authors present an analysis of the language of data in conversations about government performance. Two frameworks are identified for the role of data in public performance-the statesman's and the scientist's. A corpus-level analysis of over 30 years of government documents is used to demonstrate the differences between these two approaches. This research builds consciously on the work of previous scholars seeking to map the nuances of data-driven performance management policies in the U.S. federal government.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:520 tc:1 pg:18 au:McKinnon, M; Black, B; Bobillier, S; Hood, K; Parker, M

STAKEHOLDER RELATIONS IN AUSTRALIAN SCIENCE JOURNALISM This study explores the relationships between scientists, science communicators and science journalists in Australia. Building upon a smaller previous study, this article provides an overview of the science media landscape across a nation through the use of semi-structured interviews with members of stakeholder groups. Although relationships between each of the groups are generally positive, a lack of clear understanding of the professional practice and cultures of the different groups sometimes appear to hinder positive interactions. Many scientists continue to lament the need for journalists to understand more science, yet very few make similar comments about the need for scientists to know more about media. Refocusing on sharing the responsibility for science reporting may be a means of bridging the identified cultural divide.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:455 tc:4 pg:11 au:Allard, SW; Wiegand, ER; Schlecht, C; Datta, AR; Goerge, RM; Weigensberg, E

STATE AGENCIES' USE OF ADMINISTRATIVE DATA FOR IMPROVED PRACTICE: NEEDS, CHALLENGES, AND OPPORTUNITIES Growing interest in the use of administrative data to answer questions around program implementation and effectiveness has led to greater discussion of how government agencies can develop the necessary internal data infrastructure, analytic capacity, and office culture. However, there is a need for more systematic research into how states find different pathways and strategies to build administrative data capacity. Drawing on interviews with almost 100 human service agency staff and their data partners, the authors examine the realities of administrative data use. They summarize the experiences of data users in order to address two main challenges : limited analytic capacity and challenges to linking or sharing data resources. The article concludes by examining a range of approaches that government agencies take to improve data quality and capacity to analyze that data.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:521 tc:1 pg:17 au:Ofori-Parku, SS

TACIT KNOWLEDGE AND RISK PERCEPTIONS: TULLOW OIL AND LAY PUBLICS IN GHANA'S OFFSHORE OIL REGION This study examines how local residents make sense of offshore oil production risks in Ghana's nascent petroleum industry. From a naturalistic-interpretive perspective, it is primarily based on in-depth interviews with community residents: 8 opinion leaders, 15 residents, and 1 journalist. Residents associate Tullow's oil activities with health concerns (e.g. conjunctivitis), environmental challenges (e.g. the emergence of decomposed seaweeds along the shore), and socio-economic concerns (e.g. loss of livelihoods, decline in fish harvest, and increased rent and cost of living). Focusing on how the local, practical knowledge of interviewees manifest in their sense of offshore oil risks, the study identifies two strategiesscapegoating and tacit knowingunderlying how residents construe offshore oil risks and benefits. Beyond its theoretical contribution to the social construction of risk process, the study illustrates the challenge the expert-lay publics dichotomy poses (and the potential bridging this dichotomy has) for corporate and societal risk management.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:522 tc:0 pg:15 au:Davidson, R; Tsfati, Y

THE CONTRIBUTION OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND FACTORS TO THE REPRODUCTION OF HIERARCHIES ONLINE: THE CASE OF CROWDFUNDING OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH We conceptualize mechanisms that explain how social uses of media technologies, especially online platforms and crowds, reproduce, or modify inequalities, and explore these in the context of the crowdfunding of science. We distinguish between "supply side" factors related to the ability of actors given their institutional standing to use this funding approach, and "demand side" factors related to the crowd's sensitivity to the institutional standing of those actors. We collected data on scientists requesting funding for their studies on , arguably the most popular scientific crowdfunding platform, and investigated the factors contributing to initiation and success. Supply side factors were important: crowdfunding appeals tended to come from scientists affiliated with larger, wealthier, and more active and prestigious institutions. However, demand side factors were not as important at the institutional level. Crowdfunding projects' success was not predicted by the institution's status, but rather by the number of appeals from an institution.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:456 tc:3 pg:12 au:Kroll, A; Moynihan, DP

