Anatomy Chapter 6

True or false: The epidermis exhibits variations among different body regions within a single individual, as well as differences between individuals.

True

True or false: The reason the cells of the stratum spinosum have a spiny appearance when viewed under a microscope is due to shrinkage of the cytoplasm.

True

In the development of embryonic skin, the ____ layer gives rise to the epidermis, and the _____ gives rise to the dermis.

basal; mesenchyme

Hemangiomas are ______ tumors.

benign

In the second step of wound healing, a ______ forms.

blood clot

Each nail plate consists of a pinkish nail ______ and a distal whitish free ______.

body; edge

Keratinocytes in the epidermis produce ______ when exposed to UV radiation.

cholecalciferol

Nails are derived from the same type of cells that produce the stratum ______ layer of the epidermis.

corneum

The stratum ______ consists of about 20 to 30 layers of dead, scaly, interlocking keratinized cells.

corneum

There are four layers of cells in the epidermis of thin skin. From superficial to deep, these layers are stratum ______, stratum ______, stratum ______, and stratum basale.

corneum; granulosum; spinosum

The exposed parts of nails and hair are composed of _______ keratinocytes.

dead

The dermis is ______ to the epidermis and contains primarily ______.

deep; collagen fibers

In addition to keratinocytes, the stratum spinosum also contains another epidermal cell type called epidermal ______ cells that help to fight infection

dendritic

Motile cells in the dermis are called ______ cells.

dendritic

In the second step of wound healing, a blood clot temporarily patches the ______ of the wound together and acts as a barrier to prevent the entry of ______ into the body.

edges; pathogens

The most superficial layer of the integument is the ______.

epidermis

Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands release their secretory products by the process of ______.

exocytosis

true or false: The palms of the hands have more hair than the soles of the feet.

false

In the layer of the epidermis called the stratum ______ , the process of keratinization begins.

granulosum

Normal skin color results from a combination of colors of ______, melanin, and carotene.

hemoglobin

Sebaceous glands are classified as ______ glands that discharge an oily, waxy secretion called ______.

holocrine; sebum

The subcutaneous layer is also known as the ______ or superficial fascia.

hypodermis

The cells of the stratum corneum contain large amounts of the protein ______.

keratin

The most numerous cells of the epidermis are _______ and the protein they produce is called ______

keratinocytes; keratin

During our lives, we produce three kinds of hair: _____ , _____ , _____ and hair.

lanugo, vellus, terminal

periderm

layer of cells covering the developing embryonic epithelium

mesenchyme

layer of embryonic cells that develops into the dermis

Thermoregulation is a major function of ______ sweat glands.

merocrine

The two types of sweat glands in the skin are ______ sweat glands and ______ sweat glands.

merocrine; apocrine

The most superficial layer of the dermis is the ______ layer.

papillary

The two layers of the dermis are the ______ layers.

papillary and reticular

The secretion produced by apocrine sweat glands is viscous, cloudy, and composed of ______ and ______ that are acted upon by bacteria, producing a distinct, noticeable odor.

proteins; lipids

The connective tissue fibers of the ______ layer of the dermis are extensively interwoven with those of the ______ layer to stabilize the position of the skin and bind it to the underlying tissues.

reticular; subcutaneous

A blood clot forms during the ______ stage of wound healing.

second

When compressed, tactile cells release chemicals that stimulate ______ endings in the dermis.

sensory nerve

Apocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands

simple, coiled, and tubular

Merocrine sweat glands are classified as ______ glands that release their secretion onto the surface of the skin.

simple, coiled, and tubular

As an individual ages, the skin repair processes take longer to complete because of the reduced number and activity of ______ cells.

stem

In aging skin, the reduced ______ cell activity in the epidermis results in ______ skin that is less likely to protect against mechanical trauma.

stem; thinner

Skin is classified as either thick or thin based on two parameters: the number of epidermal _____ in the epidermis and the relative ______ of the epidermis, rather than the thickness of the entire integument.

strata; thickness

Classify the tissue type of the epidermis: keratinized ______ epithelium.

stratified squamous

The layer of the skin from which most new epidermal cells are derived from is the ______.

stratum basale

The most superficial layer of the epidermis is the ______.

stratum corneum

The secretion from merocrine sweat glands is carried to the surface of the epidermis via ______. The secretions of apocrine sweat glands are carried into ______.

sweat ducts; hair follicles

On many parts of the body, the components of the dermis include blood vessels, ______ glands, _____ glands, hair follicles, nail roots, sensory nerve endings, and smooth muscle tissue.

sweat; sebaceous

The skin houses two types of general exocrine glands, which are ______ glands and ______ glands.

sweat; sebaceous

Scattered among the cells of the stratum basale are cells that are sensitive to touch. These sensory cells are called ______.

tactile cells

Differences in hair density are due primarily to differences in its ______ and ______.

texture; pigmentation

The major function of merocrine sweat glands is ______.

thermoregulation

The stratum lucidum is found only in ______.

thick skin

______ skin contains the following accessories: nails, hair follicles, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.

thin

The delivery of drugs through the skin through the use of an adhesive patch is called ______ administration.

transdermal

The skin is best described as ______.

water resistant

vernix caseosa

waterproof protective covering composed of sebum and sloughed off cells

The epidermis of thick skin ranges between ______ millimeters thick.

0.4 and 0.6

In first-degree burns, the healing time averages about ______ days, and typically no scarring results.

3-5

______ layers of keratinocytes comprise the stratum granulosum.

3-5

The main function of melanin pigment is to protect the _____ of keratinocytes from UV radiation

DNA

______ lubricates the epidermis and hair and helps make the integument water resistant.

Sebum

______ glands are also called sweat glands.

Sudoriferous

True or false: Regeneration in the skin replaces damaged or dead cells with the same cell type and restores organ function. True false question.

True

True or false: Skin cancer can develop in people of any age.

True

True or false: The amount of melanin in the skin is determined by both heredity and light exposure.

True

In the first step of wound healing, blood brings ______ proteins, numerous white blood cells, and antibodies to the site.

clotting

The predominant type of protein fiber found in the dermis is ______.

collagen

Which organs are involved in making calcitriol, the active form of vitamin D?

liver, skin, kidneys

The first three strata of the epidermis consists of ______ keratinocytes and the most superficial strata contain ______ keratinocytes.

living; dead

As an individual ages, skin repair processes take ______.

longer

In thick skin, there is an extra layer of epidermal cells. This layer is called the stratum ______.

lucidum

The main functions of the subcutaneous layer are which of the following?

protects the body, acts as an energy reservoir, provides thermal insulation