THE DESIGN AND PRACTICE OF INTEGRATING EVIDENCE: CONNECTING PERFORMANCE MANAGEMENT WITH PROGRAM EVALUATION In recent decades, governments have invested in the creation of two forms of knowledge production about government performance : program evaluations and performance management. Prior research has noted tensions between these two approaches and the potential for complementarities when they are aligned. This article offers empirical evidence on how program evaluations connect with performance management in the U.S. federal government in 2000 and 2013. In the later time period, there is an interactive effect between the two approaches, which, the authors argue, reflects deliberate efforts by the George W. Bush and Barack Obama administrations to build closer connections between program evaluation and performance management. Drawing on the 2013 data, the authors offer evidence that how evaluations are implemented matters and that evaluations facilitate performance information use by reducing the causal uncertainty that managers face as they try to make sense of what performance data mean.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:523 tc:25 pg:21 au:Schafer, MS; Fuchslin, T; Metag, J; Kristiansen, S; Rauchfleisch, A

THE DIFFERENT AUDIENCES OF SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: A SEGMENTATION ANALYSIS OF THE SWISS POPULATION'S PERCEPTIONS OF SCIENCE AND THEIR INFORMATION AND MEDIA USE PATTERNS Few studies have assessed whether populations can be divided into segments with different perceptions of science. We provide such an analysis and assess whether these segments exhibit specific patterns of media and information use. Based on representative survey data from Switzerland, we use latent class analysis to reconstruct four segments: the "Sciencephiles," with strong interest for science, extensive knowledge, and a pronounced belief in its potential, who use a variety of sources intensively; the "Critically Interested," also with strong interest and support for science but with less trust in it, who use similar sources but are more cautious toward them; the "Passive Supporters" with moderate levels of interest, trust, and knowledge and tempered perceptions of science, who use fewer sources; and the "Disengaged," who are not interested in science, do not know much about it, harbor critical views toward it, and encounter it-if at all-mostly through television.

J: PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE id:524 tc:7 pg:13 au:Burns, M; Medvecky, F

THE DISENGAGED IN SCIENCE COMMUNICATION: HOW NOT TO COUNT AUDIENCES AND PUBLICS In this article, we suggest that three concepts from cultural and media studies might be useful for analysing the ways audiences are constructed in science communication: that media are immanent to society, media are multiple and various, and audiences are active. This article uses those concepts, along with insights from Science and Technology Studies (STS), to examine the category of the disengaged' within science communication. This article deals with the contrast between common sense' and scholarly ideas of media and audiences in the field of cultural and media studies. It compares the common sense' with scholarly ideas of science publics from STS. We conclude that it may be time to reconsider the ontology of publics and the disengaged for science communication.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:490 tc:2 pg:28 au:Patrick, B; Plagens, GK; Rollins, A; Evans, E

THE ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS OF ALTERING PUBLIC SECTOR ACCOUNTABILITY MODELS: THE CASE OF THE ATLANTA CHEATING SCANDAL Outcome based policies promote the use performance accountability models. However, the impact these policies have on the ethical culture of public sector organizations has not been adequately assessed. This research examines performance accountability reforms by examining the City of Atlanta's implementation of federal and state performance policies. The analysis reveals the use of performance models in vulnerable organizations negatively impact employees' ethical behavior. Teachers and administrators altered test results, delivered threats, misled parents and students about performance outcomes, and were dishonest with state investigators to give the illusion that performance goals had been met or exceeded.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:491 tc:4 pg:27 au:Grossi, G; Dobija, D; Strzelczyk, W

THE IMPACT OF COMPETING INSTITUTIONAL PRESSURES AND LOGICS ON THE USE OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT IN HYBRID UNIVERSITIES This study contributes to the current debate on competing institutional pressures and logics and performance measurement practices in hybrid universities and examines how shifts in logics have affected performance measurement practices at the organizational and individual levels. It draws upon the theoretical lenses of institutional theory and adopts a longitudinal case study methodology based on participant observations and retrospective interviews. The findings show that universities and academic workers are affected by external pressures related to higher education that include government regulations and control of the state (state pressure), the expectations of the professional norms and collegiality of the academic community (academic pressures), and the need to comply with international standards and market mechanisms (market pressures). Academic workers operate in an organizational context in which conflicting conditions from both academic and business logics co-exist. The results indicate that institutional pressures and logics related to the higher education field and organizational context shape the use of universities' performance measurement practices and result in diverse solutions. While previous literature has focused mainly on competing logics and the tensions they may generate, this study shows that, in a university context, potentially conflicting logics may co-exist and create robust combinations.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:492 tc:4 pg:28 au:Avdasheva, S; Golovanova, S; Katsoulacos, Y

THE IMPACT OF PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT ON THE SELECTION OF ENFORCEMENT TARGETS BY COMPETITION AUTHORITIES: THE RUSSIAN EXPERIENCE IN AN INTERNATIONAL CONTEXT This article provides evidence about the influence of performance measurement criteria on the choice of enforcement targets by law enforcement authorities, utilizing a rich dataset of decisions by the Russian competition authority in the period 2008-2015. The authors provide a comparative analysis of performance measurement by several competition authorities throughout the world. Then a hypothesis is tested suggesting that a competition authority, motivated by the criterion of "enforcement success," tends to select relatively easy implemented enforcement targets, which lead to decisions with relatively low probability of being annulled if appealed. This is so, even though other enforcement targets would generate superior welfare effects. Thus, our analysis indicates that putting undue emphasis on "enforcement success" as a performance criterion may not lead to desirable welfare outcomes.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:493 tc:1 pg:21 au:Daniel, JL; Fyall, R

THE INTERSECTION OF NONPROFIT ROLES AND PUBLIC POLICY IMPLEMENTATION Many nonprofit organizations implement policy through service delivery. In addition, these nonprofits serve other roles in their communities. Policy implementation strategies that overlook the many roles nonprofits play may misunderstand implementation challenges or fail to maximize the benefits of public-nonprofits partnerships. We aim to inform policy implementation by presenting a narrative that explores the intersection of these nonprofit roles and policy implementation through nonprofit service delivery. We situate this focus on nonprofits as policy implementers within a framework of nonprofit roles. We present commentary that integrates policy implementation and nonprofit roles by focusing on four themes: nonprofit role simultaneity, service delivery/policy implementation perceptual asymmetry, nonprofit roles over time, and network participation. Accounting for this multidimensionality can help government actors facilitate partnerships that enable service delivery while also recognizing what nonprofits do independent of their formal arrangements with governments.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:494 tc:6 pg:23 au:Mitchell, GE; Schmitz, HP

THE NEXUS OF PUBLIC AND NONPROFIT MANAGEMENT The fields of public administration and nonprofit management have experienced convergence over the past decades, particularly as academic programs, conferences, and journals in public administration have increasingly embraced nonprofit management. Given the significance of this development, the lack of a formal theoretical basis for convergence is surprising and potentially problematic. This article attempts to formalize such a basis by expositing the shared constitutive features of public and nonprofit management. These features include social goods provision, outcome ambiguity, delegation, and surplus nondistribution. Analysis of these features-and consideration of alternative explanations-demonstrates that a consolidated field of "public and nonprofit management" may be warranted by definite theoretical principles. The existence of this theoretical basis may provide stakeholders with opportunities to approach and manage the process of convergence more strategically.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:457 tc:2 pg:12 au:Lubell, M; Mewhirter, J; Berardo, R

THE ORIGINS OF CONFLICT IN POLYCENTRIC GOVERNANCE SYSTEMS Natural resources are governed by polycentric systems, which can be conceptualized as an "ecology of games" in which policy actors participate in multiple policy forums governing interdependent issues. This article analyzes why actors perceive different payoffs across the forums in which they participate, ranging from mutually beneficial games of cooperation to conflictual zero-sum games in which one actor's gain means another actor's loss. The authors develop hypotheses at the level of the individual, the forum, and the overall polycentric system and test them using survey data collected in three research sites: Tampa Bay, Florida; the Parana River delta, Argentina; and the Sacramento-San Joaquin River delta, California. The empirical findings suggest that levels of conflict in policy forums are higher when the actors who participate in them are concerned with hot-button issues, when the forums have large and diverse memberships, and in systems with a long history of conflict. The results shed new light on the drivers of conflict and cooperation in complex governance systems and suggest ways to manage conflict.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:495 tc:0 pg:23 au:Liedtka, J; Sheikh, A; Gilmer, C; Kupetz, M; Wilcox, L

THE USE OF DESIGN THINKING IN THE US FEDERAL GOVERNMENT Few organizations have more power to improve lives through innovation than the U.S. government. In this article, we focus on design thinking, a promising innovation methodology that marries a human-centered focus with iterative prototyping and testing. Design thinking has been much discussed in the private sector and in international government circles, yet its use in the U.S. federal government is less prominent and less explored by scholars. Though U.S. federal agencies report anecdotal success at a project level, empirical research examining the demonstrated impact of the approach is not yet available. Therefore, a partnership between a university and a not-for-profit operator of federally funded research and development centers was formed to conduct a preliminary study on the use of the method, the results of which are presented here. We conducted interviews with a cross-section of government design-thinking practitioners representing a diverse set of federal offices and identified the specific contexts in which they applied design thinking, the outcomes these practitioners observed, and the enablers and barriers to implementation they experienced. We conclude with recommendations for future research and practice, to help government confront the challenges of the twenty-first century and, in doing so, improve the lives of its citizens.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:496 tc:1 pg:31 au:Schwartz-Shea, P

UNDER THREAT? METHODOLOGICAL PLURALISM IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION A consensus appears to be emerging on the desirability of methodological pluralism in public administration research. Scholars as diverse as Riccucci and Meier see it as inevitable in a multidisciplinary, practice-oriented field, and both endorse it as key to advancing theory. Yet it is not always clear what is meant by "methodological pluralism" nor how it is related to scientific progress. I argue that Dryzek's conceptualization of progress as "lateral" is supportive of a robust methodological pluralism. Then, I analyze three threats to methodological pluralism in public administration: prior ethics review, transparency movements, and the metric mania characteristic of corporatized universities. I conclude that some methodologies and methods, primarily those that are positivist and quantitative, are advantaged over others, which are interpretivist and qualitative. To protect methodological pluralism, the tolerance that Dryzek recommends needs to be extended to structural changes, e.g., requiring a qualitative-interpretive methods course in doctoral programs. More broadly, scholarly autonomy to design and conduct research is increasingly being curtailed by these intertwined threats. Collective action is needed to reverse this worrisome trend. Autonomy for individuals and epistemic communities nourishes the pluralism in research approaches which is essential for understanding and responding to an uncertain, possibly turbulent future.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:497 tc:1 pg:28 au:Lee, C

UNDERSTANDING THE DIVERSE PURPOSES OF PERFORMANCE INFORMATION USE IN NONPROFITS: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FACTORS INFLUENCING THE USE OF PERFORMANCE MEASURES Performance measurement is not a panacea that automatically cures management problems and leads to success. To evaluate the effectiveness of performance measurement, the use of performance information should be investigated. In this article, the author examines how nonprofit organizations use performance information and what factors are related to its uses. Using survey data from California nonprofits (n = 143), the author finds that performance information use is influenced by government funding, range, and credibility of performance measurement, developmental culture, and stakeholder participation in the decision-making process. This study contributes to our understanding of performance information use in the nonprofit sector.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:498 tc:0 pg:27 au:Vance-McMullen, D

USING CONTRACT CONSOLIDATION TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE: EFFECTS OF SERVICE DELIVERY SCALE ON NONPROFIT PROVIDER EFFICIENCY IN THE COMBINED FEDERAL CAMPAIGN INTRODUCTION When nonprofit organizations deliver services on behalf of the government, the government agency has the opportunity to select the optimal number of providers to maximize performance. Should more providers deliver services across smaller areas to increase local tailoring or should contracts be consolidated so fewer providers deliver services across larger areas to take advantage of economies of scale? This paper examines a series of contract consolidations aimed at improving the performance and reducing the costs of the Combined Federal Campaign (CFC), the Office of Personnel Management's workplace giving program for federal employees, which is administered by contracts with nonprofit intermediaries. Using a difference-in-differences analysis based on waves of contract consolidations over time, I find that larger service areas typically had lower giving and costs on a per employee basis. The consolidation process itself tended to decrease average giving further but had no additional effect on costs. Combined, these effects yield no change in costs per dollar raised for larger or consolidated service areas; the benefits of contract consolidation were more modest than CFC administrators had hoped.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:499 tc:0 pg:27 au:Peng, SY; Lu, JH

WHEN GOVERNMENT IS LATE TO FULFILL ITS END OF THE BARGAIN: THE RELATIONAL EFFECTS OF PAYMENT DELAYS ON NONPROFIT ORGANIZATIONS Government payment delay is one of the major problems that nonprofits encounter when delivering government funded services. This study argues that government payment delays not only impose negative impacts on nonprofits' operations but also damage underlying relationships between nonprofits and government. Employing data from a national survey of U.S. human service nonprofits, we examine the relational effects of payment delays on nonprofits. The study finds that nonprofits that experienced government payment delays perceived higher levels of distributive and procedural injustice and displayed lower levels of instrumental and motive-based trust. The findings offer implications for managing government-nonprofit contractual relationships.

J: PUBLIC PERFORMANCE & MANAGEMENT REVIEW id:500 tc:1 pg:25 au:Kamuzinzi, M; Rubyutsa, JM

WHEN TRADITION FEEDS ON MODERN ACCOUNTABILITY MECHANISMS IN PUBLIC POLICY IMPLEMENTATION. THE CASE OF "IMIHIGO" IN RWANDA African traditions and modernity were conceived by colonialists as polar opposites. This justified the dismissal of traditional ways of governing in modern states. Rwanda reinvestigated its precolonial roots in search of original mechanisms to cope with the consequences of the genocide. With regard to policy implementation, it reintroduced a traditional system labeled as "Imihigo." This Kinyarwanda word can be translated as a self-defined policy target one vows to achieve and accept to be held accountable in case of failure. Based on archival analysis and in-depth interviews with elected officials, professionals, districts council members, and local partners, this research examined how this new system positions itself vis-a-vis bureaucratic, peer, and democratic accountability. Findings suggest that far from being weakened, these three mechanisms even gained new vigor in the new system. While in the old bureaucracy, principals had no other possibility than to track the respect of procedures by agents, within Imihigo, bureaucratic accountability allows evaluators to track the origin of failure back to the specific responsibility of each individual. Peer accountability works in interinstitutional cooperation. As for democratic accountability, Imihigo promotes more transparency than it does for democracy understood in its capacity to allow competing views on the same choices.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:458 tc:3 pg:10 au:Migchelbrink, K; Van de Walle, S

WHEN WILL PUBLIC OFFICIALS LISTEN? A VIGNETTE EXPERIMENT ON THE EFFECTS OF INPUT LEGITIMACY ON PUBLIC OFFICIALS' WILLINGNESS TO USE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION Public officials can be reluctant to use citizens' input in decision-making, especially when turnout is low and participants are unrepresentative of the wider population. Using Fritz Scharpf's democratic legitimacy approach, the authors conducted a survey-based vignette experiment to examine how the input legitimacy of participatory processes affects (1) public officials' willingness to use public participation in administrative decision-making, (2) their assessment of the quality of the policy decision, and (3) their anticipation of popular support for the policy outcome. The study shows that turnout and participants' representativeness have a positive and significant effect on public officials' attitudes toward public participation. Specifically, participants' representativeness influences public officials' willingness to use citizens' inputs more than turnout.

J: PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION REVIEW id:459 tc:2 pg:7 au:Hoopes, S; Treglia, D

YOU CAN'T FIX WHAT YOU DON'T MEASURE: HOW ALICE CAN HELP REBUILD THE MIDDLE CLASS Seventy percent of Americans identify as middle class, but one in three middle-income households do not earn enough to support their family at the most basic level, and four in five do not earn enough to afford a sustainable budget. This incongruity explains the increasing frustration of many workers. Yet official government measures do not capture this reality, and as a result, policy makers continue to create economic policies that perpetuate the structural mismatch between wages and costs. This Viewpoint essay addresses these shortcomings. After reviewing alternatives to the federal poverty level, it argues that the most realistic and accurate floor to the middle class is the ALICE (Asset Limited, Income Constrained, Employed) Household Survival Budget. The essay then turns to policies that help realign wages and cost of living and presents initiatives that are being implemented in states across the country. Four policy areas would enable more workers to support their families and fulfill the promise of being middle class in America: meaningful work with stable and sufficient wages, upskilling and digital retooling, fiscal cushion for periods of financial instability, and affordable credit.